Anemia is a condition in which the total number of red blood cells in the systemic circulating blood is reduced below normal. However, because of the complexity of the technique for determining the total amount of red blood cells in the systemic circulating blood, clinically it is generally referred to as the concentration of hemoglobin in the peripheral blood being lower than the normal standard for the patient's same age group, gender, and region.
Domestic normal standards are slightly lower than foreign standards. In coastal and plain areas, adult men can be considered anemic if their hemoglobin is less than 12.5g/dl, and adult women less than 11.0g/dl. Children under 12 years old have a hemoglobin that is about 15% lower than the normal value for adult men, and there is no significant difference between boys and girls. It is generally higher in areas of high altitude.
The decrease in red blood cell counts in patients with anemia is generally proportional to the decrease in hemoglobin concentration, but the decrease in red blood cell counts in microcytic hypochromic anemia is relatively small compared with the decrease in hemoglobin, so that red blood cell counts can be no less than normal when the anemia is mild. In contrast, in macrocytic anemia, the hemoglobin concentration is relatively high and the red blood cell count is low. The hemoglobin concentration does not accurately reflect the true extent of anemia when the total blood volume has not returned to normal after water loss, water retention, or acute massive blood loss, so it is important to consider the clinical impact of these factors on anemia. In addition, in the case of acute massive intravascular hemolysis, the plasma contains a high concentration of free hemoglobin, when the hemoglobin measurement is higher than the actual degree of anemia. In this particular case, the erythrocyte pressure area and red blood cell count better reflect the degree of anemia.
Anemia is extremely prevalent and includes four types: iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia. The most common is iron deficiency anemia, with a high incidence in children and pregnant women. The incidence of anemia in children under 7 years old in China is 40%.
Because children who are growing and developing and women who are pregnant, physiologically need more iron, and there is a lack of sufficient iron in daily food, so iron deficiency anemia is also called nutritional anemia. It is necessary to provide sufficient blood-forming materials for the bone marrow. As long as daily life and dietary attention to adjust, anemia can be prevented.
To protect the "blood factory". Many chemical and physical factors can damage the bone marrow. Chemical factors such as benzene, organic arsenic, anti-tumor drugs, some antibiotics (such as chloramphenicol, streptomycin), sulfonamides, anti-epileptic drugs, anti-rheumatic drugs (such as pau tazone, anti-inflammatory pain), etc.; Physical factors such as X-rays, B (12) γ-rays, neutrons, etc., can damage the bone marrow, is the enemy of the hematopoietic. Therefore, protective measures should be strictly enforced and operating procedures should be followed, especially not to abuse drugs that are harmful to hematopoiesis, and unnecessary X-ray irradiation should also be avoided.
Blood loss is also an important cause of anemia, therefore, various hemorrhagic diseases, such as hookworm, hemorrhoids, functional uterine bleeding, etc., should be actively treated.
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood are below the normal range. Anemia is a syndrome that can occur in many diseases. There are three main types of causes for the development of anemia: poor hematopoiesis (often due to defective stem cells, insufficient raw materials for hematopoiesis, and bone marrow encroachment by foreign cells or substances), excessive destruction of red blood cells, and blood loss. Hemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen transmission, so anemia can occur after the systemic tissue hypoxia symptoms, such as dizziness, fatigue, loss of appetite, palpitations, easy to shortness of breath after activity.
Any patient with anemia must be investigated after the cause and then the right medicine.
Prescription
1. There are many reasons for anemia, the cause should be carefully examined in order to prescribe the right medication, do not just eat their own "blood medicine".
2. Patients with anemia should not be partial to food, and should pay attention to eating iron and folic acid-rich foods, such as green vegetables, eggs, meat, fish, fruits and so on.
3. Children's growth and development and women's pregnancy, lactation, hematopoietic material needs, should strengthen the nutrition, such as food supplementation is not enough, can be under the guidance of the doctor oral iron and folic acid.
