Receive the purchase plan - inquiry and bargaining - decision - PO - review - follow up - receipt of goods -Payment -Return. Related documents are: requisition, purchase order, inquiry, purchase receipt, purchase order, purchase order, purchase withdrawal, purchase exception withdrawal and so on.
Related ERP documents are: requisition, purchase order, purchase receipt, purchase receipt, purchase withdrawal, purchase exception withdrawal and so on
Purchasing process: collect information, request for quotation, price comparison, bargaining, evaluation, request for samples, decision, requisition, order, coordination and communication, call for delivery, incoming goods inspection and acceptance, and organize payment.
Question 2: How to do a good job of analyzing and determining the procurement needs of the enterprise? Miscellaneous purchases are generally only a company ah, unlike raw material purchases are divided into more detailed. Of course, to invoice it, so sometimes rather expensive, but also must have a ticket ah, or then all their own back it, the company will not recognize! When the reserve is not enough, miscellaneous purchases inevitably have to advance some of the. The system does not support, they do a ledger to record the ins and outs of it, EXCEL formula is also very powerful, the basic data input into the other can be set up with the formula.
Question 3: What is meant by the procurement model Narrow meaning
Procurement refers to an organization to obtain from the target market to meet the quality, quantity and price requirements of the corresponding resources of the purchasing process, that is, including the determination of purchasing needs, selected suppliers, negotiated prices, to determine the delivery and related conditions, the signing of the contract and the harvesting of the required payment.
Purchasing is actually the process of unification of commercial flow and logistics.
Broad Meaning
Purchasing is the process by which a buyer obtains from an external target market (suppliers) all the goods, services, competencies, and knowledge that puts the operation, maintenance, and management of the company in the most favorable position for all its activities. It does not only refer to the transaction process, but covers activities such as business management between suppliers, reciprocal trade agreements, hiring of temporary staff from external agencies, conclusion of advertising contracts, etc.
First, the traditional procurement model
Application-based, in order to fill the inventory for the purpose of inventory backlog
Second, the point of order procurement model
Point-of-order procurement, is based on the size of the demand for each species and the lead time of the order by the purchasing staff to determine the point of order for each species, the ordering batch or lead time of the ordering cycle, the maximum level of inventory, and so on, and then Establish a stock checking mechanism, when found to reach the point of ordering, check the inventory, issue orders, the size of the ordering batch is determined by the specified criteria.
Point-of-order purchasing includes two major purchasing methods, the quantitative ordering method and the periodic ordering method.
The quantitative ordering method is to determine an order point and an order lot in advance, and then check the inventory at any time, when the inventory falls to the order point, the order will be issued, the size of the order lot each time the same.
Regular ordering method, is to pre-determine an ordering cycle and the maximum inventory level, and then to the specified ordering cycle for the cycle, the periodic inspection of inventory, the issue of orders, the order lot is not necessarily the same each time, the size of the order lot are equal to the actual inventory stock at the time of the difference between the specified maximum inventory level.
Point-of-order procurement model is based on demand analysis, to fill the inventory for the purpose of using some scientific methods, taking into account to meet the demand and inventory cost control, the principle of more scientific, the operation is relatively simple. However, due to the market's random factors, making the method also has a large inventory, the market is not sensitive to the shortcomings of the corresponding
Third, MRP procurement mode
MRP (MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING) procurement, mainly used in manufacturing enterprises. It is by the enterprise purchasing staff to use MRP software, the development of procurement planning and implementation of procurement.
MRP procurement principle, is based on MPS (MASTER PRODUCTION SCHEDULE main production plan) and BOM (BILL OF MATERIALS, bill of materials or product structure documents) and the main product and its components of the inventory, step by step calculation of the main product of the various components, raw materials should be put into production time, production quantity, or order time, order quantity, or order time, order quantity. Or order time, order quantity, that is, to produce all the parts, raw materials production plan and procurement plan. Then in accordance with this procurement plan for procurement.
The MRP purchasing model is also based on demand analysis to meet the inventory for the purpose. Since the plan is more refined and strict, its corresponding market sensitivity and inventory levels are improved over the above methods.
Fourth, JIT procurement mode
JIT procurement, also known as just-in-time procurement, is a procurement method based entirely on meeting demand. Demand side according to their own needs, ordering instructions to suppliers, requiring suppliers in the specified time, the specified varieties, the specified number of delivery to the specified location.
