I. Nobel's life
(a) One of them:
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833 - 1896), a Swedish chemist, inventor and industrialist, founder of the Nobel Prize. He was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Nobel's life is committed to the study of explosives, because of the invention of nitroglycerine detonator, nitroglycerine solid explosives and gel explosives, known as the "king of explosives". He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also industrial practice. His life **** obtained 355 patents for technical inventions, and in Europe and the United States and other five continents, opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries, and accumulated a huge wealth. 1841 to 1842, he studied in Stockholm St. Jacobi Church School. 1843 to 1850, in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg, with the Russian and Swiss tutors to study. From 1850 to 1852, Nobel traveled to Europe and the United States for extensive travel and study, to increase his knowledge and expand his horizons. At the age of 16, he was already proficient in English, German, French, Swiss, Swedish and Russian, which laid a solid foundation for his future inventions.
Nobel's father, Emanuel Nobel, was an inventor with a large mechanical factory in Russia, and from 1840 to 1859, his father was engaged in the production of large-scale mines in St. Petersburg, which, along with other weapons, were used in the Crimean War. He invented a boiler system for domestic heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and built a large forging hammer, remodeled factory equipment, and in 1853 Tsar Nicholas I exceptionally awarded Emanuel Nobel the Order of Merit in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's never-ending creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a glorious path of scientific invention.
Nobel grew up in St. Petersburg and went to France and the United States to further his education. After completing his studies, he returned to Sweden to engage in chemistry, especially the research and invention of explosives. Nobel father and son set up a laboratory in the suburbs of Stockholm, developed the first solution to the detonation of explosives, mercuric tubes. 1863 began to produce glycerine explosives, liquid explosives are prone to explosive accidents, in 1866, he made a solid security of violent explosives "Danamart", this product became the cornerstone of the Nobel international industrial group. 1867, he made a solid explosive "Danamart", this product became the cornerstone of the Nobel international industrial group. In 1867, he invented the safety detonator, and then invented a variety of more powerful explosives. His life **** all kinds of explosives and rayon and other nearly 400 inventions, was awarded 85 patents. These inventions make Nobel in the history of world chemistry occupies an important position. Nobel through the manufacture of explosives to accumulate a lot of wealth, he bought Sweden B. Golspan arms chemical plant sex most of the shares, the creation of the Nobel Chemical Company, the production of explosives in Western Europe to open the two trusts, has in Baku, Russia, the exploitation of oil Nobel Brothers Company.
Before his death, he made a will in 1895, and put most of his property of $9.2 million as a fund, with its annual interest ($200,000 per year) to set up five kinds of prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and the cause of peace (in 1969, the Swedish national root of the bank to add a prize for economics), rewarding the scholars who have made the greatest contribution to the above fields in the current year. Since 1901, the prizes have been awarded on December 10, the date of Nobel's death.
Alfred Nobel was reluctant to write a biography, believing that no one would read those articles about a person.
Nobel said of himself personally - "Greatest virtue: kept his fingernails clean, never a burden to anyone. Greatest trait: no family, lack of a spirit of joy and a good appetite. Biggest and only request: not to be buried alive. Biggest sin: not worshipping the god of wealth. Important events in life: none."
Nobel's life under the threat of death for mankind to the power of nature, in the story of his life's scientific and technological achievements, he only used a few short sentences - "The author of this paper was born on October 21, 1833, he learned from his tutor, never entered the He has never attended a school of higher learning. He was especially devoted to the study of applied chemistry, and the explosives he invented during his life were: dynamite, smokeless gunpowder, 'Balistear' or C89, and in 1884 he joined the Royal Swedish Society of Science, the Royal Society of London, and the Institution of Civil Engineers of Paris, and was awarded the Order of Science in 1880 by the King of Sweden, and the Grand Medal of France. Medal."
