Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence) , abbreviated as AI. it is a new technological science that researches and develops theories, methods, technologies and application systems used to simulate, extend and expand human intelligence. Below is the information about the pros and cons of artificial intelligence essay that I have carefully organized, I hope it will be helpful to you!
Pros and Cons of Artificial IntelligenceAbstract: Since the birth of Artificial Intelligence in 1956, decades of development have made many advances, and is widely used in machine vision, expert systems, intelligent search, theorem proving, gaming, automated programming, intelligent control, robotics and other major fields, and is more and more closely linked with human life. It is still widely debated whether it is feasible to develop AI extensively without a definite safety certification, and whether AI will overcome human intelligence. This paper discusses the overview of AI, the connection between application areas and human life, and in connection with the relevant theories, it is argued that the development of AI needs to be carried out within the controllable range of human intelligence.
Key words: artificial intelligence beyond human intelligence degradation
I. Overview of Artificial Intelligence
(a) The concept of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence), abbreviated as AI. it is a new technological science that researches and develops the theories, methods, technologies, and application systems for simulating, extending, and expanding human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a manner similar to human intelligence.Research in this field includes robotics, language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing and expert systems.
(II) The Rise of Artificial Intelligence
In 1956, John McCarthy, who is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence, organized a society that brought together many experts and scholars interested in machine intelligence for a month of discussions. He invited them to Vermont to participate in the "Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence". From then on, the field was named "Artificial Intelligence". 1976 Newell and Simon put forward the hypothesis of physical symbol system, which was considered to be a necessary and sufficient condition for the expression of intelligent behavior. Minsky proposed frame knowledge representation from psychological research. By the 1980s, Minsky argued that there was no unified theory of human intelligence, at all. Represented by McCarthy and Nilsson, etc., they advocate the use of logic to study artificial intelligence, that is, to describe the objective world by a formalized method. The logic school emphasizes conceptualized knowledge representation, model-theoretic semantics, and deductive reasoning in the study of artificial intelligence. McCarthy advocates that anything can be represented by a unified logical framework, centered on non-monotonic logic in commonsense reasoning. The traditional way of thinking about artificial intelligence research is ? top-down? style, which aimed to make machines imitate people, believing that the human brain's thinking activities could be defined by a number of formulas and rules
and therefore hoping that by translating the human mindset into a programming language and feeding it into a machine, it could one day produce a machine that could think like a human. This theory guided early research into artificial intelligence.
(iii) The development of artificial intelligence
In 1956, Samuel developed the checkers program, which beat Samuel himself in 1959
1959 Hao Wang, a Chinese American scholar and professor at Rockefeller University, proved the automated theorem
1976 ? Four-color theorem ? Proof of the Four Color Theorem
1977 A former Herbert ? Simon's graduate student and a young scholar at Stanford University, E. Feigenbaum
(E.Feigenbaum)，proposed at the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence the ? Knowledge Engineering? Deep Blue?
In September 2011, at the Computer Science and Technology Show in Guwahati, India, a ? Cleverbot (Clever Machine)? succeeded in fooling nearly 800 spectators, making it difficult for them to tell whether the conversation was coming from a real person or computer software. The 30 volunteers who took part in the chatting experiment on that day were arranged to have a four-minute online text chat with a person who could be a Cleverbot. Smart Robot? or a real person. Their conversations were displayed on a
big screen, and 1,334 regular viewers watched and voted. As a result, more than 59.3 percent of viewers voted for the person and the smart robot. smart robots? s conversation with a human being. Smart Robot? Rollo Carpenter, the British inventor of "Smart Robot", was pleased to tell the press. The British inventor of "Smart Robot", Rollo Carpenter, was pleased to tell reporters: "You can fool more than half of the audience. If you can fool more than half the audience, you can say that the Smart Robot has passed the Turing Test
II. People rely on artificial intelligence
(a) the main application areas of artificial intelligence
At present, the main application areas of artificial intelligence in machine vision (fingerprint recognition, face recognition, retinal recognition, iris recognition, palm print recognition), expert systems, intelligent search, theorem proving, gaming, automatic programming, intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming, and so on.
(ii) The close relationship between people's lives and AI
From smartphones and self-driving cars to medical robots, the AI revolution has arrived. Artificial intelligence makes Internet searches more responsive; translates text from one language to another; recommends the smoothest routes in crowded traffic
; helps identify credit card fraud? While many times we don't even realize it exists, our lives are quietly changing because of it.