The characteristics of JIT procurement are mainly expressed in the following aspects:
1. Directly facing the demand
2. Directly sent to the point of demand
3. Users need what varieties, quality, quantity, time and so on to comply with the customer's needs
JIT procurement to achieve the corresponding market sensitive to meet the user's needs, but also to make the user's Minimal inventory. Because the user does not need to set up inventory, so the realization of zero inventory. It is a more scientific and ideal procurement mode.
Fifth, VMI procurement mode
VMI (VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY, supplier mastery of the user's inventory), the basic idea is that in the supply chain mechanism, procurement is no longer operated by the purchaser, but by the supplier operation. VMI procurement is the user only need to transfer their demand information to the supplier in a timely manner, the supplier themselves according to the user's demand information, predict the user's future demand, and according to this prediction to formulate their own production plan and delivery plan, the size of the user's inventory by the supplier's independent decision-making procurement model.
It is a more ideal scientific procurement model, the biggest beneficiary is ...... >>
Question 4: What should be included in the requirements analysis Requirements analysis refers to the understanding of user needs, software functionality to reach agreement with the customer, estimating the software risk and assessing the cost of the project, and ultimately the formation of the development plan of a complex process in the process, the user is indeed in the dominant position, the requirements analysis engineers and project managers are responsible for the organization of the user's needs, for the subsequent The requirements analysis phase includes:
The requirements analysis phase includes Requirements analysis phase includes:
1. Business requirements - reflecting the organization or customer on the system, the product's high-level goal requirements, usually in the project definition and scope of the document to be explained.
2. User requirements - describes the tasks that must be accomplished by the user to use the product, which is described in the use case or program scripts.
3?Functional Requirements - defines the software functionality that must be implemented by developers to enable users to accomplish their tasks with the system, thus satisfying a business need.
4?Non-functional requirements - describes the behavior of the system presented to the user and the operations performed, etc. It includes the standards, specifications and constraints that the product must follow, the specifics of the operating interface and the constructional limitations.
5. Requirements analysis report - the functional requirements described in the report fully describes the external behavior of the software system should have. "The Requirements Analysis Report plays an important role in development, testing, quality assurance, project management, and related project functions.
Question 5: What does procurement need to know? Basic! Procurement practices can be categorized into two parts: strategic sourcing and day-to-day procurement. Strategic sourcing is the procurement staff (modity manager) according to the business strategy of the enterprise's needs, the development and implementation of the acquisition of the enterprise's materials to obtain the planning, through the analysis of internal customer demand, external supply market, competitors, supply base and other analyses, on the basis of benchmarking and comparison of the materials set the long-term and short-term purchasing objectives, to achieve the objectives of the procurement strategy and action plan, and through the implementation of action to find the right supply resources. Through the implementation of actions to find the appropriate supply resources to meet the enterprise in terms of cost, quality, time, technology and other aspects of the comprehensive indicators. The object of procurement is divided into direct material (BOM material) and indirect material (MRO material), direct material will be used to constitute all or part of the products or services provided by the purchasing enterprise to its customers, and indirect material will be used and consumed in the enterprise's internal production and business activities. Purchasing is the process by which an organism of a commercial nature seeks to take in materials from outside its body in order to maintain its normal functioning. Purchasing means obtaining the required materials, tools, machinery ........ Purchasing is the duty and act of obtaining the materials, tools, machinery, etc. required for the operation of a production plant. Therefore, purchasing activities must consider the most appropriate total cost, in the most appropriate time, with a high degree of efficiency, to obtain the most appropriate quality, the most appropriate quantity of materials, tools, machinery ... and other materials, and can maintain the continuity of the source of a procurement technology. Usually, the most important contents of the procurement business are as follows: In addition to the necessary ability of the purchaser, there should be a reasonable purchasing plan, abide by the 5R principle, choose the right supplier, and add to the management, and constantly improve. Without affecting the normal production of the enterprise, reduce the procurement cost.
Purchasing staff must assume the responsibility: procurement planning and demand confirmation, supplier selection and management, procurement quantity control, procurement quality control, procurement price control, delivery control, procurement cost control, procurement contract management, procurement records management.
