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AVR Microcontroller
What is AVR Microcontroller and what does AVR Microcontroller mean?
Microcontroller, also known as monolithic microcontroller, it is a computer system integrated into a chip, in a nutshell: a chip becomes a computer. Microcontroller technology is a branch of computer technology, is the core component of simple robots.
In 1997, Mr. A and Mr. V from the Norwegian Design Center of ATMEL developed a high-speed 8-bit microcontroller with RISC lite instruction set, referred to as AVR, by using ATMEL's new Flash technology.
Advantageous features of AVR microcontrollers
Microcontrollers have been widely used in the military, industry, household appliances, smart toys, portable smart devices, and other applications.
Microcontrollers have been widely used in military, industrial, household appliances, smart toys, portable smart meters and robotics, etc., so that the function, precision and quality of the products have been greatly improved, and the circuits are simple, with a low failure rate, high reliability and low cost. There are many types of microcontrollers, in the simple robot production and innovation, why choose AVR microcontroller?
First, easy to learn, inexpensive
First, for non-professionals, the main reason for choosing AVR microcontroller, is to enter the AVR microcontroller development threshold is very low, as long as you can operate the computer can learn AVR microcontroller development. A beginner needs only an ISP download line to write the edited and debugged software program directly into the AVR microcontroller online, which means that he or she can develop a variety of packaged devices in the AVR microcontroller series.
Secondly, AVR microcontroller is easy to upgrade, AVR program writing is directly on the board for program modification, burning and other operations, so it is easy to upgrade the product.
Again, AVR microcontrollers are inexpensive. Learning AVR microcontroller can use the ISP online download programming mode (that is, the PC compiled on the program written to the microcontroller program memory), do not need to buy emulators, programmers, erasers and chip adapters, etc., you can carry out the development of all the AVR microcontroller applications, which can save a lot of development costs. The program memory can be erased up to 10,000 times or more without scrap.
Second, high-speed, low-consumption, confidentiality
First of all, the AVR microcontroller is a high-speed embedded microcontroller:
1, AVR microcontroller has a pre-fetch instruction function, that is, in the execution of an instruction, in advance of the next instruction to take in, so that the instruction can be executed in a clock cycle.
2, multi-accumulator type, fast data processing speed. AVR microcontroller has 32 general-purpose working registers, equivalent to 32 overpasses, you can pass quickly.
3, interrupt response speed. AVR microcontroller has a number of fixed interrupt vector entry address, can quickly respond to interrupts.
Second, the AVR microcontroller has low power consumption. For typical power consumption, the WDT is 100nA when turned off, making it more suitable for battery-powered applications. There are devices that can operate as low as 1.8 V.
Again, the AVR microcontroller has good confidentiality. It has an unbreakable bit encryption lock Lock Bit technology, the confidential bit unit deep inside the chip, can not be seen with an electron microscope.
Third, the I / O port function is strong, with A/D conversion and other circuits
1. AVR microcontroller I / O port is a real I / O port, I / O port can correctly reflect the real situation of input / output. Industrial-grade products with high current (irrigation current) 10 ~ 40 mA, can directly drive the thyristor SSR or relay, saving the peripheral drive components.
2. AVR microcontroller with analog comparator, I / O port can be used as A/D conversion, can be composed of inexpensive A/D converter. ATmega48/8/16 devices such as 8-way 10-bit A/D.
3. Part of the AVR microcontroller can be composed of zero-peripheral components of the single-chip system, so that this type of single-chip computer can work without additional components, simple and convenient, low cost. The cost is low.
4. AVR microcontroller can be reset to start the reset, to improve the reliability of the microcontroller. Watchdog timer to implement security protection, can prevent the program to go chaotic (fly), improve the product's anti-interference capability.
Fourth, there is a powerful timer/counter and communication interface
Timer/counter T/C has 8-bit and 16-bit, can be used as a comparator. Counter external interrupt and PWM (can also be used as D/A) for control output, some models of AVR microcontroller has 3 to 4 PWM, is the ideal device for motor stepless speed control.
AVR microcontroller has a serial asynchronous communication UART interface, does not take up the timer and SPI synchronous transmission function, because of its high-speed characteristics, so it can work in the general standard integer frequency, and the baud rate of up to 576K.
AVR microcontroller model identification analysis
1. Model immediately following the letter, indicating the voltage operating range. With "V": 1.8-5.5V; if default, without "V": 2.7-5.5V.
Example: ATmega48-20AU, without "V " means the operating voltage is 2.7-5.5V.
2. The numeric part of the suffix indicates the highest system clock supported.
Example: ATmega48-20AU, "20" means it can support up to 20MHZ system clock.
