Haze is a combination of the words fog and haze. Because of the deterioration of air quality, haze weather phenomena appear to increase, and the harm is aggravated. Many areas of China to haze weather phenomena and fog together as a catastrophic weather warning forecast. Collectively known as "haze weather".
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and respirable particulates are the three main components of the haze, the first two gaseous pollutants, the last
A particulate matter is to aggravate the haze weather pollution culprits. They combine with the fog to make the sky instantly gray. Particulate matter, abbreviated PM, is monitored in Beijing as PM10, or pollutant particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter. Such particles are both a pollutant in their own right and a carrier of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic substances.
Sources of toxic particulate matter in cities: first, automobile exhaust. The use of diesel fuel in large vehicles is the emission of PM10 "repeat offenders", including large buses, various units of shuttle buses, as well as large transport trucks and so on. Although the use of gasoline small car emissions are gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, but when it comes to foggy days, it is also easy to convert into secondary particulate pollutants, aggravating the haze.
Secondly, in the north, it is the exhaust gas produced by burning coal for heating in winter.
The third is the emissions from industrial production. For example, metallurgy, electromechanical manufacturing industry, industrial kilns and boilers, as well as a large number of automobile repair painting, building materials production kiln combustion emissions.
The fourth is the construction sites and road traffic generated by the dust.
Fog is an aerosol system consisting of a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the near-surface air, and is a product of condensation (or condensation) of water vapor in the air at the near-surface level. The presence of fog reduces air transparency and deteriorates visibility. If the horizontal visibility of a target is reduced to less than 1000 meters, the weather phenomenon of water vapor condensation (or condensation) suspended in the near-surface layer of air is called fog (Fog); and this phenomenon where the horizontal visibility of the target is in the range of 1000-10,000 meters is called light fog or mist (Mist) Mist. Atmospheric humidity should be saturated when fog is formed (saturation may occur without necessarily reaching 100% relative humidity if a large number of condensation nuclei are present). Fog looks milky or greenish-white because light scattered by fog consisting of liquid water or ice crystals has little relation to wavelength.
Haze (mái), also known as gray haze (smoky haze) Airborne particles such as dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and organic hydrocarbons can also cloud the atmosphere, blurring the field of vision and leading to deterioration of visibility, if the horizontal visibility of less than 10,000 meters, the range of vision obstacles caused by this non-aqueous composition of the aerosol system known as Haze (Haze) or Gray Haze (Dust-haze). The Hong Kong Observatory calls it Haze (烟霞).
The difference between Haze and Fog
is that Haze occurs when the relative humidity is not high, while in Fog the relative humidity is saturated (if there is a large number of condensation nuclei present, the relative humidity does not have to be saturated at 100%). Generally the deterioration of visibility due to blurred vision of atmospheric turbulence at less than 80% relative humidity is caused by haze, the deterioration of visibility due to blurred vision of atmospheric turbulence at greater than 90% relative humidity is caused by fog, and the deterioration of visibility due to blurred vision of atmospheric turbulence at relative humidity between 80-90% is caused by the mixture of haze and fog *** together, but with haze as its main component. Haze is thicker, up to about 1-3 kilometers. Haze is not the same as fog and clouds, and there is no obvious boundary between the clear sky area, the distribution of haze particles is relatively uniform, and the scale of haze particles is relatively small, from 0.001 microns to 10 microns, the average diameter of the average diameter of about 1-2 microns, the naked eye can not see the particulate matter floating in the air. As dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other particles make up the haze, it scatters more light with longer wavelengths, thus the haze looks yellow or orange-gray.
Fog and haze are identical in that they are visual obstructions. But the causes and conditions of fog and haze are very different. Fog is floating in the air a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals, the formation of conditions to have a high water vapor saturation factor. Fog appears when the relative humidity of the air often reaches 100% or close to 100%. Fog has with the daily changes in air humidity and the morning and evening more common or thickening, the daytime relative reduction or even disappearance of the phenomenon. Fog when the effective horizontal visibility is less than 1KM. when the effective horizontal visibility of 1-10KM is called light fog.
"'Fog' and 'haze' are actually different." Sun Leng, a senior engineer at the National Climate Center's Climate System Monitoring Office, pointed out that fog is a weather phenomenon in the atmosphere due to the condensation of suspended water vapor, visibility is less than 1 kilometer; and the formation of haze is mainly the result of a large number of particles suspended in the air and meteorological conditions *** with the same role, which is due to three factors:
-- In the horizontal The phenomenon of static wind in the horizontal direction has increased. Buildings in the city higher and higher, blocking and friction effect of wind flow through the city significantly weakened. The increased static wind phenomenon is not conducive to the diffusion and dilution of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and they tend to accumulate around the urban and suburban areas;
--An inversion of temperature in the vertical direction. The inversion layer is like a pot cover over the city, this high air temperature is higher than the low air temperature of the inversion phenomenon, so that the vertical movement of the air in the lower atmosphere is restricted, airborne particles are difficult to high altitude dispersion and be stagnant in the low altitude and near the ground.