4. Women with excessive menstrual flow should also be supplemented with iron in a timely manner, and should find out if there are gynecological diseases, first cure gynecological diseases, blocking the bleeding loophole, anemia can be restored. Bleeding hemorrhoids or hookworm patients, should be treated in a timely manner, otherwise long-term chronic bleeding can also lead to iron deficiency anemia.
5. Gastric, small bowel surgery patients, chronic gastritis stomach acid reduction will cause hematopoietic factor deficiency, should pay attention to the examination, such as found to have anemia should be actively treated.
6. Anemia in the elderly must go to the hospital to find out the cause of the disease, in order to prevent the omission of oncological diseases.
Anemia is the circulating blood red blood cell count and hemoglobin amount is lower than normal. China's normal red blood cell count for men is 4 to 5.5 million / cubic millimeter, women are 3.5 to 5 million / cubic millimeter; hemoglobin male 12-16 grams %, female 11-15 grams %. It is generally believed that the number of red blood cells in men is less than 4 million / cubic millimeter, the amount of hemoglobin is less than 12 grams of women's number of red blood cells is less than 3.5 million / cubic millimeter, the amount of hemoglobin is less than 10.5 grams of% for anemia.
Red blood cells contain mainly hemoglobin in addition to water, so the blood is red. The main function of hemoglobin is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Anemia when the number of red blood cells is significantly reduced, the ability to transport oxygen is weakened, the result is that the tissue cells lack of oxygen, resulting in a variety of symptoms of anemia: pallor, dizziness, ringing in the ears, memory loss, limb weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal distension, breath after activity, heartbeat, heartbeat enhancement, etc.; the serious cases can lead to anemia heart disease, heart failure.
The severity of the symptoms of anemia depends mainly on the degree of anemia and the cause and speed of the anemia, the faster the anemia is produced, the more serious the symptoms, and the slow emergence of anemia due to the body's adaptation and compensation, the symptoms are relatively much lighter. Anemia can be caused by a variety of factors. To understand the causes of anemia, it is important to understand the process by which red blood cells are constantly renewed in the body. The life span of red blood cells in the circulating blood is approximately 120 days, and senescent red blood cells are removed primarily in the spleen. The bone marrow is the factory where red blood cells are made in adults. Na?ve red blood cells develop and grow in the bone marrow, and as they mature, they are continuously transported into the blood circulation to keep the amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the circulating blood at a constant level. Reduced erythropoiesis or excessive loss of erythrocytes are the two main causes of anemia. 1. Reduced erythropoiesis can be caused by decreased hematopoietic function of bone marrow, which can lead to aplastic anemia or simple erythrocytic aplastic anemia; bone marrow is infringed by abnormal tissues, which can lead to myelopathic anemia; and lack of hematopoietic raw materials, such as iron-deficiency anemia and nutritional macrocytic anemia. 2. Excessive loss of red blood cells caused by various reasons of shortening the life span of red blood cells, excessive and rapid destruction, i.e. hemolytic anemia; excessive blood loss causing hemorrhagic anemia. In addition, chronic infections, tumors, nephritis, uremia, liver disease, endocrine hypoplasia, etc. can be accompanied by anemia, this kind of anemia is called secondary anemia. Because anemia can be caused by a variety of reasons, it is necessary to identify the exact cause of anemia in each patient in order to get reasonable treatment. There is no such thing as an all-purpose blood-supplementing drug.
Anemia is defined as a lower than normal number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content and hematocrit per unit volume of blood. Pro
Bedside symptoms can vary depending on the speed and extent of the onset of anemia. Rapid onset and severity often suggest acute blood loss
or hemolysis; slow onset often suggests a lack of hematopoietic material or chronic blood loss. The main symptoms include pale skin and mucous membranes, lips and nails, fatigue, dizziness, tinnitus, drowsiness and memory loss. In severe cases, panic,
shortness of breath, and even heart enlargement can occur. Nutritional guidelines:
I. Preventing and treating the cause of the disease: actively treat the primary disease, including the treatment of the cause of the disease. For blood loss manifestations such as excessive menstruation, elimination
chemical tract acute and chronic bleeding, hookworm, hemorrhoidal bleeding and poor hematopoiesis, such as absorption of iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 obstacles
hindered, etc. should be timely to identify the causes, replenish hematopoietic raw materials, and to take the necessary therapeutic measures. Hemolytic anemia should know the causative
causes of active prevention, such as blood transfusion, dietary fava beans, certain drugs, etc., and efforts to avoid the causative factors, detached from a certain environment or
not to do strenuous exercise. Drugs that damage the hematopoietic system, such as antitumor drugs, should be strictly controlled dose and duration of treatment.