In Silicon Valley, Nicholas? Yanin gets up in the morning and gets ready to go to work, which is a 40-minute drive away. The technician, who works for Google, walks to his Lexus. The car is about to hit a crowded California highway when his? driver's car began to take control of the big picture. Yanin's car, a self-driving vehicle that Google is experimenting with, is fitted with sophisticated artificial intelligence technology that allows him to relax in the driver's seat and act as a passenger.
A visitor to iRobot in Bedford, Massachusetts, watches as Ava, a 5-foot-tall robot, carefully walks down the hall, dodging obstacles, including humans, around her. At the end of this year it will begin its first real job as a telemedicine assistant, allowing specialists thousands of miles away to help it by installing a device in its? head? s video screen to see hospital patients. When the doctor is ready to see his next patient, he simply clicks on a new location on a computer map. Ava finds and rushes to the next ward based on the map, and it rides the elevator itself.
In Pullman, Washington, researchers at Washington State University are giving? smart? rooms with sensors that will allow them to automatically adjust the light in the room as needed and monitor everything the residents do, including how many hours of sleep they get and how many minutes of exercise they get each day. It sounds a bit like incarceration, but in fact, advocates see such technology as acting like a caring babysitter: smart housing can help seniors, especially those with physical or mental disabilities, live independent lives.
From the Curiosity space rover, which landed on Mars this summer, to cars with dashboards that can talk to people, to smartphones, AI is changing our lives sometimes in ways that are so obvious that, more often than not, we don't even realize it's there. Artificial intelligence makes Internet searches more responsive; translates text from one language to another; recommends the smoothest routes through congested traffic; helps identify credit card fraud; and tells drivers when they've crossed a divider in the middle of the road.
Even toasters are about to join the AI revolution. You can put a loaf of bread in, take a picture of it with your smartphone, and your phone will send all the information you need to the toaster, instructing it on how to toast the bread just right.
In one convenient way, AI is almost everywhere, from smart sensors that control aperture and shutter speed in digital cameras, to temperature and humidity detectors in clothes dryers, to self-parking features in cars. More sophisticated applications are still coming out of the lab.
III. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
(a) The hypothesis that artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence
Artificial intelligence can only be used as a supplement to human intelligence, but the development of artificial intelligence is much faster than that of human intelligence, i.e., according to the theory of evolution, the evolutionary speed of artificial intelligence is much faster than that of human intelligence. Because of the low start of artificial intelligence, so now and human intelligence has a certain gap, but its performance in the local beyond the status quo of human intelligence, so that people have reason to believe that artificial intelligence beyond human intelligence is only a matter of time.
Artificial Intelligence beyond human intelligence arguments are: First, Darwinian evolution; Second, analogous to human creativity, that is, due to the constant exploration of human intelligence desire to give their own unique creation to the artificial intelligence, which will lead to artificial intelligence over human intelligence; Third, the law of quantitative change and qualitative change? The law of quantitative and qualitative change? Artificial intelligence constantly in some areas beyond human intelligence, and ultimately will qualitatively overcome human intelligence.
Its representative characters include Wang Qianling, a professor at Sichuan University's Department of Social Sciences, who puts forward a worldview perspective of "artificial intelligence will surpass human intelligence". Artificial Intelligence will surpass human intelligence? Li Quan Quan, a professor at the Department of Philosophy at East China Normal University, believes that driven by curiosity, and driven by the idea that if we don't move forward, we'll fall behind," said Li Quan, a professor at East China Normal University. Chess Queen? effect, human beings will not stop exploring higher intelligence systems than their own. The law of evolution, which cannot be violated, will cause the chain of evolution to move in the direction of surpassing humans. Therefore, the emergence of a highly intelligent species on earth that surpasses human beings is an evolutionary necessity. Dai Wei also boldly predicted? Artificial intelligence will overcome human intelligence in the near future, but will have its own way of existence and will not pose a threat to humans? John McCarthy? McCarthy? the father of artificial intelligence, believes? There is no reason to believe that we can't write a formula that will make a computer think like a human.? Stephen Hawking. Stephen Hawking said? It seems to me that if very complex chemical molecules can move around in the human body and make humans intelligent, then the sun's complex electronic circuits can make computers act in an intelligent way.? Dellner, a professor of psychology at Bamberg University in Germany, argues? Machines with souls exist.?