Purchasing process: collect information, inquiry, price comparison, bargaining, evaluation, request samples, decision, requisition, order, coordination and communication, call for delivery, incoming inspection, organize payment.
Calculation of purchasing quantity: The quantity to be purchased in the current period = the amount of production needs in the current period + the scheduled inventory at the end of the period - the estimated inventory in the previous period - the number of previous purchases have not been put into storage
How to reasonably reduce the cost of purchasing: Beforehand to develop a reasonable purchasing plan, query the current market situation, to grasp the factors and events affecting the cost. In the matter of looking for a number of qualified vendors offer, make the base price or budget, the use of bargaining skills. Afterwards, choose the appropriate price of the manufacturer to sign the contract, the use of quantity or cash discounts.
Purchasing price components: the level of supplier cost, specifications and quality, supply and demand of purchased materials, production season and purchase timing, delivery terms, payment terms.
Purchased goods cost components: method of engineering or manufacturing, special tools and equipment required, direct and indirect material costs, direct and indirect labor costs, manufacturing or outsourcing costs, marketing fees and taxes, profit.
What is the right price: Purchasing price should be to achieve the appropriate price for the highest goal, the buyer must be purchasing requirements, according to market conditions, analyze the quality of the material situation and price changes, choose the best value for money materials to buy.
How to determine whether the purchase price is reasonable: cost analysis, price analysis, market research, a number of manufacturers offer.
How to find suppliers: the use of existing information, public solicitation, through the same industry referrals, read professional journals, associations or procurement of professional consultants, to participate in product demonstrations.
Supplier classification: raw material suppliers, small service suppliers, temporary suppliers.
Qualified supplier standards: excellent business leaders, high-quality managers, stable employee groups, good machinery and equipment, good technology, good management system.
How to analyze suppliers: price, quality, service, location, inventory policy, flexibility.
What is a good supplier? Under the premise of ensuring the 5Rs. Can provide technical support, can provide market conditions. Can *** with the risk.
What is a procurement supply chain? Specialized division of labor in depth, the development process of reducing transaction costs. The links between supply and demand, demand-oriented value-added integration approach.
Question 6: Detailed Analysis of Requirements Analysis Understood broadly: Requirements analysis includes a series of requirements engineering for requirements acquisition, analysis, specification, change, validation, and management. Narrowly understood requirements analysis refers to the analysis of requirements, the definition process. Requirements analysis is to analyze what the needs of software users. If a lot of manpower, material, financial and time is invested in the development of software but no one wants it, then all the investment is in vain. If a lot of effort to develop a software, but in the end does not meet the user's requirements, and thus to re-developed, this rework is heartbreaking (I believe that we all have experience). For example: the user needs a software for linux, and you in the software development of the software runtime environment, forget to ask the user this question, and take for granted that the development of software for windows. When you have worked very hard to complete the development to the user to submit only to find a problem, then you want to cry, hate to find a block of tofu head on death. Requirements analysis is important because he has a decision-making, directional, strategic role, he has a pivotal position in the process of software development, we must have enough attention to requirements analysis. In the development of a large software system, his role is far greater than the program design. Requirements analysis phase of the work can be divided into four areas: problem identification, analysis and synthesis, the development of specifications, review. Problem identification: it is from a system perspective to understand the software, to determine the comprehensive requirements of the developed system, and put forward the conditions for the realization of these requirements, as well as the requirements should meet the standards. These requirements include: functional requirements (what to do), performance requirements (what indicators to be achieved), environmental requirements (such as models, operating systems, etc.), reliability requirements (the probability of not failing), security and confidentiality requirements, user interface requirements, resource utilization requirements (software operation is the required memory, CPU, etc.), software cost consumption and development schedule requirements, pre-estimation of the system's likely to achieve the goal of the future. Analyze and synthesize Analysis and Synthesis: Gradually refine all the software functions, find out the connection between system elements, interface characteristics and design limitations, analyze whether they meet the requirements, eliminate unreasonable parts, and add the required parts. Finally, the solution is synthesized into a system solution, giving a detailed logical model of the system to be developed (a model of what to do). Develop a specification: i.e., prepare a document that describes the requirements is called a software requirements specification. Note that the outcome of the requirements analysis phase is the requirements specification, which is submitted to the next phase. Evaluate: Evaluate the correctness, completeness, and clarity of the functionality and other requirements. If you pass the review, you can proceed to the next stage, otherwise you have to re-do the requirements analysis. There are many methods of requirements analysis, here only emphasize the prototyping method, other methods such as: structured approach, dynamic analysis method, etc., never used these methods are not discussed here. Prototyping is very important. A prototype is an early runnable version of software that implements some or all of the functionality of the target system. The prototyping approach is to build as quickly