Drugs related to human allergies, such as chloramphenicol, Tabazole, salicylic acid, anti-inflammatory pain, dormant spirit, etc., also
should pay attention to, and be careful with such drugs. For people engaged in X-ray and radioactive work, safety protection should be strengthened, and regular
periodic blood test. The prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and other viral infections can reduce the incidence of anemia caused in part by viral infections
.
II. Combination of work and rest: for hemolytic anemia, chronic mild and moderate can be appropriate activities, severe should be bed rest 1 to 2
weeks, to be relieved after the symptoms can get up and activities, gradually increase the amount of activity. For hematopoietic raw material insufficiency such as iron deficiency anemia,
Macrocytic anemia can be based on the condition of the work to reduce the appropriate physical activities, such as walking, practicing eighteen methods, crane
Xiang pile qigong, etc., and in severe cases, bed rest can be considered. For hematopoietic anemia according to the condition such as hemoglobin less than 5
g, should be bed rest, and keep the room clean, avoid visiting, forbidden to contact the cold, to prevent cross-infection and
aggravate the condition. The recovery period should pay attention to appropriate rest and activities. The amount of exercise should not feel panic, shortness of breath, fatigue
aggravated after the activity. It is important to ensure adequate sleep to facilitate the recovery of physical health.
Three. Dietary regimen: diet and nutrition should be reasonable, food must be diversified, recipes should be wide, should not be partial, otherwise it will be due to
a certain nutrient deficiency and cause anemia. It should be nutritious and easy to digest. Diets should be regular and regulated, and overeating is strictly
prohibited. Eat more iron-rich foods, such as pig liver, pig blood, lean meat, dairy products, beans, rice, apples
fruit, green leafy vegetables and so on. Drinking more tea can supplement folic acid and vitamin B12, which is beneficial to the treatment of megaloblastic anemia.
But iron deficiency anemia should not drink tea, because tea is not conducive to the body's absorption of iron. The acidic food is
favorable to the absorption of iron. Avoid spicy, cold and indigestible food. You can also take a tonic diet to nourish your body
.
Wine can treat anemia
Drinking a little wine in moderation can help restore your health. Because wine contains a variety of vitamins, such as vitamin B1,
B2,, C and B12, are indispensable to the body.
To cure renal anemia, first strengthen the spleen May 24, 2001 9:34:0 Xinhua
Renal anemia is anemia caused by chronic renal failure. When serum creatinine exceeds 3.5 mg/100 ml, the vast majority of patients will develop anemia. This is mainly because of: ① Reduced production of erythropoietin by the kidney; ② The presence of erythropoiesis inhibiting substances in the blood; ③ Malnutrition, iron or folic acid deficiency, and so on. Therefore, the treatment of renal anemia in addition to the treatment of kidney disease, depending on the condition of the discretionary supplementation of iron or folic acid, heavy combined with the use of erythropoietin.