(ii) The hypothesis of human degradation
From smartphones and self-driving cars to medical robots, the AI revolution has arrived. AI makes internet searches more responsive; translates text from one language to another; recommends the smoothest routes in congested traffic
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; helps identify credit card fraud and more. Though many times we don't even realize it exists, our lives are quietly changing because of it. People always tend to live a comfortable life, the emergence of artificial intelligence to meet many of the needs of the people, which will lead to people are satisfied with the enjoyment of the current life and forget a lot of their instincts. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, those instincts that we don't use often will gradually degenerate and disappear in the reproduction of organisms. With the development of artificial intelligence, there are simple solutions for our food, clothing, and shelter, and they are also becoming more and more relied upon. Just like in the past thousands of years, we do not have a phone cell phone, as can have their own way of communication, but now the development of cell phones only a few decades, there are few people can not leave the phone. Imagine the artificial intelligence that is increasingly entering our lives, when you get used to it, you can still leave it. If you don't have to do anything by yourself with AI, what will be left in the future of human beings after the biological evolution. After the degradation of derivation of human beings still have what ability.
IV. Conclusion
At this stage, artificial intelligence has many applications in expert systems, intelligent search, theorem proving, gaming, automatic programming, intelligent control, robotics, and so on, and the scope is getting wider and wider, although it seems to promote the development of science, but we have to pay attention to the degree of its use, just like the application of cloning, the development of things with two sides should be carefully considered. Artificial intelligence intelligence as a tool by human intelligence limited to a certain range of development, in order to ensure its safety under the conditions of the maximum degree of human role. References:
1 Shi Zhongshi. Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Second Edition). Science Press, 2006.
2 Margaret? Boden, Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Translation Press 2001-11-01
3 Russell S., Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence? A Modern Approach (Second Edition) Beijing: People's Posts and Telecommunications Press, 2004 4 Shi Zhongshi. Intelligent Subjects and Their Applications. Science Publishing House, 2000.
5 Ye Shi-Wei, Shi Zhong-Shi Translation. Principles of Neural Networks (Simon Haykin: Neural Networks). Mechanical Industry Press,2004.
6 Cai Zixing, Xu Guangyou, Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications (Third Edition). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2003
7Luger, Artificial Intelligence, Mechanical Industry Press, 2009-03-01
8CarolynAbate, Artificial Intelligence Changes Life, Southern Metropolis Daily, 2012-09-30
9Menzel, The Future of Robotics, Shanghai Rhetoric Book Press, 2002< /p>
10 Qian Xuesen, About the Science of Thinking, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1986
11 Qian Tieyun, Can Artificial Intelligence Surpass Human Intelligence?
12 Dai Wei, Artificial Intelligence vs. Human Intelligence, Who will be the best in 20 years, Youth Exploration, 2002
13 Jiang Changyang, Human beings are degrading, Nature Dialectics, 11, 2000
Pros and Cons of Technology
Whenever we talk about the significance of science and technology for human beings, there is a word that comes up quite often. --? Double-edged sword. That is, while technology brings people convenience, comfort and quality of life, it also inevitably brings many disadvantages. In this variety of disadvantages, there are visible, such as environmental pollution; and more are invisible, such as the impact of science and technology on culture.
The pros and cons of science and technology, in recent years, the public opinion has been debating, no one is sure. This phenomenon is also directly reflected in the college entrance examination language test questions - several years in a row of college entrance examination essays are involved in this topic, and there is a trend of increasing year by year.
According to statistics, in recent years, the most discussed topic in the college entrance examination essay? The impact of science and technology on culture (especially traditional culture)? And what kind of impact will constitute? The 2012 Hubei paper essay question provides such a material:
In the language classroom, the teacher was talking about Du Fu's "Spring Hope", which is the first time that the Chinese government had ever made a decision on the issue of the "Spring Hope". The teacher said with emotion: "It's a pity that we can hardly see it now. Unfortunately, we are now very difficult to see the letter of home, I'm afraid that this form of correspondence will disappear. Student A:? No, my cousin in college often writes to me, I think this form of communication is irreplaceable. Student B:? Information technology is so advanced that it is more convenient to make phone calls, send text messages and write emails, so who still writes letters with a pen? Student C:? Even if we don't write letters with pens, we can't say that letters have disappeared, only that the form of letters has changed. Student D:? If you say so, what has changed is not only the letter? The development of society, technological progress, a lot of things are quietly changing.
Admittedly, the phone, text messages, e-mail in bringing us convenient, fast at the same time, but also reduce the poetry of our lives. But we might as well think about it, ? Who sends a letter in the clouds? may be able to bring us poetry and reverie, but in? But in a situation where there are three months of fire, I am afraid that it is still a quicker way to send a letter than to send a letter. I am afraid that a quick text message is more reassuring. Therefore, we have to fully consider the gains and losses of both, on how to deal with the relationship between science and technology and culture to make a profound reflection: in order to preserve the beauty of the tradition and hold on to the defects, or for the sake of convenience and speed on the abandonment of tradition? Is it in the traditional trunk grafted on the branches of fashion, or in the brand-new culture on the old patch? I think: should think about this kind of problem is not only our high school students, but also our policy makers, our experts, and even each of our ordinary citizens. Reflection is always stronger than complaining, only to summarize the reflection, in order to make our next step to walk better, walk more robust, so that step by step close to our ideal Garden of Eden.