as possible a rough system that implements some or all of the features of the target system. But this system may have deficiencies in reliability, interface friendliness, or other aspects. The purpose of building such a system is to examine the feasibility of a particular aspect, such as algorithmic feasibility, technical feasibility or to examine whether it satisfies the user's needs. For example, in order to examine whether the user's requirements are met, a prototype system can be built quickly with certain software tools, which is just an interface, and then the user's opinions can be heard to improve the prototype. The later target system is developed on the basis of the prototype system. There are three main types of prototypes: exploratory, experimental, and evolutionary. Exploratory: The purpose is to figure out the requirements for the target system, determine the desired characteristics, and explore the feasibility of multiple options. Experimental: Used before large-scale development and implementation to assess the suitability of the solution and the reliability of the specification. Evolutionary: The aim is not to improve the specification, but to build the system so that it is easy to change, gradually evolving the prototype into the final system as it is improved. There are two different strategies when using the prototyping approach: the deprecation strategy, and the addition strategy. Abandonment strategy: first build a model system with simple functions and low quality requirements, and then repeatedly modify this system to form a better idea, according to which a more complete, accurate, consistent and reliable final system is designed. After the system is constructed, the original model system is discarded. The exploratory and experimental types belong to this strategy. Append strategy: first construct a system that is simple in function and does not require high quality ...... >>
Question 7: What are design requirements? What does it include? Web site requirements analysis design needs is your customers need you to make what kind of page, what kind of structure, reflecting what the theme, in the final analysis is how to make your client's products and companies to attract more people's eyes, enhance the conversion rate.
This is something that you and your customers to communicate in order to come up with, not their own wishful thinking ha ~ ~ ~ ~
Problem 8: How to write a needs analysis report Resource Brief teaches you how to write a needs analysis report ~ ~? Requirements Analysis Statement 1, the system's functional structure diagram (HIPO chart) (in the functional structure of the diagram to select a subsystem for layer-by-layer decomposition) 2, the system's functional description (the above selected subsystems for the functional description) 3, the existing system's business process flow charts and descriptions (above selected subsystems to draw manual systems or old computer systems business process diagrams and simple functional description) 4, the new System business process diagram and description (on the above selected subsystems to draw the computer system under the business process map (after the reorganization) and a simple functional description) Purchasing Management System Analysis Purchasing is the enterprise material supply department according to the material supply plan has been determined, through the market procurement, processing and ordering and other channels, to obtain a variety of materials required for the production and operation of the enterprise's economic activities, purchasing business situation will affect the overall business operations of the enterprise. The status of procurement business will affect the overall operation of the enterprise. In general, the purchasing business of an enterprise is usually carried out by the Purchasing Department - the Manufacturing Department makes the production plan according to the sales order, and the enterprise production and manufacturing system generates the purchasing plan according to the material quota information provided by the Production and Technology Department and the production plan provided by the Manufacturing Department, and taking into account the existing stock situation. The Purchasing Department carries out domestic and foreign purchases respectively according to the purchasing plan. The Purchase Management System mainly manages purchase orders, purchase orders and purchases. After purchasing, the Purchasing Department enters the purchases into the Purchasing Management System, and when the purchased materials are put into stock, the Storage and Transportation Section of the Purchasing Department enters the purchase orders into the Inventory Management System according to the receipt and inspection orders; the Finance Department settles the purchases based on the purchasing and material receipt and inspection documents, and the system generates the relevant vouchers and registers the relevant inventory accounts automatically. What documents should be submitted for course design? A course design report should be submitted for course design, which includes the following aspects: ① cover, ② table of contents, ③ system feasibility analysis report, ④ system analysis report, ⑤ list of course design team members. How to write a course design report? The course design report includes two aspects, one is the system feasibility analysis report and the other is the system analysis report. The feasibility analysis report is simply a two-pronged report that describes the current situation of the enterprise, points out the need for computerized management (i.e., the need for an information system), and then describes whether the enterprise has the appropriate conditions economically, technically, and managerially, and finally concludes whether the system is feasible or not. Our course design is based on the feasibility of the system. Describing the above in words is our feasibility analysis report. The fastest inter-thread data exchange algorithm effectively avoids lock contention Download Tackling the Information Explosion with IBM Storage Solutions HTML5 Audio API Developing Game Music Your IT Security from System X Servers Download From Limited Resources to Unlimited Development Potential A Whole New Business Opportunity for the Windows App Store
Question 9: How to Conduct a User Requirements Analysis 1 Concepts
The definition of requirements involves describing them from the user's point of view (the external behavior of the system), as well as from the developer's point of view (some of the internal features).