Kidney anemia according to traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis for qi and yin deficiency, spleen and kidney qi deficiency, spleen and kidney yang deficiency, and spleen and kidney organs, so the treatment of kidney anemia often need to strengthen the spleen and blood. According to Chinese medicine, "the spleen is the source of biochemistry", "the spleen is the foundation of the latter day, the kidney is the foundation of the first day", and "the latter day makes up for the first day", so only by strengthening the spleen and the stomach, and enhancing the body's digestion and absorption of the nutrients in the diet, the blood can be healthy. Only by strengthening the spleen and stomach and enhancing the body's digestion and absorption of nutrients in the diet can blood be generated normally. Only when the spleen and stomach are healthy can the kidneys be nourished. Initial tests for anemia (Dec 7, 10:34)
Q: What are the initial tests for anemia? A: Often people come to outpatient clinics because they have inadvertently discovered anemia during a blood test. At this time, the physician will usually repeat the complete blood count (CBC), and add a reticulocyte count (reticulocyte) and fecal occult blood test (FOBT). A high reticulocyte count indicates an increase in the rate of red blood cell production, which may indicate hemolytic anemia or acute hemorrhage and requires further investigation. If a positive fecal occult blood reaction is found, it means gastrointestinal bleeding, and the physician will arrange for a gastroscopy or proctoscopy to find out the location and cause of the bleeding and treat it. If the fecal occult blood reaction is negative and anemia is still present, the size of the red blood cell volume (MCV) will be used to analyze the type of anemia and provide symptomatic treatment. If the MCV is less than 80 fL, the anemia is called microcytic anemia, and the most common cause is iron deficiency anemia. It is necessary to check the serum iron (Fe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and ferritin. If iron deficiency anemia is determined, iron supplements are given. If the red blood cell volume is greater than 100 fL, it is called macrocytic anemia, and the common causes are vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, and hypothyroidism. It is necessary to check the serum vitamin B12, folic acid, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and supplementation should be given if there are deficiencies. If the results of the above tests are normal, it is necessary to rule out chronic diseases, abnormal kidney function, hereditary anemia and cancer. If the anemia persists and the cause of the anemia cannot be found, it is necessary to refer the patient to a hematologist for in-depth examination. Chinese doctors talk about the prevention and treatment of anemia May 14, 2001 15:14:0 GMT Hu Yunlian
The first thing that comes to mind when it comes to the prevention and treatment of anemia is dietary therapy, eating nutritious foods such as black fungus, animal liver, soy products, lean meat, eggs, sesame seeds, black chicken, and cinnamon, etc., and using Western medicines (iron, folic acid, and vitamin B 12), as well as transfusions of blood (whole blood, concentrated red blood cells, etc.). Among them, blood transfusion is the best, but can not always lose, and there is infectious hepatitis, AIDS and the worry of blood transfusion reaction, is only suitable for severe and severe blood loss anemia; Western medicine is also good, the role of fast, but some of the side effects of the larger, difficult to adhere to, and only treat the symptoms; dietary therapy is not subject to the time and place limitations, but is only suitable for preventive purposes, if there are gastrointestinal diseases, affecting the digestion and absorption, the role of its greatly reduced.
Is there an effective and easy to adhere to, side effects of the approach?
Chinese medicine believes that: "the spleen is the foundation of the day after tomorrow, the source of qi and blood biochemistry," explained in modern medical language that is: the spleen has a diet of nutrients in the digestive absorption function (equivalent to the function of the entire digestive system in Western medicine), and dietary nutrients for the body's blood production to provide the necessary material basis, this is the blood production function of the spleen. This is the function of the spleen in generating blood. If the spleen's function is weakened, then the blood production lack of source, that is, there will be anemia, so that the body and a variety of functional activities are affected accordingly, which is clinically due to loss of appetite, gastrointestinal pathology and insufficient intake or malabsorption due to anemia in the majority of patients with varying degrees of deficiency of the spleen, so the spleen deficiency in the development of anemia occupies a very important position.
According to the principle of "treating the disease at its root" in Chinese medicine, strengthening the spleen is conducive to the recovery of anemia. The spleen also has the role of "regulating the blood", i.e., regulating the blood in the veins without overflowing, if the spleen is deficient, the spleen loses its control and the blood overflows out of the veins, but if the spleen is healthy, the blood does not overflow out of the veins. For those who are anemic due to excessive menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding, etc., strengthening the spleen has the effect of preventing bleeding and "stopping bleeding" in addition to replenishing blood. "The spleen is strong in all seasons and is not subject to evil", i.e., if the spleen is strong, it can resist diseases and not fall ill. Modern pharmacological research has shown that most of the spleen medicines have different degrees of improve immune function.