--Increase in suspended particulate matter in the air. With the growth of urban population and industrial development, motorized vehicles surge, pollutant emissions and suspended particles increased in large quantities, directly leading to reduced visibility.
Harm Distinction
With the deterioration of air quality, hazy weather phenomena appear to increase, and the harm is aggravated. In many areas of China, hazy weather phenomena are combined with fog as a catastrophic weather warning and forecasting. Collectively referred to as "haze weather". In fact, fog and haze from a certain point of view is very different. For example, when fog occurs, the air is humid; when haze occurs, the air is relatively dry, and the relative humidity of the air is usually below 60%. The reason for its formation is due to a large number of very fine dust particles, smoke particles, salt particles, etc. uniformly floating in the air, so that the effective horizontal visibility of less than 10KM of air mixing phenomenon. The symbol is "∞". The daily variation of haze is generally insignificant. When there is no major change in the air mass and the air mass is more stable, it continues to appear for a longer period of time, sometimes lasting more than 10 days. Due to haze, light fog, dust storms, sand, dust, smoke and other weather phenomena, are due to floating in the air a large number of very fine dust particles or smoke particles and other impacts resulting in effective horizontal visibility less than 10KM. sometimes make meteorological professionals are difficult to distinguish. Must be combined with the weather background, sky conditions, air humidity, color odor and satellite monitoring and other factors to a comprehensive analysis and judgment, in order to reach the correct conclusion, and fog and haze weather phenomena can sometimes be converted to each other.
Haze is harmful to the human body when inhaled into the human respiratory tract and can be seriously fatal.
Self-protection
1, haze weather less open windows
Haze weather [2] does not advocate the morning and evening window ventilation, it is best to wait for the sun to come out and then open the window ventilation.
2, go out and wear a mask
If you go out you can wear a mask, which can effectively prevent dust particles from entering the body. Mask to cotton mask is the best, because some people are allergic to non-woven fabrics, and cotton masks are generally not allergic, and easy to clean. When you return from an outing, you should immediately wash your face and exposed skin.
3, the right amount of vitamin D
Winter fog, less sunshine, due to the lack of ultraviolet irradiation, the body of vitamin D generation is insufficient, and some people will produce mental laziness, depression and other phenomena, if necessary, can be supplemented with some vitamin D.
4, eat a light diet and drink more water
Foggy days of dietary choices for a light, easy-to-digest food and vitamin rich, drink more water, drink more vitamins and other foods, and the best thing is that you should be able to eat more food. The food, drink more water, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, so that not only can supplement a variety of vitamins and inorganic salts, but also play the role of moisturizing the lungs in addition to dryness, expectorant cough, spleen and kidney function. Eat less stimulating food, eat more pears, loquats, oranges, tangerines and other lungs and phlegm food.
5, easy to cause cardiovascular disease
The hazy weather is cardiovascular disease patients, "health killers", especially with respiratory diseases and cardiovascular disease of the elderly, the foggy day is best not to go out, and even more inappropriate for morning exercise, otherwise it may induce the condition, and even heart attack, causing life-threatening. Experts pointed out that the reason why the fog is said to be cardiovascular disease patients "dangerous day", because the fog when the air pressure is low, the oxygen content of the air has declined, people are prone to chest tightness, the morning damp and cold fog will also cause cold stimulation, can easily lead to vasospasm, blood pressure fluctuations, increased heart load, and so on. At the same time, some pathogens in the fog can lead to headaches and even induce hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage and other diseases. Therefore, people suffering from cardiovascular disease, especially the elderly and frail, should not go out in the fog, not to mention morning exercise in the fog to avoid danger. [3]
Solution
At the "Scientists and Media Face-to-Face" event organized by the China Association for Science and Technology (CAST) on January 15, 2013, Wang Gengchen, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), said that the most fundamental reason for such a serious haze is the increase in pollution emissions, followed by a decline in the self-purification capacity of the atmosphere. Ability to attenuate. Originally pollutants discharged into the atmosphere, within certain limits, the atmosphere can through its own physical and chemical reactions, the pollutants diluted and digested, so that the quality of the atmosphere to meet the standards. "Beijing is surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the meteorological conditions are very unfavorable to the diffusion of pollutants for 1/3 of the year. That is to say, under 1/3 of the meteorological conditions, Beijing is very prone to the formation of heavily polluted days."
Ma Xueqian, chief forecaster of the Central Weather Bureau, believes that eliminating pollution through artificial rainfall, mist elimination or gusty winds is "neither economical nor realistic." He said, according to the existing level of science and technology, artificial rainfall fog can only be localized in a very small area, and the time is short, the effect is not obvious. "Besides, the cost of tens of millions of dollars is difficult to bear."