On October 21, 1833, Alfred Burkhard Nobel was born. According to Swedish naming conventions, Alfred is the first name and Nobel is the last name. However, according to the later convention, the Nobel family name is usually used to refer to Alfred himself.
Noble was born when his family was bankrupted by a fire, and his father feared that he would not live long, for he seemed to have no strength to breathe or to breastfeed, and spent his early years in the shadow of infirmity.
Alfred Nobel's school life stopped at elementary school. When he reached school age, he was sent to St. James' Senior Guards Primary School in Stockholm for a few semesters. At this elementary school he scored the highest marks in all his schoolwork as well as in character, and was one of three pupils out of 82 to receive the highest marks.
In 1842, Nobel went to live with his family in Petersburg, Russia, where his father organized a Nobel home school for his three brothers. For the next six or seven years, the poetry-loving Nobel dreamed of "Shelley," but his father was disgusted, believing that poetry was just a pastime for lazy women, and that a man of honor should not and did not care to enjoy it. Within the home school, the greatest influence on Nobel's science education was the tutor Zinin, the most famous Russian chemist of his time.
In 1850, when Nobel was 17 years old, his father, for the development of the family business, decided to send Nobel to the European countries and the United States to see the world, and at the same time to study the European countries and the United States of America in the mechanical and chemical status and progress. It was not until he was 21 that he returned to Petersburg. During this period, he began to contact the manufacturing technology of nitroglycerine explosives. 1863, Nobel returned to Sweden, with his father and his brother *** with the development of explosives, due to an accidental explosion destroyed the workshop, killed his brother, the government banned them from conducting further tests. He therefore once set up his laboratory on a barge on Lake Mara outside Stockholm.
One day in the fall of 1866, the explosion of mercury fulminate was successfully tested, it is today's widely used detonators. Since then, Nobel's inventions in explosives have made him the "father of modern explosives".
Nobel was forced to move to San Remo, Italy in 1891 due to the rejection of the French government. He was 58 years old at that time, and he died here in 1896 during the 6 years, he was constantly working on a variety of new inventions in San Remo, which involved the fields of chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and medicine.
How many inventions did Nobel accomplish and how many patents did he receive? According to the incomplete statistics made by Nobel's assistant, Solman, Nobel was awarded 351 patents in his life.
On November 28, 1896, Nobel fell in his study, and his servants immediately carried him to his bedroom on the second floor. When the hired doctor arrived, Nobel's brain was partially necrotic. He was completely unable to speak in his familiar French and Italian, except for a few mumbles in his native Swedish. The assistants, doctors and servants present, all French and Italian, could not understand his last words, except for the word telegram. December 10, the same year, 2:00 am, Nobel died of cerebral hemorrhage, aged 63 years.
When Nobel was dying, he did not have a friend or relative by his side, and even his favorite assistant, Solman, was far away in Sweden. As he feared, "On my deathbed, there may not be a single friend or relative who will be kind enough to close my eyelids and whisper a final word of comfort in my ear."
A generation of technological superstars has thus fallen from the stars at the end of the century.
(2) its two:
1, technician family
December 10, is the anniversary of the death of Nobel.
On this day every year, the Stockholm Music Hall in Sweden is brightly lit and packed. The Nobel Prize is awarded to winners from all over the world in a solemn ceremony.
The whole world is concerned about this grand ceremony. People regard the Nobel Prize as a great honor for science.
The Nobel Prize was established by the will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, using his estate. Since 1901, five prizes have been awarded annually for physics, chemistry, physiology (or medicine), literature and the cause of peace. Since 1969, a prize for economics has been added.
Nobel was the inventor of safety explosives and smokeless gunpowder. He spent his life developing explosives. With his whole heart and soul to water this flower of science, so that it is deep-rooted and fruitful. He won a large number of patents and accumulated a great deal of wealth. Before his death in 1896, he decided to put 33 million crowns as a fund, with annual interest, divided into awards to the world's outstanding people, to promote the development of scientific and cultural endeavors. In his will, he said: "This prize money, regardless of nationality, race and language, will be given only to those who have indeed made an indelible contribution to mankind.