Therefore, taking Chinese medicines to strengthen the spleen can prevent and cure anemia from the root. If it is inconvenient to decoct the Chinese medicine, you can also use Chinese medicines such as spleen-healthy blood granules or Chinese and Western medicines composite preparations for long-term use. (Deputy Chief Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine)
Why do people have anemia when they are oldYang Jian(May 18, 2000, 10:32 AM)
According to a survey, 70% of the elderly people over 60 years of age have varying degrees of anemia. Anemia is a symptom, not an independent disease, and can be caused by a variety of reasons. The elderly anemia is generally manifested as: pale face, pale nails, tinnitus, idleness, fatigue, loss of appetite, panic, shortness of breath, memory loss, mental depression and other phenomena, and even angina pectoris. Therefore, anemia in the elderly should not be taken lightly, and should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. Anemia in the elderly, summarized in three characteristics: First, the vicious circle of the elderly, some potential or non-potential chronic diseases can cause anemia. Because anemia is easy to be ignored, and will make some chronic diseases aggravated, if not treated in time, anemia will be more and more intense. The second is two-way anemia Both may be due to serum iron reduction, resulting in iron deficiency of small cell hypochromic anemia, but also may have malnutrition anemia, the so-called high hematocrit macrocytic anemia. Both are prevalent. But there are also cases in which one type of anemia predominates.
Third, malignant tumors Anemia, if the occurrence of progressive exacerbation or after the targeted treatment does not have the effect, there is the possibility of malignant tumors, should be timely medical care.
Through the anemia of the elderly in particular, it can be seen that the elderly are prone to anemia the main reasons are as follows: 1, the elderly bone marrow hematopoietic tissue is gradually replaced by fat and connective tissue. 70 years of age, only about 30% of the bone marrow hematopoietic, which is more susceptible to anemia of the root cause. 2, a variety of metabolic enzymes began to decline. 2, the elderly various metabolic enzymes began to reduce. For example, the reduction of adenosine triphosphate can make the red blood cell membrane change, which will shorten the life of cells. 3, the elderly sex hormone secretion decreases, such as testosterone level decreases, stimulate the role of bone marrow hematopoiesis also decreased. 4, the elderly often suffer from various chronic diseases, often affecting hematopoietic function. For example, chronic kidney disease will lead to the decline of erythropoietin secretion, so that the generation of erythrocytes is insufficient; rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatoid disease due to the immune factor produces different degrees of anemia; all kinds of chronic infections, which will cause iron metabolism disorders and lead to anemia; patients with tumors to the middle and late stages, almost inevitably combined with anemia. 5, some of the elderly due to partiality, gastrointestinal function decline, coupled with eating very little or have a more serious addiction to tobacco and alcohol, easy to cause malnutrition anemia. Be alert to asymptomatic anemia Kan Baiming (March 10, 2000, 03:01 PM)
The so-called anemia is a state in which hemoglobin and red blood cell pressure in the peripheral blood are less than normal. The World Health Organization's diagnostic criteria for anemia are hemoglobin less than 130 grams per liter for adult males and less than 120 grams per liter for children and adult females; and erythrocyte pressure less than 39 percent for males and less than 36 percent for females and children.
Of course, very obvious anemia is easy to spot. Visually, anemic patients look ashen-faced and depressed, with pale eyelids and conjunctiva and a dull complexion. Typical symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, palpitations, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, and poor concentration are also often present. Therefore, acute-onset anemia and anemia of moderate or higher severity are easy to notice and easy to get timely diagnosis and treatment.
But it is important to note that, in addition to the anemia that is easy to diagnose, there are a significant number of patients whose anemia occurs slowly, and it is only during blood tests that anemia is found to exist, the so-called "asymptomatic anemia". It is because of the slow course of the disease, the potential symptoms, the patient to produce a certain degree of adaptive compensatory capacity, so it is easy to be ignored, often delayed diagnosis and treatment. As experts have pointed out, anemia not only represents the abnormal function of the hematopoietic system, not only means the primary disease of the blood system, but also is often the precursor of malignant tumors, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic liver disease, especially in infectious diseases, kidney disease and cancer, anemia has a high incidence of complication. It can be said that by tracing the root of anemia as a symptom, it is very conducive to the early diagnosis of malignant tumors and liver and kidney diseases and other serious illnesses, in order to prevent the problem before it occurs. The view that there is no panic, shortness of breath, pale face, dizziness, dizziness and other symptoms of anemia will not exist anemia is very harmful.