"Reducing pollution sources and cutting air pollutants is the fundamental way to solve the haze." Wang Gengchen said. Li Hong, deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Economy and Information Technology, said that according to the "On Beijing's heavy air pollution day emergency program", in the key emissions reduction enterprises, Beijing **** 58 enterprises to achieve the shutdown, completely cut off the source of pollution; 41 enterprises through the reduction of production loads to reduce the supply and demand of pollution, to achieve a pollution reduction of more than 30%; Strong United Cement, Pinggu Cement Plant No. 2 and so on have achieved a complete shutdown, the cement industry also Achieved more than 30% of the emission reduction task. [4]
How to take care of skin on hazy days
Do isolation cream:
[5]Traveling although the ultraviolet ray is weaker, but due to the arrival of the haze there is to let the isolation cream to come in handy, traveling must be coated with isolation cream, and to the midday break time but also washed off the isolation of the reapplication, so that you can not only reduce the burden of the skin but also can mailboxes Prevent the haze composition material is absorbed by the skin.
More clean:
Because the skin surface of the pores itself is relatively small skin care window, but because of the haze particles as well as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and other substances close to the skin inside the skin which will allow the skin back to react to the generation of heterochromatic substances is small, and there is also the possibility that the skin from the depths of the damage. So be sure to do more cleaning. (Here to remind you every time after cleaning must do isolation).
Increase resistance:
Solid particles we can stop the skin surface, but sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide is the form of gas, coupled with the pores of our skin is also part of the oxygen respiration, so it is difficult to stop, but we will find that give the skin a good nutrient, so that the skin properly increase resistance, so that no matter what the substance can then skin Packed inside and discharged. (So it's important to clean during this time).
The hydration anti-haze:
Must do a good job of hydration, only good hydration of the skin surface of the sebaceous membrane in order to address a variety of high-efficiency on the skin damage to the environment, so every time you clean the first hydration after the first skincare simple to do and then isolation (bear in mind that haze
Haze is a combination of fog and haze words. Because of the deterioration of air quality, haze weather phenomenon appears to increase, the harm is aggravated. Many areas of China to haze weather phenomena and fog together as a catastrophic weather warning forecast. Collectively known as "haze weather".
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and respirable particulates are the three main components of the haze, the first two gaseous pollutants, the last
A particulate matter is to aggravate the haze weather pollution culprits. They combine with the fog to make the sky instantly gray. Particulate matter, abbreviated PM, is monitored in Beijing as PM10, or pollutant particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter. Such particles are both a pollutant in their own right and a carrier of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic substances.
Sources of toxic particulate matter in cities: first, automobile exhaust. The use of diesel fuel in large vehicles is the emission of PM10 "repeat offenders", including large buses, various units of shuttle buses, as well as large transport trucks and so on. Although the use of gasoline small car emissions are gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, but when it comes to foggy days, it is also easy to convert into secondary particulate pollutants, aggravating the haze.
Secondly, in the north, it is the exhaust gas produced by burning coal for heating in winter.
The third is the emissions from industrial production. For example, metallurgy, electromechanical manufacturing industry, industrial kilns and boilers, as well as a large number of automobile repair painting, building materials production kiln combustion emissions.
The fourth is the construction sites and road traffic generated by the dust.
Fog is an aerosol system consisting of a large number of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the near-surface air, and is a product of condensation (or condensation) of water vapor in the air at the near-surface level. The presence of fog reduces air transparency and deteriorates visibility. If the horizontal visibility of a target is reduced to less than 1000 meters, the weather phenomenon of water vapor condensation (or condensation) suspended in the near-surface layer of air is called fog (Fog); and this phenomenon where the horizontal visibility of the target is in the range of 1000-10,000 meters is called light fog or mist (Mist) Mist. Atmospheric humidity should be saturated when fog is formed (saturation may occur without necessarily reaching 100% relative humidity if a large number of condensation nuclei are present). Fog looks milky or greenish-white because light scattered by fog consisting of liquid water or ice crystals has little relation to wavelength.
Haze (mái), also known as gray haze (smoky haze) Airborne particles such as dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and organic hydrocarbons can also cloud the atmosphere, blurring the field of vision and leading to deterioration of visibility, if the horizontal visibility of less than 10,000 meters, the range of vision obstacles caused by this non-aqueous composition of the aerosol system known as Haze (Haze) or Gray Haze (Dust-haze). The Hong Kong Observatory calls it Haze (烟霞).
The difference between Haze and Fog
is that Haze occurs when the relative humidity is not high, while in Fog the relative humidity is saturated (if there is a large number of condensation nuclei present, the relative humidity does not have to be saturated at 100%). Generally the deterioration of visibility due to blurred vision of atmospheric turbulence at less than 80% relative humidity is caused by haze, the deterioration of visibility due to blurred vision of atmospheric turbulence at greater than 90% relative humidity is caused by fog, and the deterioration of visibility due to blurred vision of atmospheric turbulence at relative humidity between 80-90% is caused by the mixture of haze and fog *** together, but with haze as its main component. Haze is thicker, up to about 1-3 kilometers. Haze is not the same as fog and clouds, and there is no obvious boundary between the clear sky area, the distribution of haze particles is relatively uniform, and the scale of haze particles is relatively small, from 0.001 microns to 10 microns, the average diameter of the average diameter of about 1-2 microns, the naked eye can not see the particulate matter floating in the air. (As dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other particles composed of haze, its scattering of longer wavelengths of light is more, thus the haze looks yellow or orange-gray).