In the same vein is the essay question of the Guangdong volume of the 2014 college entrance examination. The difference is that the material in the Guangdong paper abandons letters and cell phones, and replaces them with black-and-white film and digital technology:
In the era of black-and-white film, there were very few photographs, recording only a few moments of life, and in the family's time and time again to look over them, it could evoke many memories that never faded. But the photos are gradually yellowing and becoming increasingly fuzzy. In the era of digital technology, there are a lot of photos, which record the daily life and can be uploaded to the Internet at any time to share with others. It never yellows and never blurs, but in the fast browsing and frequent updating, it is worth to cherish the ? Dots and drops? It is also possible to be diluted.
Black-and-white film and digital technology are just like rulers and text messages, horse-drawn carriages and high-speed trains, and calligraphy and? The key to the conversation is the key to the conversation, the hike and the online game, and the taste of the world. Profit? or? or vice? can be summarized? This, mixed with technological factors, cultural factors, traditional factors, psychological habits of factors? In fact, people most want to have the convenience of modern technology coupled with the fragrance of traditional culture, and this is just like the fish and the bear's paw, and it is not easy to get both.
Another aspect of the topic involved in the essay is the impact of technology on the traditional concept of aesthetics. The impact of technology on traditional aesthetic concepts?
At night, the grandchildren leaned out of the window and looked away. Look at all the lights, the street is bright, neon flashes, it's beautiful! The boy said. If there is no electricity, no modern technology, no high-rise buildings, where to see? The old man nodded, then shook his head meditatively: ? It is a pity that the sky is full of stars. The world has changed in the blink of an eye! When those ancestors, the cave side of the campfire, watching the moon rise, starry night, they may be appreciating the beauty.
Read this material, I think: If? those ancestors back then? The first time I read this material, I thought: "If those ancestors were able to? The first time I read this material, I felt that if those ancestors were able to cross the border? back, even if they still think that the campfire, the moon, starry night is the most beautiful landscape in nature, but they are still happy to live in a cave with a campfire to enjoy the sky full of stars? Modern technology has long been submerged into the depths of people's souls, even though we will occasionally give birth to a few nostalgic feelings, that is, we cherish the original memories within the fall of melancholy, even if we are yearning for, may not be willing to go back to basics. In modern society, like Tao Yuanming, Thoreau, these truly devoted to the nature of the hermit has been difficult to find.
The material on science and technology involved in the college entrance exam essay also touches on the nearly ? The first is to make the first step in the process of the development of a new technology. s topic. For example, the composition material of the Tianjin paper of the 2014 college entrance examination tells a story with a few sci-fi overtones, revealing that modern technology brings a sense of ? sense of dystopia?
Perhaps one day in the future, we will invent a wisdom chip, with which anyone can know everything about the past and present, astronomy and geography. For example, you in your heart silently recite a ? Physics? , all the formulas and laws related to physics in the history of mankind will emerge one after another, more than the teacher's speech, more than the books printed in the whole. When you are strolling along the Qinhuai River, you can say? When you are strolling along the Qinhuai River, you will hear the phrase "The Swallow in front of the Hall of Wang Xie". When you were strolling along the Qinhuai River, you said, "In the old days, the swallows were in the halls of the king's thanks," and the old lady selling ice-cream next to you said, "They flew into the homes of ordinary people. The people are all in the same house. The lady also kindly told you that the author of the poem was Liu Yuxi, when a blonde foreign girl grabbed the poem and said that the poem was called "Wuyi Lane" from "All Tang Poetry", 365 volumes, page 4117? What a situation this will be!
I don't know if there will really be such a day, I don't know if such a situation will really appear, and I don't know if the appearance of such a situation is happy or sad.
To be fair, the benefits of technology always outweigh the drawbacks, otherwise we would never have seen it as the "first productive force". The first thing you need to do is to get your hands dirty. We now want to explore is in the development of science and technology at the same time how to minimize its negative effects, and even make it become the promotion of cultural heritage and development of assistance; rather than choking on food, as technology for the culture of the arch-enemy, and even regarded as a flood and ferocious beasts - and bear the burden of the main force will be the generation of young people who took the exam today. In this sense, let them first write such an article is really valuable. Think? Science and technology? This topic in the subsequent college entrance examination essay will still have a certain position.