Anemia is not difficult to diagnose compared to other diseases. The easiest way is to turn up the lower eyelid to observe the color of the lid conjunctiva, or through the blood routine to check hemoglobin, erythrocyte pressure and red blood cell count, which in the conditions of the humble clinic can be done. Once the diagnosis of anemia is made, it is more important to conduct further tests as soon as possible in order to find out the root cause of the anemia, so as to determine whether it is a problem of the hematopoietic system itself, or whether it is due to the involvement of other organ diseases, so as to address the root cause of the problem and seek its eradication. As mentioned earlier, there are many causes of anemia, and it often signals a serious abnormality in the system, so it is necessary to look at the essence of the phenomenon and continue to explore the cause in depth.
In fact, even if the "asymptomatic anemia" is also traceable, because once the formation of anemia, the oxygen-carrying function of the blood to decline, although the patient may not be obvious when calm, but a little exercise, it is easy to panic, shortness of breath, shortness of breath and other manifestations of other things such as inattention, easy to Other symptoms such as poor concentration, easy fatigue, tinnitus, and a feeling of heaviness in the head will also appear frequently. Therefore, as long as one pays careful attention and observation, it should be possible to detect patients with "asymptomatic anemia" with potential retardation as early as possible. It is important to emphasize that although "asymptomatic anemia" may not seem serious, it is often a serious condition that lurks in the background and must be pursued to the end, and should not be taken lightly! Face up to the anemia of pregnant women Mingyi (December 13, 1999, 03:41 PM)
According to a survey by the World Health Organization, about one-half of pregnant women suffer from anemia, the main cause of anemia is a lack of iron.
Feedback from the Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Hospital shows that pregnant women with anemia generally have the following manifestations: first, fatigue, dizziness, anorexia, insomnia; second, pale color of the skin, fingernail beds, lips and other parts of the mouth; third, dry skin, hair lusterless, and hyperpigmentation of the face; and fourth, immunity to fall in autumn and winter seasons, and fear of cold, cold and easy to catch a cold.
Clinical studies have found that the hemoglobin concentration of anemic pregnant women is low, fewer antibodies are produced, and the role of macrophages is weakened, which results in decreased immunity and poor resistance to disease, making it easy for infections to occur. In addition, anemia in pregnant women will affect the growth and development of the fetus. Anemia in pregnant women can cause chronic hypoxia in the fetus, thus affecting the development of certain vital organs of the fetus, such as brain tissue and the nervous system. Most of the newborn babies with pale face, dull eyes, slow response, poorer body and intelligence than normal babies, which are often seen in pediatrics clinics, are the victims of anemia in pregnancy. Anemic pregnant women are also at greater risk during delivery. Complications of anemia are a major cause of maternal and neonatal deaths.
Related maternal and child health experts suggest that, for pregnant women, anemia should be treated, not yet anemic to prevent. Pregnant women to prevent and control anemia, one should pay attention to the dietary structure, appropriate to eat more iron-rich foods; two can be targeted under the guidance of the doctor to take blood supplements or drugs.
Hereditable anemia Wang Wuzhong (April 21, 2000, 10:32 AM)
Anemia is a very common disease, and most anemias are malnutritional (e.g., iron-deficiency) anemias. However, hereditary hemolytic anemia accounts for a significant portion of the anemia that is not corrected by iron supplementation, so-called "refractory anemia of undetermined origin".
Hereditary hemolytic anemia usually begins to develop at an early age, and is usually gradual in onset, sometimes mild, sometimes severe, in addition to the common symptoms of anemia such as pallor, fatigue, poor appetite, dizziness, etc., the yellowing of the skin and the eyes is a more characteristic manifestation. When there is jaundice, the color of urine also often turns yellow and deepens, and in severe cases the urine can be as dark as soy sauce.