The key issue is to document the requirements. I've seen a project where all the developers were replaced in the middle of the project, and the client was forced to sit down with a new requirements analyst. The system analyst said, "We'd like to talk to you about your requirements. The customer's first reaction was: I told your predecessor everything I wanted, now I want a system programmed for me.
PepsiCo
In fact, at UGGs, the requirements were not documented, so the new analysts had to start from scratch. So you're fooling yourself if you think you understand what users want just because you have a bunch of emails, meeting notes, or bits and pieces of unorganized conversations.
Another definition of a requirement is that it is a statement of what the user wants that triggers the development of a program or system. Some requirements analysis specialists have expanded this concept to include features, functions, and attributes that can be found outside the system to satisfy the user. These definitions emphasize what the product is, not how it is designed or constructed. The following definitions move further from user needs to system characteristics:
A requirement is a specification of what must be accomplished. It describes the behavior, characteristics, or attributes of the system, and is a constraint on the system during development.
From these various forms of definition, it is easy to see that there is no clear, non-dichotomous terminology for requirements, and that the real requirements are actually in the minds of people, mainly the customer, who is usually not able to describe their own needs, and who needs to be analyzed by a systems analyst to sort out the needs in terms of the user's own language and then check them against the customer's.
The system analysts can also use this terminology to define requirements, but they are not able to do so. Check with the client. The systems analyst and the client need to make sure that all project risk-takers have a good understanding of the terms used to describe the requirements.
Any documented requirement (such as the Requirements Specification described below) is only a model and a description.
2. The Task of Requirements Analysis
The most difficult part of developing a software system is specifying exactly what to develop. The most difficult conceptual task is to write the detailed technical requirements, which include all user-oriented, machine-oriented, and other software system interfaces. This is also the part that, if done incorrectly, can end up being very damaging to the system and extremely difficult to modify later.
At present, the domestic product is very complex, an enterprise may have several systems running side by side, the interface between them is the system developers the most headache.
For business end-user applications, enterprise information systems and software as part of a larger system of products is obvious. But for us as developers, how do we know when the project is over if we don't have a customer-approved requirements document? And if we don't know what's important to the customer, how can we keep them happy?
However, even non-commercial software requirements are necessary. For example, libraries, components, and tools for internal use by the development team. Of course you may occasionally be able to agree with others without documentation, but more often there is the inevitable consequence of rework, and the cost of rewriting code far outweighs the cost of rewriting a requirements document, as is happening to software developers in China.
Recently, I encountered a development team working on a suite of computer-aided software for internal use, including a code editor. Unfortunately, when they finished developing the tool, they realized that it did not print out the source code files, which users would have liked to have. As a result, the team had to manually transcribe the source code files for code checking. This shows that even if the requirements are clear and well conceived, if we don't document the software, we are only to blame if it doesn't achieve the desired goal.
In contrast, I have seen a simple interface to be integrated into a bug tracking system written as a one-page requirements specification. The OS system administrators found a simple list of requirements so useful when they were working on scripts. When they tested the system against the requirements, not only did the system implement all the necessary functionality very clearly, but they also found no bugs.
In fact, the requirements document guided them all the way through the development process.