Nobel lived to be 63 years old. His life was a life of struggle against all odds.
Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, was an ordinary mechanic. He worked as a factory laborer at an early age, without higher education, and did not study chemistry. However, he loved chemical experiments, made explosives whenever he had time, and had insights into architecture, and was a passionate man of science.
October 21, 1833, a skinny baby was born in this family, he was later the dynamite king Nobel. Nobel grew up weak and sickly, tenacious will, not willing to lag behind.
Nobel's father was very concerned about the hobbies of the little Nobel, often tell the story of scientists to listen to him, and encourage him to grow up to be a useful person. Once, Nobel saw his father in the development of explosives, opened his big round eyes and asked: "Dad, explosives hurt people, is a terrible thing, why do you want to make it?" Father replied: "It can be used to open mines, building roads, many places need it ah!" Nobel nodded his head as if he understood and said, "Yes, I want to make dynamite when I grow up."
Nobel's mother Yasai, is a cultured woman, bright character, intelligent and kind, optimistic and self-confidence. She was both strict and loving to her children, often taking Noble to do some watering, hoeing, removing garbage labor.
In 1841, Nobel was 8 years old and entered the local Jodai elementary school. At school, he studied hard and often came out on top.
By this time, Nobel's father had gone to work in neighboring Finland because he was having trouble making a living. He and his mother remained in Stockholm.
It did not take long, Nobel's father created a kind of mine, by the Russian minister knew. The minister visited his product and was so impressed that he invited him to work in Russia and sent him to Petersburg (Leningrad). The mines he created were used by the Russian army to block the advance of the British fleet in the Crimean War, which broke out in 1853.
In 1842, Nobel's family moved to Petersburg, Russia. 9-year-old Nobel could not enter the local school because he did not understand Russian and was in poor health. His father hired a governess to tutor his three brothers in culture. The tutor often conducted performance tests and reported to his father on his studies, and Noble made rapid progress. When he was not studying, he liked to follow his father and do some odd jobs in the factory.
Nobel followed his father, watching his father design and develop mines, mine boats and explosives, hearing and seeing, in his young mind, developed the ideal of dedication to science. His father also wanted him to learn mechanics and become a mechanic when he grew up.
In 1850, 17-year-old Nobel, in the name of the engineers across the ocean, to the United States, in the famous Allison engineers workshop internship. After the internship, he went to Europe and the United States to study for four years, before returning home. During his visits, he started to work immediately in each place and gained a deeper understanding of the industrial development of each country.
Nobel grew up weak and sickly, coupled with his particular diligence, the summer of 1854, his disease is getting worse and worse, in the case of necessity, had to put down the work to heal. During his treatment, he wrote to his father: "I hope to end this nomadic life soon and start a new life with more activities. This present life, which is killing my time, is really annoying." He did not wait to be fully recovered from his illness, but devoted himself to work and study.
Nobel's father moved back to Sweden in 1859. At that time, many countries urgently require the development of mining industry, speed up the speed of extraction, explosives can not adapt to this need, is a big problem to be solved. Understanding of the industrial situation of the countries Nobel, firm determination to improve the production of explosives.
Just at this time, a shocking news came: the French invented explosives with excellent performance. In fact, this news is not accurate.
Originally, the famous French ordnance expert General Picot, in the study to improve the range and speed of bullets, found that with the existing explosives, it is impossible to have better results, it must be improved explosives. So, the Ministry of War organized forces, began to study explosives. This incident, contributed to the Nobel all-out, research on explosives.
Nobel day and night in the laboratory, access to information, time and time again to do a variety of explosives test. His parents understood the dangers of explosives, and were very unhappy about his change of specialty. One day, his father said to him, "My son, you are a mechanic by profession, so you should concentrate on your own work and not be distracted by other things." Nobel said, "Improvement of explosives is very important, once used in production, it will create great wealth for mankind. Danger is of course inevitable, I try to be careful is."
