China can be divided into five climate zones, namely: cold, cold, hot summer and cold winter, hot summer and warm winter and mild climate. Each climate zone has its own climate characteristics, architectural design should be based on these climate characteristics of the corresponding design strategy. The following is a selection of representative cities in the five climate zones to analyze their climate, and describe the local climate adaptation of building examples.
One, the cold region representative of the city - Hohhot
1, Hohhot climate characteristics
Hohhot is located in the central part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Figure 2.1.1). Longitude 110°46′ - 112°10′ east, latitude 40°51′ - 41°8' north, located in the foothills of central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the city has a total area of 17,224 square kilometers.
Hohhot has a mid-temperate continental monsoon climate, with distinct and widely varying climatic changes in the four seasons, characterized by: long, cold winters, short hot summers, and drastic climate changes in spring and autumn. The average annual temperature increases from north to south, only about 2℃ in the northern Daqing Mountain area, and reaches 6.7℃ in the south. The temperature of the coldest month is -12.7～16.1℃; the average temperature of the hottest month is 17-22.9℃. The average annual difference is 34.4-35.7℃, and the average daily difference is l3.5-13.7℃. Extreme temperatures range from a high of 38.5℃ to a low of -41.5℃. Frost-free period: 75 days in the northern mountainous areas, 110 days in the low hills, 113-134 days in the southern plains: average annual sunshine 1,600 hours. Precipitation: the average annual precipitation is 335.2-534.6 millimeters, and its geographical distribution is the least in the southwest, with an annual rainfall of only 350 millimeters; the plains area is around 400 millimeters; the Dachengshan Mountain area is 430-500 millimeters; the most is the Dachengshan Township, a former ringing village, with an average annual precipitation of 534.6 millimeters; followed by the Well Township, with an average annual precipitation of 489.3 millimeters; and the least is in the Namping Township, the Heicheng Township, and the area of Xinying Township, with an average annual precipitation of 534.6 millimeters. , Xinying Township area, the average annual precipitation is only 335.2-362.8 millimeters.
2, Mongolia residential yurts
Yurts have appeared since the time of the Xiongnu, and have been used until now. Yurt appearance is round, the top of the conical, cylindrical walls, the surrounding side walls into several blocks, each block is about 160 centimeters high, with the wood weaving around the cover; nomadic areas are mostly mobile.
Mongolians use the sheep's stomach to describe their own felt yurt, because the thirteenth century yurt its shape so (Figure 2.1.1). Yurt top round in the tip, the middle of the wide round, the following can be counted as "quasi-circle" this form of characteristics, so that the grassland sandstorms and wind and snow, by the yurt buffer, it will be in the back of the appropriate distance, the formation of a crescent-shaped gentle slopes piled down. This is because the yurt has no corners, smooth and round, streamlined shape. The top of the bag is arched, the strongest bearing force (such as the arch of the bridge) to form a strong whole. High winds come, bear a huge reaction force. The sand above flows away and the sand below piles up behind it. A solidly built yurt can withstand ten-step winds in winter and spring.
The location of the yurt is very delicate. In summer, the yurts are built on the flat, open and cool plateau, and in winter, the yurts are built on the windy places in front of the mountains. These climatic characteristics of the site and the yurt roof thatched felt, the bottom of the felt (Haya Bukit) open and close to match, so that the yurt in the hot summer ventilation cool, cold winter warm and peaceful, only a small amount of cow dung on the grassland to maintain the daily energy consumption. The yurt is warm in winter and cool in summer, and because of its spherical shape, the whole body is white and has a good reflective effect. The back of the yurt can also be opened to the wind, and the edge of the felt can be lifted up.
The yurt has a clear natural region and lifestyle imprint, it is a short construction cycle, flexible structure, construction technology is simple, fast construction, good structural integrity, seismic durability, thermal insulation (the word "insulation" by the industry encyclopedia to provide), the materials used are environmentally friendly. These features are in line with the green design concept that is constantly pursued by the contemporary design community.