3. The first (second) letter of the suffix indicates the package. "P": DIP package, "A": TQFP package, "M": MLF package.
Example: ATmega48-20AU, "A" means TQFP package.
4. The last letter of the suffix indicates the application level. "C": Commercial Grade, "I": Industrial Grade (Leaded), "U" Industrial Grade (Lead-free).
Example: ATmega48-20AU, "U" means lead-free industrial grade. ATmega48-20AI, "I" means leaded industrial grade.
The most important features of AVR 8-Bit MCUs
Compared with other 8-Bit MCUs, the most important features of AVR 8-Bit MCUs are:
- Harvard architecture with 1 MIPS/MHz high-speed operation processing capability;
- Super-functional RISC (Reduced Instruction Set for Compact Computing), with 32 general-purpose working RISC, with 32 general-purpose working registers, overcoming the bottleneck caused by the single ACC processing, such as 8051 MCU;
- Fast access to the register set, single-cycle instruction system, greatly optimizing the size of the target code, the implementation of the efficiency of the part of the model FLASH is very large, especially suitable for the use of high-level language for the development of;
- for the output of the same as the PIC's HI / LOW
- As an output, it is the same as PIC HI/LOW, and can output 40mA (single output); as an input, it can be set as a tri-state high impedance input or pull-up resistor input, and has the capability of 10mA-20mA current sink;
- On-chip integration of RC oscillator with various frequencies, automatic reset on power-on, watchdog, startup delay and other features, making peripheral circuitry simpler, and the system more stable and reliable;
- The majority of the
- Most AVRs have on-chip resources: E2PROM, PWM, RTC, SPI, UART, TWI, ISP, AD, Analog Comparator, WDT, etc.;
- Most AVRs have IAP function in addition to ISP function, which is convenient for upgrading or destroying the application program.
Application areas of AVR microcontrollers
Currently, AVRs are widely used in:
- Air conditioner control boards
- Printer control boards
- Smart meters
- Smart flashlights
- LED control panels
- Medical devices
- GPS
AVR microcontroller from the market point of view
- Cost-effective: AVR most of the models of the cost-effective, cost-effective performance of the outstanding models are: atmega48, atmega8, atmega16, atmega169P
- Availability: general-purpose models of the AVR supply is more stable, non-conventional models of the AVR samples and supply is still a problem. and availability is still a problem.
- Market share: At present, the market share of AVR is still not as good as that of PIC and 51, but the advantages of AVR make the market share of AVR has been expanding, and the annual usage of AVR has been rising.
What compilers, debuggers are needed to develop AVR microcontrollers?
Software Name
Type
Introduction
Official Website
AVR Studio
IDE, Assembly Compiler
ATMEL AVR Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE), can be used to develop in assembly language (use of other languages require third-party software), a combination of hardware and software simulation
The AVR Studio integrated development environment (IDE), can use assembly language development (use of other languages need to be third-party software
The ATMEL AVR Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE), which allows development in assembly language (using other languages requires third-party software), integrates hardware and software simulation, debugging, and downloadable programming.
Atmel official and commercially available AVR development tools support AVRStudio.
www.atmel.com
GCCAVR
(WinAVR)
C Compiler
GCC is the only development language for Linux. GCC is the only development language for Linux, and its compiler optimization is arguably the best in the world for civilian software, plus it's free! In foreign countries, the number of people using it is almost the largest. But, relatively speaking, its disadvantage is that the use of the operation is more troublesome.
sourceforge.net
ICC AVR
C compiler
(set of burning program function)
The market (mainland) textbooks use it as a routine more, integrated code generation wizard, although its performance is not particularly outstanding in all aspects, but the use of more convenient. Although ICCAVR software is not free, however, it has Demo version, in 45 days is the full version.
www.imagecraft.com
CodeVision AVR
C compiler
(set burn program function)
and KeilC51 code style is most similar to the integration of more commonly used peripheral devices operating functions, integrated code generation wizard, there are software modules, not Free software, Demo version is limited to 2KB version.
www.hpinfotech.ro
ATman AVR
C compiler
Support multiple module debugging (AVRStudio does not support multiple module debugging).
www.atmanecl.com
IAR AVR
C compiler
IAR is actually used by more people in foreign countries, but it is more expensive, so, within mainland China, there are fewer developers using it, and only engineers who are used to using IAR will go for it.
www.iar.com
Devices
Flash Kbytes
EEPROM Kbytes
SRAM Bytes
I/O
F.max (MHz)
Vcc
( V)
pico
Power
16bit Timers
8bit Timers
PWM channels
RTC
SPI
UART
TWI
ISP
10-bandwidth, 1.5-bit, 1.5-second, 1.5-second, 1.5-second, 1.5-second, 1.5-second, 1.5-second.