From then on, Nobel often to relatives and friends, publicity to explain the importance of improving explosives. In this way, sympathy, sponsor him more and more people, even against his parents, also touched by his strong will, had to acquiesce.
2, the study of explosives
Before Nobel, many people have studied and manufactured explosives, Chinese black gunpowder has long been spread to Europe. Italian Suberello, invented in 1847 nitroglycerine, is a much more powerful than black gunpowder fierce explosives. However, this explosive is particularly sensitive, easy to explode, manufacturing, storage and transportation are very dangerous, people do not know how to use it.
In early 1862, Nobel's father tried to make a better explosive out of nitroglycerin. He thought: nitroglycerin is a liquid, not good control, if it and solid black powder mixed in one piece, supposedly can make a very good explosive. He repeated tests, the results found: this explosive placed a few hours later, the explosive power is greatly reduced, no practical value.
The old Nobel failed. Nobel continued his research.
In the past, people are used to ignite the fuse, to cause black powder explosion, safe and reliable. However, this approach can not make nitroglycerin explosion. Nitroglycerin is easy to explode on its own, but also not easy to explode in accordance with the requirements of the people, so after the invention of more than a decade, in addition to the treatment of angina pectoris, and no one to use it as explosives.
1862 in May and June, Nobel did a very important experiment:
In a small glass tube full of nitroglycerin, plug the mouth; then, the glass tube into a slightly larger metal tube, filled with black gunpowder, inserted into a fuse, the metal tube mouth plug tightly; ignite the fuse, the metal tube thrown into the ditch. The result was a violent explosion, apparently much more violent than that of an equal quantity of black powder. This indicated that all the nitroglycerine had completely exploded.
This situation inspired Noble to realize that a small amount of black powder in a sealed container exploded first, can cause the compartmentalized nitroglycerin completely exploded.
In the fall of 1863, Nobel, together with his brother, set up a laboratory in Stockholm Helenborg, engaged in the manufacture of nitroglycerin and research. After many trials, the end of the year, Nobel finally invented an effective way to make nitroglycerin explosion.
At first, Nobel used black powder as a detonator; later, he invented a detonator to detonate nitroglycerin. 1864, he obtained a patent for this invention.
After the initial success, then came, is a huge setback. September 3, 1864, Helen Poe laboratory in the manufacture of nitroglycerin when the explosion occurred, the spot blew up five people, including Nobel's brother.
After this disaster happened, the surrounding residents were very panic, strongly opposed to Nobel to manufacture nitroglycerin there. As a result, Nobel had to move his equipment to Lake Mara near Stockholm, where he manufactured nitroglycerin on a boat.
After several twists and turns, in March 1865, Nobel found a new site in Winterwegen, where he built the world's first nitroglycerin factory.
3, explosives family
In the path of Nobel forward, really thorny. Countries around the world to buy the nitroglycerine he made, often explode:
A train in the United States, due to explosives, to a pile of scrap metal; a factory in Germany, due to explosives explosion, plant and nearby houses, all turned into a pile of rubble; "Europa" ship, in the Atlantic Ocean encountered a gale of turbulence, caused by the Nitroglycerin explosion, the ship sank and died.
These tragic accidents, so that the countries of the world on nitroglycerin loss of confidence, some countries, and even ordered a ban on the manufacture, storage and transportation of nitroglycerin. In the face of this difficult situation, Nobel was not discouraged, he was convinced that it is possible to solve the problem of nitroglycerin instability.
One year passed. Nobel found in repeated tests: with some porous charcoal powder, sawdust, diatomaceous earth and other absorption of nitroglycerin, can reduce the risk of easy explosion. Finally, he used a heavy diatomaceous earth, to absorb three heavy nitroglycerin, the first made the transportation and use of nitroglycerin industrial explosives are very safe. This is the Nobel safety explosives.