Second, the cold region on behalf of the city - Yan'an
1, Yan'an climate characteristics
Yan'an City is located in the southern half of northern Shaanxi Province, is located in the latitude of 35 ° 21 ′ ~ 37 ° 31 ′, longitude 107 ° 41 ′ ~ 110 ° 31 ′ between the plateau continental monsoon climate. Within the territory of the Liangxuan round valleys and valleys, the surface of the fragmented, undulating, steep slopes. It has a warm temperate semi-humid and semi-arid continental monsoon climate. The main meteorological disasters are drought, low-temperature frost, hail, hot and dry winds, and continuous rain. The average annual temperature is 9.9℃, the average annual maximum temperature is 17.2℃, the average annual minimum temperature is 4.3℃, the average monthly temperature in the hottest month (July) is 23.1℃, and the average monthly temperature in the coldest month (January) is -5.5℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 38.3℃ (July 21, 2000), and the extreme minimum temperature is -23.0℃ (December 28, 1991).
2, Shaanxi Loess Plateau kiln
Located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, belongs to the Loess Plateau hills of the gully area of the Yan'an area, whether towns or villages, to this day, the kiln is still the most important form of residence. Kilns are generally more than 3 meters high, about 3 meters wide, the deepest up to 20 meters. The holes face the sun, which makes it easier for the sun to shine through. The easiest kiln is to dig directly into the soil to form the kiln soil kiln; soil kiln with stone reinforcement, will become a stone kiln.
The Loess Plateau is sunny, dry and rainy, with a lack of timber resources, crisscrossed by gullies and ravines, and the Loess Plateau has good soil quality and a low water table. Kiln using soil insulation heat storage, improve the indoor thermal environment. That is to say, the main advantage of the kiln building from the thermal properties of the soil, the thick layer of soil insulation so that the temperature rise is very low, the temperature fluctuations in the soil only a certain depth, in this
Depth outside of the fluctuation of the impact. Kilns along the cliffs in northern Shaanxi Province to take advantage of the mountainous terrain, the effect is better. Kiln not only have suitable for people and animals living in winter and summer conditions, or a good natural refrigerator.
Three, hot summer and cold winter region on behalf of the city -- Wenzhou
1 Wenzhou climate characteristics
Wenzhou City is located in southeastern Zhejiang Province, is the central subtropical monsoon climate, the prevalence of winter winds blowing from the continent in the north, the lower temperatures, rainfall, humidity evaporation is small. The rainfall here is abundant, the air is humid, and the four seasons are distinct. In the summer, the southerly winds blowing from the ocean are prevalent, with high humidity and rain, and high temperatures. In spring, the weather is changeable and often rainy. In the fall, the atmosphere is more stable, and the weather is often "autumn high". Year-round climate is characterized by: moderate temperature, heat rich; rainfall, summer heat; four distinct seasons, monsoon significant; climate diversity. Wenzhou year-round average temperature of about 18 ℃, which is more suitable for human activities in climate conditions. According to the Wenzhou weather station in the past years, month by month, day by day, hour by hour, temperature records and people's hot and cold comfort requirements, warm and comfortable period (10-28 ℃) up to 9 months a year, the number of hours up to 6500 hours, accounting for 74% of the total number of hours of the year. Year-round >0 ℃ active cumulative temperature of about 6500 ℃, frost-free period of 275 days, is the province's most abundant heat resources in the region.