Based on the different causes of the disease, hereditary hemolytic anemia is generally divided into three major categories: The first category is hemolytic anemia caused by abnormal changes in the red blood cell membrane. Normal red blood cells look like concave saucers, and when the red blood cell membrane is altered the red blood cells become spherical or oval. This type of red blood cell may be squeezed when passing through very thin capillaries, and too many red blood cells are destroyed, and anemia occurs.
The second type of anemia is hemolytic anemia due to a disorder in the synthesis of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Thalassemia is one of them, and the incidence of the disease is as high as 5 percent in Guangdong. Thalassemia is mainly divided into two categories, the anemia caused by the reduction of the synthesis of alpha chain of hemoglobin is called alpha thalassemia; the anemia caused by the reduction of the synthesis of beta chain of hemoglobin is called beta thalassemia. Depending on the severity of the disease, each is divided into mild and severe. Patients with severe thalassemia A are usually stillborn or die after birth, and stillborns have edema, a large belly, and a particularly large placenta, so they are also known as "edematous fetus syndrome". In the case of thalassemia major B, there are no abnormalities at birth, but after a few months, the patient becomes pale, demented, and stunted, and the anemia worsens, requiring intermittent blood transfusions to maintain life. With the current state of medical care, it is difficult for a child to live to adulthood even with the best possible treatment. In contrast to thalassemia major, the mild form of the disease is very mild, often asymptomatic or only mildly anemic, and it does not affect their physical strength, mental ability, or life expectancy. If two young people with the same type of thalassemia minor get married, there is a one in four chance of having a child with thalassemia major, which is why children with thalassemia major are constantly being born in thalassemia-prone areas like Guangdong. The most effective approach to thalassemia is now prenatal diagnosis to prevent the birth of a child with severe disease.
The third type of hereditary anemia is caused by a deficiency of enzymes in red blood cells. There are many enzymes contained in red blood cells that are important for maintaining the life activities of normal red blood cells. If there is a lack of normal amounts of enzymes in the red blood cells, normal metabolism will be impaired and the red blood cells will be easily destroyed. Among the anemia caused by such enzyme deficiencies, the most common is hereditary glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Guangdong is a high prevalence area for this disease, with about 5% of the population suffering from it. People with this disease are usually healthy, but after taking certain antipyretic and painkillers, sulfa drugs, or eating fresh fava beans, a large number of red blood cells deficient in G6PD are destroyed, and symptoms of acute hemolysis such as a pale yellowish color, fever, and soy sauce-colored urine appear. Because eating fava beans can cause seizures, it is also known as fava bean disease.
The cause of hereditary hemolytic anemia is complex and complicated, and routine laboratory tests often fail to make a clear diagnosis, so it is difficult to diagnose and treat "unexplained anemia" and should try to do some special tests to make a clear diagnosis, and only after diagnosis can we carry out correct prevention and treatment.
Awareness of anemia Xiaoyang (April 19, 2000, 03:13 PM)
Anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia, is a common disease in people's daily lives. In medicine, anemia is defined as a hemoglobin concentration lower than normal, i.e., less than 13g/dl for men, less than 12g/dl for women, and less than 11g/dl for pregnant women. the general public tends not to go for regular testing, so in the early stages of anemia, it is often overlooked, and it is not until the anemia develops into severe anemia, which affects one's life and work, that it will be taken seriously. However, treatment at this time is not only costly and laborious, but also difficult to recover for a while. In fact, in the early stage of anemia, there are many symptoms have been shown, such as children and adolescents, often manifested as anorexia, dyspepsia, memory loss, poor academic performance, difficulty in falling asleep, night terrors and night crying, prone to all kinds of infections, prone to fever, colds, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, etc.; and for women, it is often manifested as a pale or yellowish color, bloodless lips, yellowish and lustrous hair, poor appetite and accompanied by insomnia, poor appetite, poor appetite and accompanied by insomnia. For women, it often manifests as pale or yellowish face, bloodless lips, yellowish hair, poor appetite and insomnia, etc. Some women are often irritable and easily angry, and in severe cases, they may experience dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation. Therefore, if you have the above symptoms, you should first consider the possibility of anemia. If you know the corresponding symptoms, timely self-testing, you can be targeted prevention or health care treatment.