In order to eliminate people's suspicion and fear of nitroglycerine explosives, July 14, 1867, Noble in a mine in the United Kingdom to do a comparison of experiments: he first put a box of safety explosives on a pile of firewood, ignite the firewood, as a result, the box of explosives did not explode; he then threw a box of safety explosives from the cliffs of about 20 meters high, as a result, the box of explosives also did not explode; Then he loaded safety explosives in stone holes, iron barrels and drilled holes and detonated them with detonators, and as a result, they all exploded. This experiment, which was a complete success, left a deep impression on those who visited; Nobel's safety explosives, indeed, is safe.
Soon, Nobel established a safety explosives trust, to the world to promote this kind of explosives. From then on, people ended the era of handmade workshops to produce black powder, and entered the stage of large-scale industrial production of safety explosives.
In 1873, Nobel's safety explosives trust, set up a general office in Paris, attached to a laboratory. Here he did many experiments to improve the manufacturing methods of explosives.
Nobel's safety explosives are much more powerful than black powder, but also safe and reliable, so sales skyrocketed, and gradually popular all over the world. 1867 sold 11 tons, to 1874, it sold 3,000 tons.
Safety explosives have their drawbacks. One of the disadvantages is that the explosive power is not as great as pure nitroglycerine. It is for this reason that there are places that still take the risk of using nitroglycerine as an explosive.
How to find both the explosive power of nitroglycerin, but also the safety of the safety of explosives of the new explosives, a number of inventors have become the goal of the effort to seek. This time, again, is the first success of Nobel.
One day, Nobel worked in the laboratory, the finger was cut, by hand, with a relatively low nitrogen content of nitrocellulose dressing the wound. That night, because of the pain of the wound, can not sleep, he lay in bed to figure out the main problem in the work: how can I make nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin mixed.
Cellulose nitrate, is made of cellulose with nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture of acid interacting with each other, is a kind of very easy to catch fire. Because of the nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixture of different proportions, the role of different lengths of time, generated by nitrocellulose nitrate nitrogen content is high or low. Nobel wanted to mix nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose very early, made of explosives, has not been able to succeed.
Now, Nobel from the dressings can absorb the blood of this matter has been inspired, suddenly thought can not use nitrocellulose nitrate with lower nitrogen content, with nitroglycerin mixed? He climbed up, forgetting the pain in his fingers, ran to the laboratory, a person to do the experiment. He put about a heavy fire cotton, dissolved in nine heavy nitroglycerin, to get a strong explosive gel - fried glue.
The next day, when Nobel's assistant Wallenbach went to work, a new type of explosives - fried glue has been made. Wallenbach was surprised and delighted, and admired him for this kind of intoxicated drive.
After years of testing, in 1887, Nobel put a small amount of camphor, added to nitroglycerin and fire cotton fried glue, invented smokeless gunpowder. Until today, the gunpowder commonly used in the military industry, all belong to this type.
Smokeless gunpowder is much larger than the explosive power of black gunpowder, and when the explosion is fully combustible, smoke is very little, so people call it smokeless gunpowder.
The manufacture of explosives, a strong explosive force, the second to be safe and reliable, and the third to explode at any time in accordance with human requirements. Nobel made safe explosives, smokeless gunpowder, and made the detonator with detonation, a good solution to these three major problems.
People said Nobel is the king of explosives, he is deserved.
Nobel research on explosives, always pay attention to the application of research results to production. He believed that only in the production of practical results of the invention, is useful. Therefore, his inventions were quickly applied to production, and immediately gained real economic benefits.
In 1863, Nobel invented the nitroglycerin detonator. In the fall of that year, he was in his home laboratory, began to manufacture nitroglycerine and detonator; in 1865, just outside Stockholm, built the first nitroglycerine factory.
In 1866, Nobel made safety explosives, the next year into production. three years later, annual sales increased from 11 tons to 424 tons, seven years later, surged to 3120 tons.