2 Jiangnan residential
The general layout of the Jiangnan residential and the north of the courtyard is roughly the same way, but generally arranged in a compact way, the courtyard covers a smaller area, in order to adapt to the local population density (the word "density" by the industry encyclopedia to provide) is high, the requirements of less farmland characteristics. Affected by the hot and humid characteristics of the southern climate on the construction of the Jiangnan residential walls high, large openings; the front and back doors (the word "door" provided by the industry encyclopedia) through, to facilitate ventilation (Figure 2.3.1); to facilitate the moisture-proof, two-story houses, the bottom floor is a brick structure, the upper floor is a wooden structure. Jiangnan houses also tend to use the patio to organize the windows and doors (the word "windows and doors" provided by the industry encyclopedia) design, the south wall as far as possible to open the window or partition door, in order to guide the south wind into the room; sill window under the sill wall has a through the empty railing, in order to increase the ventilation area; support the picking of the window, the top can be supported, the bottom can be removed, can be adjusted to the wind volume; sliding windows can be pushed or pulled; there is also a central window can be pushed or pulled; and the central window can be pushed or pulled; and the central window can be pushed or pulled. Push-pull windows can be pulled; there is a central axis of the window can be opened in pieces, adjust the angle and size of the opening, to guide the south wind; in particular, the horizontal batch of windows, cold air from the lower part of the window into the upper part of the outflow, the formation of heat pressure ventilation.
Jiangnan houses also pay attention to feng shui (Figure 2.3.2), "feng shui" mainly refers to the ancient people choose a building site, the climate, geology, geomorphology, ecology, landscape and other factors of the built environment, a comprehensive judgment. Now it also seems to be adapted to the local climate.
Four, hot summer and warm winter areas -- Guangzhou
1, Guangzhou, climate characteristics
Located in the north temperate zone and the tropical transition zone, across the Tropic of Cancer, the average annual temperature of 22 ℃, the hottest month (July) average temperature of 28.5 ℃, the coldest month (January) average temperature of 13.3 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature of 0 ℃, the highest temperature of 39.1 ℃. South Asian tropical monsoon climate, pleasant climate, is one of the country's smallest annual average temperature difference between the big cities, with warm and rainy, plenty of light and heat, long summer, short frost period and other characteristics. Year-round water and heat at the same time, abundant rainfall, conducive to the growth of plants, for the "Flower City" Guangzhou provides excellent conditions. The average annual rainfall is 1982.7 millimeters and the average relative humidity is 68%. Throughout the year, April to June is the rainy season, August to September is hot with many typhoons, and October to December has moderate temperatures.
2, Guangzhou Xiguan Daya
The area is commonly known as "Xiguan". There are many typical traditional old houses in this area, which are called "Xiguan Old Houses". These old houses used to be the residences of wealthy merchants, tall, bright and beautifully decorated. There is a Qingyun Alley on each side of the big house, which is also called Cold Alley, Fire Alley, Water Alley, etc. It has the functions of ventilation, fire prevention, drainage, lighting, sun-drying, transportation, and planting of flowers and trees.
Guangzhou's hot weather for a long time, once upon a time there was no electric fan and air conditioning, Xiguan Daiya's design is very thoughtful. Neatly enclosed exterior walls (Figure 2.4.1) were used to reduce solar radiation (the term "solar radiation" is provided by the Encyclopedia of Industry), as well as to protect against fire and maintain privacy. The building uses undulating sloping roofs, small courtyards, patios, open halls, green cloud alleys, skylights, high side windows, sparse wood slats, and a variety of translucent doors and windows to organize natural ventilation (e.g., foot doors, trip bars, and gates), making it look exceptionally shady and cool in the heat of summer.
Fifth, mild region -- Xishuangbanna
1, Xishuangbanna climate characteristics
Xishuangbanna is located in the southern tip of Yunnan, is a tropical monsoon climate, plenty of sunshine, abundant rainfall, divided into dry and wet seasons within a year, the average annual temperature at 21 ℃. The dry season lasts from November to April, and the wet season lasts from May to October. There is no frost or snow throughout the year. There are 108-146 fog days per year. The extreme maximum temperature in Jinghong area reaches 41.1℃ and the extreme minimum temperature is 2.7℃, which is suitable for traveling and tourism all year round. Xishuangbanna is located south of the Tropic of Cancer in the northern edge of the tropical climate type for the tropical monsoon climate, mountainous areas for the subtropical monsoon humid climate, warm all year round, sunny, rich in heat, humid and rainy, with a "long summer, no winter, a rain into the fall," the characteristics. The year is divided into two seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season lasts five months (late May - late October), while the dry season lasts seven months (late October - late May). The rainy season accounts for more than 80% of the annual precipitation.