3. Requirements Analysis Process
The entire software requirements engineering process can be summarized at ....... >>
Question 10: Requirements Analysis - Enterprise I. Preface
At present, Coca-Cola has Coke, Eye-catching, Fanta, Sprite and other carbonated beverages, and Kool and other juice beverages. Ice Dew pure water since 2002 into the market did not like Coca-Cola's other beverage brands to shape the brand image as the core of the advertising campaign. Like Coca-Cola's advertising slogan: "Catch the feeling of Sprite's crystal clear, penetrating coolness" has become the fashionable phrase of the moment. Ice Dew, as one of the beverage products Coca-Cola put into the Chinese market, did not carry out branding, but quietly appeared in front of the eyes of consumers overnight. Doing a good job of advertising planning, implementation of its advertising strategy will help shape and Coca-Cola's brand image of Ice Dew Pure Water, help to enhance the status of Ice Dew Pure Water in the minds of consumers.
Second, market analysis
1, market prospects
In the past two years, although following the boom of low-concentration juice drinks, a new round of functional sports drinks are emerging, but the bottled water has always accounted for 30% share of the beverage market, although other types of beverages have been trying to divide the market, but the bottled water at a low price and the characteristics of the natural purity, but there is still an irreplaceable position. The status of bottled water in mainland China is still irreplaceable due to its low price and natural and pure characteristics. The per capita consumption of bottled water in mainland China is only 1/5 of the world average, so it can be said that China's bottled water market is still very young. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the per capita consumption of bottled water in the Chinese mainland market is growing by 20% per year.
2, the current competitors
The main competitors: Wahaha, Lobel's, Nongfusanquan
Other competitors: small brands of bottled water and local brands of bottled water
The results of the survey show that: Wahaha, Lobel's and Nongfusanquan three major brands occupy a majority of the share of the market of bottled water in the most commonly consumed by consumers. Bottled water brands, 35.2% of the respondents chose Wahaha, 28.3% of the respondents chose Le Baishi, 17.8% of the respondents chose Nongfushanquan, which shows that people in the purchase of bottled water with a strong sense of brand consumption, brand is the life of the enterprise products, with the arrival of the brand consumption era, how to carry out the brand marketing is becoming increasingly become one of the core of the work of the enterprise. The success of the three well-known bottled water represented by Lobel's, to a large extent, also benefited from its correct brand planning and strategic implementation.
3, consumer acceptance
Although the emergence of other soft drinks such as mineral water, fruit juice and other impact on the dominant position of pure water, but the survey shows that in China's seven major cities, 30.1% of the people still like pure water, 21% of the consumers said that it does not matter.
The survey shows that: some consumers in the purchase of bottled water by advertising, and their own drink to know, salesman recommended and introduced by relatives and friends were 38.3%, 25.4% and 11.1%, which shows that advertising is the best guide to buy bottled water consumers in the purchase of bottled water.
Three, advertising strategy
1, target strategy
Through the advertising campaign, in X months, so that the brand awareness of ice dew pure water increased to 90%, sales increased by 50%, and enter the top three bottled water sales in China.
2, positioning strategy
Ice Dew pure water is located in the popular brand, to the young and middle-aged consumers as the target.
3, Media Selection
TV, newspapers, public **** car body, station, supermarket POP
4, Appeal Strategy
Ice Dew Pure Water advertising campaigns appealing to a quality, shaping a strong but not lose the lingering brand image.
5, Creative
A print ad copy
Title: Ice Dew, never admit defeat!
Tagline: Believe in yourself!
Text:
Life is full of countless competitions,
Facing one strong opponent after another,
who will be the winner forever
Losing is never the end of the road,
and being strong doesn't mean forever.
The heart is still as strong as ice,
and the water that flows on your face is just water,
a consolation for the strength of the ice.
Lose, just one more time,
Ice Dew, never admit defeat!
The accompanying text: Ice Dew Pure Water is produced by Coca-Cola, international quality, to bring you an extraordinary pure feeling.
B TV advertisement copy
Slogan: Ice Dew, no you can't!
Picture 1: Athletic field in the rain, people cheering and frustrated at the finish line.
Picture two: an empty track and field, a one-man race.
Voice-over: Who will be the champion if there is no rival in the race
Picture 3: Close-up of the loser's frustration, taking a sip of pure Ice Dew water, and then pouring it down on his head, revealing an expression of defiance.
Voiceover: Losing is not terrible, the terrible thing is that you do not know your opponent, always ...... >>
The first time I saw the movie, it was a very good one, but it was a very good one.