Nobel created a precedent for the rapid application of scientific research results in production.
4, learned
Nobel, inventor of explosives, rich in knowledge, wide range of interests, is a multi-talented person. He was quite knowledgeable about electricity, optics, mechanics, biology, physiology, from time to time to their own research, and other disciplines linked to ponder. He said, "The various sciences are intrinsically related to each other, and in order to solve problems in a particular field of science, one should have recourse to other relevant scientific knowledge."
Nobel life **** to get a variety of patents 355. In his later years, he did experiments on artificial silk and artificial rubber, which were unsuccessful, but helped a lot with later inventions.
A mention of Nobel, people praise him as a great inventor, few people know that he is also a poet and literature lovers. He liked to read all kinds of literary masterpieces in Swedish, English, French, German and Russian. He was particularly fond of the poems of the English poet Shelley. In one of the lyrical poems he wrote, there were lines like:
"I only know how to concentrate on reading and exploring nature, and to draw on the deep and vast fountain of knowledge." He also wrote
novels such as Brothers and Sisters and The Happiest Africa, which are unique in their freshness of tone and lyrical beauty.
5, dying words
Nobel's life of labor, physical weakness in his later years, and suffered from severe rheumatic heart disease. 1896, his condition deteriorated seriously and his life was in danger.
When someone sent the test samples to Nobel to see, he still supported the thin body to carefully observe, put forward the improvement of the views. He wrote in his reply: "The samples you sent are very good, that kind of pure nitrocellulose explosives are really good. Unfortunately, my condition has worsened, and even writing these few words is very laborious, as if death is welcoming me with open arms. Just waiting to get a little better, I will get back into development."
Unfortunately, Nobel's wish did not come true, in a few dozen hours later - December 10, 1896, the giant of science, in Italy, Sanremo Hospital and died.
Nobel engaged in a lifetime of invention and creation, the family fortune, but he has been living a celibate life, not married. On his deathbed, he said, "Take this money and use it for scholarship and humanity!"
After Nobel's death, his name, his indomitable research spirit, and the Nobel Prize, which he funded, have been inspiring scientists all over the world to climb to new heights.
From 1910 to the present, hundreds of scientists have received Nobel Prizes. Among them are R?ntgen, who discovered X-rays; Rutherford, who studied radioactivity and the nucleus; the Curies, who discovered radium; Bohr, who proposed a model for the structure of the atom; Marconi, who invented wireless telegraphy; and Planck, Einstein, and other famous scientists. Famous American scholars Yang Zhenning, Li Zhengdao and Ding Zhaozhong also received Nobel Prizes for their significant contributions to the study of the universe and elementary particles.
Two, Nobel's Milestones
1833 He was 1 years old October 22 was born in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. His father went bankrupt
1840 He was 7 years old. His father, Immanuel, left his family in their hometown and went to St. Petersburg (now Leningrad), Russia, to look for work.
1841 He is 8 years old and enters primary school
1842 He is 9 years old. His father's factory business is booming and the family moves to St. Petersburg. 1843 He is 10 years old His father's invention of the torpedo is recognized by the Russian government and awarded 3,000 rubles. His younger brother, Yemil, is born.
1850 He is 17 years old and studies chemistry in the United States.
In 1852, at the age of 19, he returned to St. Petersburg in mourning after the death of a young girl he loved in Paris.
1853 He is 20 years old. His father is awarded a medal by the Russian Emperor. He went to the Eiger spa in Germany to recover from his illness.
1854 He is 21 years old. The war against Russia begins with the combined forces of Britain, France, Turkey and Australia. (Crimean War). The torpedo invented by Immanuellu is laid in the Gulf of Finland. Encouraged by Drs. Sinin and Trapp to do the invention of nitroglycerine explosive.
1856 He is 23 years old. The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War puts his father's factory in jeopardy. Patented an improvement in the water meter.