2, Xishuangbanna "dry appendage"
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan belongs to the subtropical climate, high temperatures throughout the year, annual rainfall. Dai residents living here to adapt to the local humid and rainy weather conditions, local materials, bamboo and wood to build a dry appendage type of residence (Figure 2.5.1), the bottom floor of the hollow, no walls around, only a few rows of columns to support the weight of the above, wood or bamboo floors to leave a seam, so that the cooler air from the ground floor through the people to improve the microclimate. The ground floor is generally used as a kitchen, animal pens and miscellaneous purposes, the second floor storage of food. The ground floor and the second floor of the outer wall does not open the window, the upper two floors for the housing, outward window, the inner side of the corridor, connecting the rooms. Set up a lanai, roof slope, more than the use of "Heshan style" to facilitate roof ventilation, floating eaves farther, heavy eaves form is conducive to sunshade, rain. Plane was quadrilateral, the central part of the day in the shadow area, cooler, for the clan deliberations, weddings and funerals and other public **** with sexual activities.
Six, special case city representative -- Wuhan
1, Wuhan climate characteristics of the overview
Wuhan in the Yangtze River valley at a lower altitude (Figure 1.1.1), according to China's architectural climate zoning (see Figure 1.1.2), Wuhan belongs to the north subtropical monsoon humid climate, rainfall, abundant sunshine, summer rainfall, and the climate of Wuhan is the most favorable, the most favorable. abundant rainfall, abundant sunshine, hot summers and cold winters. Generally, the average annual temperature is 15.8℃-17.5℃. During the year, the average temperature in January is the lowest, 0.4℃; the average temperature in July and August is the highest, 28.7℃. Summer is extremely long up to 135 days, because Wuhan is located at 30 degrees north latitude, summer noon sun altitude of up to 38 °, and is located inland, far from the sea, topography, such as the basin, so easy to set the heat is difficult to dissipate heat, rivers and lakes, so much night moisture, coupled with the urban heat island effect and drought when the sub-high control, very hot,
is one of the three major hotplates in China, the summer is generally higher than 37 ° C, the extreme maximum temperature of 44.5 ° C
Wuhan has large differences compared to other cities in the same climate division where it is located, and the main reason for this geographical difference is Wuhan's unique geographic location and topography and hydrological conditions. Wuhan is located at a lower altitude in the Yangtze River valley, the topography of the valley is characterized by the bottom of the pot, surrounded by mountains, the ground heat dissipation is difficult, so that the evaporation of water is not easy to disperse, so that the temperature continues to rise, but also because of the location in the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River confluence of the two rivers, the climate is significantly different from other cities.
Wuhan's active cumulative temperature is 5,150 degrees Celsius, with an annual frost-free period of 240 days and a total of 2,000 hours of sunshine per year. Early summer from the middle of May each year, the summer into the summer, summer temperatures most of the time in the highest temperature 37-39, lower than some cities, but the lowest temperature is relatively high, generally in the 29-30, why do people feel hot and stuffy? Wuhan developed water system, after the daytime evaporation of water vapor, resulting in high air humidity, so it gives people a very uncomfortable and stuffy feeling, generally in the summer in the absence of air conditioning is more difficult to sleep. By September, the temperature may also reach about 38, but the minimum temperature is no longer very high, after October into the early fall, the temperature will gradually decline, the average temperature in 20-25, the weather is dry, and sometimes the temperature will be abnormal to reach close to 30 or more. From the fall into winter often very quickly, as long as there is cold air south, the temperature drop is very strong, more than 10 degrees of cooling is very common, from the end of December to February next year is the winter, the average temperature in the winter in general in 1-3 degrees, the weather can be 7-8 degrees, but there is a cold snap or rain or snow is often in the 0 degrees below, Wuhan, most of the families are not installed heating, so the home feels more cold. March into early spring, the temperature rises quickly, the highest temperature can reach more than 20 degrees, but the low temperature is still relatively low, March to April must be careful of spring cold - often overnight temperature drop 15 to 20, snow.