10-bit A/D (channels)
Analog Com
parator
WDT
Hardware Multiplier
Ext Int
-errupts
Self Program Memory
ATtiny13 ATtiny13V
1
0.064
64B
32reg
6
20
1.8-5.5
-
--
1
2
-
-
-
-
√
4
√
√
√
No
6
√
ATtiny24 ATtiny24V
2
0.128
128
12
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
1
1
4
-
USI
-
USI
√
8
√
√
--
12
√
ATtiny44 ATtiny44V
4
0.256
256
12
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
1
4
-
USI
-
USI
√
8
√
√
√
--
12
√
ATtiny84 ATtiny84V
8
0.512
512
12
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
1
1
4
-
USI
-
USI
√
8
√
√
--
12
√
ATtiny26 ATtiny26L
2
0.125
128
16
16
2.7-5.5
-
--
2
2
2
-
USI
-
USI
√
> 11
√
√
--
1
--
ATtiny2313 ATtiny2313V
2
0.128
128
18
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
1
1
4
-
USI
1
USI
√
--
√
√
--
2
p> √
ATmega48 ATmega48V
4
0.256
512
23
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
2
6
√<
1+USART
1
√
√
8/6(DIP)
√
√
√
√
26
√
ATmega88 ATmega88V
8
< p> 0.51024
23
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
2
6
√
1+USART
1
√
√
√
.8/6(DIP)
√
√
√
26
√
ATmega168 ATmega168V
16
0.5
1024
23
20
1.8-5.5
-
1
2
6
√
1+USART
1
√
√
√
8/6(DIP)
√
√
√
√
√
>26
√
ATmega8 ATmega8L
8
0.5
1024
23
16
2.7-5.5
-
1
2
3
The ATmega8L
is a new generation of ATmega 8 devices.
√
1
1
√
√
8/6(DIP)
√
√
√
√
2
√
ATmega16 ATmega16L
16
0.5
1024
32
16
2.7-5.5
-
1
2
4
√
1
1
√
√
8
√
√
√
√
3
√
ATmega32 ATmega32L
32
1
2048
32
16
2.7-5.5
-
1
2
4
√
1
1
√
√
√
8
√
√
√
√
3
√
ATmega64 ATmega64L
64
2
4096
53
16
2.7-5.5
-
2
2
2
8
√
1
2
p> √
√
8
√
√
√
8
√
ATmega128 ATmega128L
128
4
4096
53
16
2.7-5.5
-
2
2
8
√
1
2
√
√
√
8
√
√
√
8
√
ATmega1280 ATmega1280V
128
4
8192
86
16
1.8-5.5
-
4
2
16
√
1+USART
4
√
√
16
√
√
√
32
√
ATmega162 ATmega162V
16<
0.5
1024
35
16
1.8-5.5
-
2
2
6
√
1
2
--
√
p> -
√
√
√
3
√
ATmega169 ATmega169V
16
0.5
1024
53
16
1.8- 5.5
-
1
2
4
√
1+USI
1
USI
√
8
√
√
√
17
√
ATmega169P ATmega169PV
16
0.5
1024
54
16
1.8-5.5
√
1
2
4
√
1+USI
1
USI
√
8
√
√
√
√
17
√
ATmega8515 ATmega8515L
8
0.5
512
35
16
2.7-5.5
-
1
1
1
3
-
1
1
1
-
√
-
p> -
√
√
3
√
ATmega8535 ATmega8535L
8
0.5
512
32
16
2.7-5.5
-
1
2
4
-
1
1
√
√
8
√
√
√
√
3
√
ATmega48P ATmega48PV
4
0.256
512
23
20
1.8-5.5
√
1
2
6
√
1+USART
1
√
√
8/6(DIP)
√
√
√
26
√
ATmega88P ATmega88PV
8
0.5
1024
23
20
1.8-5.5
√
1
2
6
√
1+USART
1
√
√
8/6(DIP)<
√
√
√
26
√
ATmega168P ATmega168PV
16
0.5
1024
23
20
1.8-5.5
√
1
2
6
√
1+USART
1
√
√
√
√
8/6(DIP)
√
√
√
26
√
ATmega164P ATmega164PV
16
0.5
1024
32
20
1.8-5.5
√
1
2
6
√
1+USART
2
√
√
√
8
√
√
√
32
√
ATmega324P ATmega324PV
32
1
2048
32
20
1.8-5.5
√
1
2
6
√
1+USART
2
√
√
√
8
√
√
√