Reference:
What is anemia?
Anemia is a condition in which the total number of red blood cells in the systemic circulating blood is reduced below normal. However, because of the complexity of the technique for determining the total number of red blood cells in the systemic circulating blood, clinically it is generally referred to as the concentration of hemoglobin in the peripheral blood being lower than the normal standard for the patient's same age group, gender, and region. The domestic normal standard is slightly lower than the foreign standard. In coastal and plain areas, adult men can be considered anemic if their hemoglobin is lower than 12.5g/dl, and adult women's hemoglobin is lower than 11.0g/dl. Children under 12 years of age have a hemoglobin that is about 15% lower than the normal hemoglobin value for adult men, and there is no significant difference between boys and girls. It is generally higher in areas of high altitude.
The decrease in red blood cell counts in patients with anemia is generally proportional to the decrease in hemoglobin concentration, but the decrease in red blood cell counts in microcytic hypochromic anemia is relatively small compared with the decrease in hemoglobin, so that red blood cell counts can be no less than normal when the anemia is mild. In contrast, in macrocytic anemia, the hemoglobin concentration is relatively high and the red blood cell count is low. The hemoglobin concentration does not accurately reflect the true extent of anemia when the total blood volume has not returned to normal after water loss, water retention, or acute massive blood loss, so it is important to consider the clinical impact of these factors on anemia. In addition, in the case of acute massive intravascular hemolysis, the plasma contains a high concentration of free hemoglobin, when the hemoglobin measurement is higher than the actual degree of anemia. In this particular case, the erythrocyte pressure area and red blood cell count are more reflective of the degree of anemia.
Anemia can be classified into how many categories according to morphology?
The morphological classification of anemia is mainly based on two morphological features, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of red blood cells and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of red blood cells, which classify all anemias into normocytic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic types.
(1) Normocytic anemia: MCV is within the normal range, i.e., 80-100 fl, MCHC is mostly within the normal range, i.e., 32%-36%, and a few may be slightly below normal. A high reticulocyte count may push the MCV out of the normal range. Some of the anemias that fall into this category are acute hemorrhagic anemia, aplastic anemia, secondary anemia due to chronic infection, inflammation, renal failure, liver disease, endocrine disorders, malignancy, and most hemolytic anemias.
(2) Microcytic hypochromic anemia: MCV <80fl, MCHC <32%. Belonging to this type of anemia are iron deficiency anemia, iron granulocytic anemia, various types of marine anemia and certain types of hemoglobinopathies.
(3) Macrocytic anemia: MCV>100fl, MCHC>36%. Belonging to this type of anemia are mainly megaloblastic anemia caused by various different causes of folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency, as well as other causes or metabolic disorders caused by megaloblastic anemia.
The advantage of this classification is that the morphological characteristics of red blood cells can be inferred from the pathogenesis and possible causes of the anemia, and it is particularly helpful in the estimation of the etiology of microcytic hypochromic anemia and macrocytic anemia. This classification is oversimplified by the fact that normocytic anemia includes many types of anemia with different causes and mechanisms. In addition, this classification requires that MCV and MCHC measurements be accurate and generally reliable when measured with electronic automated instruments. If hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, and erythrocyte pressure are measured manually and by centrifuge, and then MCV and MCHC are calculated, the error is large, and if one of the data is inaccurate, the results and conclusions of the morphological classification can be affected.
Anemia can be classified into several categories according to pathogenesis and etiology?
Anemia can be divided into three major categories according to pathogenesis and etiology: decreased erythropoiesis, increased erythrocyte destruction predominantly, and excessive blood loss.
(1) anemia with decreased erythropoiesis can be divided into two categories:
①Bone marrow failure: bone marrow hematopoietic failure, if the bone marrow produces too few pluripotent stem cells, that is, aplastic anemia; if the directional stem cell defects, pure red blood cell aplastic anemia; if the regulatory dysfunction, that is, the anemia of renal failure, the internal? gt;
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