2, Wuhan climate-adapted buildings
1) Qingcheng International
Qingcheng International project (Figure 1.2.1) is located in the core of Qingshan - Peace Avenue and Construction Road 3, the total land area of 16,000 square meters, a total floor area of 65,000 square meters, of which the residential floor area of 53,000 square meters, commercial and residential buildings. 53,000 square meters, 6,400 square meters of commerce and 6,000 square meters of Qingshan Cultural Center.
Qingsheng International has a good indoor and outdoor environment, a high greening rate of 36.4%, and is also equipped with high-efficiency construction equipment and systems and the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy; and there are two major water system planning and design and seven water-saving measures; high-quality energy-saving construction materials and Exemplary lighting and ventilation house type; intelligent and humanized management.
Solar water heating system, rainwater reuse system, internal heat preservation system of external walls, double-layer insulating glass and other seven low-carbon technology, so that the Qingcheng International building energy-saving indicators far exceed the national standard of 50% energy saving, and its emission reduction, consumption reduction and other comprehensive benefits are very significant.
The internal insulation technology of the external wall can raise the indoor temperature by 6-10℃ in winter and lower the indoor temperature by 6-8℃ in summer, which not only adapts to Wuhan's climate characteristics of cold winter and hot summer, reduces the energy consumption of the building, but also greatly reduces the emission of harmful gases through the reduction of air-conditioning use. Double insulating glass and broken bridge insulation color aluminum windows and doors, these two building materials, can effectively reduce energy consumption, but also for the house heat preservation, insulation, sound insulation (the word "sound insulation" provided by the industry encyclopedia), noise reduction, improve the quality of living.
2) Wuhan Railway Station
Wuhan Railway Station is located near Rongjiaxiajiu, east of Yangchun Lake, Qingshan District, Wuhan City, and it is a newly built large-scale modern high-speed railway station, and it is an important station of the Beijing-Hong Kong high-speed railroad, which is under construction, and it has been put into operation in December 2009.
Wuhan Station adopts the "Millennium Crane Returning Shape" (Figure 1.2.2), highlighting the characteristics of Hubei. The shape symbolizes a thousand-year-old crane full of spirituality, returning to its hometown in awe of the changes. The 60m high roof protruding from the center of the building signifies that Wuhan is the key location for the rise of Hubei and the central provinces. The concentric arrangement of the nine eaves also symbolizes Wuhan's important geographic location as a thoroughfare for nine provinces. It is on these nine dancing eaves that rows and rows of solar crystalline panels are neatly arranged to provide clean electricity to the station.
In addition, the Wuhan Railway Station also uses a ground source heat pump system. In winter, groundwater with a temperature higher than that of the ground is taken from 100 meters underground to form an exchange that raises the indoor temperature. In the summer, cool underground water is taken to cool the room.
The ground source heat pump system used in the Wuhan station is energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and has a significant renewable energy utilization efficiency. From the typical project test situation, the ground source heat pump system's energy efficiency ratio is higher than the conventional electric refrigeration unit cooling + boiler heating system of about 20% -30%, higher than the air-cooled heat pump system of about 30% -40%, reducing primary energy (fossil energy) use by 50% -60%. In summer, it reduces the drifting water loss of cooling tower and slows down the urban heat island effect; in winter, there is no combustion process and no pollutant emission for end users. The popularization and application of ground source heat pump technology can improve the energy utilization efficiency and effectively improve the energy structure of Wuhan, Hubei.