1858 He is 25 and goes to London to finance his father's business.
1859 He is 26 years old. His father's business fails and his parents return to Stockholm with his younger brother J?miel.
1860 He is 27 years old and works on nitroglycerine explosives while working with his second brother, Ruthei, in a resale factory. In the winter of that year, had a serious illness.
In 1863, at the age of 30, he invented a detonator for nitroglycerine explosives. In October, he received a patent for nitroglycerine explosives and set up a factory with his father in Stockholm.
1864 He was 31 years old, the nitroglycerine factory exploded, and his brother Jamil died tragically. As a result, the ban on explosives more and more strict, so that the closure of the Swedish factory, and built a factory in Germany. October, the establishment of [nitroglycerine explosives company].
1865 He was 32 years old, set up a gunpowder company in Hamburg, Germany, and built a factory in Krupp.
1866 He was 33 years old Nitroglycerine explosions continue to occur around the world, so the local scramble to outlaw, nitroglycerine companies in trouble. But this led to the invention of the glycerine explosive.
1867 He was 34 years old In May, received the British patent for dynamite, from this year onwards, the annual production of eleven tons. The new Nobel detonator was successfully invented.
1867 He is 35 years old. The dynamite business flourishes with the opening of Nobel companies throughout Europe, starting in the United States. At the same time as his father, he received the Astor Prize from the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
1870 He was 37 years old, the explosion of the Krupp gunpowder factory, causing significant damage. The Franco-Prussian War begins, and the power of explosives is realized.
1871 He is 38 years old and founds the Explosives Company in England. France also allows the manufacture of explosives, while partnering with Paul Bauer to start a business.
1872 He is 39 years old. His father, Emmanuel, dies.
1873 He is 40 years old and settles in Paris. His elder brother Robert discovers an oil field in Baku.
1876 He is 43 and hires Mrs. Stowe (Nobel Prize for Literature in 1905. 1843-1914) as his secretary, and gradually becomes interested in the peace movement.
1878 He is 45 years old and completes plastic explosives. In May, joins his brothers in the oil business, founding the Nobel Brothers Oil Company.
1882 He is 49 years old and travels to Russia to meet his brother, Ruthie.
1884 He is 51 years old. He is recommended for membership of the Royal Society of London, the Technical Society of Paris and the Royal Swedish Scientific Society.
1887 He is 54 years old and obtains a patent for gunpowder for ejected shells.
1889 He was 56 years old when his mother, Anneliette, died in her native Stockholm.
1890 He leaves Paris, where he has lived for eighteen years, to move to San Lemo, Italy, where he establishes a research institute under French persecution.
In 1893, at the age of 59, he became Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Wuppertal in Sweden.
In 1895, at the age of 62, he made his will on November 27, which gave rise to the Nobel Prize.
1896 He was 63 years old. On the evening of December 10, he died in his eternal rest at the Chateau de la Miondre in St. Limo.
1901 Five years after his death, the first Nobel Prize ceremony was held in Stockholm on December 10, in accordance with Nobel's will.
Three Great Contributions of Nobel
Nobel, a man devoted to invention and enterprise, often neglected himself. He bet on his career with all his heart, but also often took great interest in literary and labor issues. Having written poetry and novels, he was a literary man! He claimed to be a pacifist, but his main work was the invention of gunpowder, which in turn made the damage of war more drastic. This shows his inner conflict and pain. In the end, he donated all of his inheritance to the Nobel Prize fund, and it is undeniable that he had a contribution to this society.
His estate amounted to about 33 million kroner, and from 1901 onwards, the interest accruing from the estate was used as a fund for the Nobel Prize.
The Prize is awarded annually in Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, the day of Nobel's death, by the King of Sweden.
There are many other prizes in the world, but the Nobel Prize is the only one that represents the highest honor in the world, and the winner is considered to have the highest honor.
The Nobel Prize is awarded in accordance with Nobel's final
The Nobel Prize is the highest honor in the world.