The Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes have passed, but the great spirit of earthquake relief has undoubtedly become a valuable legacy for the whole nation. It should be said that earthquakes are a natural phenomenon, and at present it is impossible for human beings to prevent them from occurring. In the face of sudden earthquakes, winds and tsunamis, the power of the individual is meager. However, as long as we respond calmly, scientific disaster prevention, through the pre-earthquake prevention, self-help and post-earthquake rescue efforts to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes, the protection of people's lives and property safety is entirely possible. So, when the earthquake comes, how should we calmly respond, self-rescue and mutual rescue?
1. Emergency shelter four principles
Earthquakes come, emergency shelter to follow the four principles: Voltaic and to be determined, according to the local conditions, triangular space, near the water far from the fire.
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Stay put, get a chance to survive
When the 1976 Tangshan earthquake struck, more than 30 people were eating in the cafeteria of a Tangshan steel factory. When the earthquake came suddenly, more than 20 people ran to the narrow door, and most of them were killed by the collapsed concrete slab at the entrance. Instead of panicking, an older worker calmly hid under the dining table and was spared. This example shows that when an earthquake occurs, you must not panic, but take shelter nearby and wait for the main shock to pass before evacuating to a safer place.
"Volunteer and stay calm" is an important lesson learned by the ancients. When an earthquake occurs, we must be calm, do not rush to run out of the room, we should find a suitable place, lower the center of gravity, curl up the body, protect the head and spine, wait for the earthquake to pass, and then quickly evacuate.
Earthquakes, everyone is in a very different environment, the way to avoid the earthquake can not be the same. For example, China's northern rural areas are mostly cottage, the courtyard is more open, the earthquake, should act decisively, emergency escape. If you live in the building, it is best not to leave the room, should be close to find a relatively safe place to avoid the earthquake, and then evacuate after the earthquake.
The goal of earthquake self-rescue is very clear: it is better to be injured than killed. We should be hiding in the support force and their own solidity next to the object, such as standing cabinets, tables, beds along the side, the root of the load-bearing walls, corners, that is, to take advantage of the collapsed concrete slabs and the support of the formation of the "triangle of natural space", not only to ensure that the breathing, but also to facilitate the rescue of others. The most unfavorable places to avoid earthquakes indoors are: no support near the bed, ceiling, chandelier, around the floor without support, balconies, windows, elevators and other places.
In addition, stay away from stoves, gas lines and household appliances during an earthquake to avoid the threat of fire. Proximity to water sources is necessary to ensure life.
2. Earthquake relief starts at home
In order to cope with an earthquake disaster, it is important to stock up on disaster-prevention items at home, such as survival items, life-saving and escape tools and other practical tools, and to keep them in a fixed and easily accessible place. Don't look at these things are commonly used, inexpensive, we just need to spend a little time to prepare, the moment of crisis they will help you through the difficult times, waiting for rescue, ushered in the hope of life.
Earthquake preparedness items at home
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List of disaster preparedness items at home
1. Survival items
(1) Water (3.78 liters per person per day) and water purification tablets (to purify other water sources)
(2) First-aid kit (commonly used medicines, hemostatic medicines, and bandages)
(3) Water to last for at least three days. >(3) Food to last at least three days (packaged, canned, and uncooked, with an opener)
(4) Blanket or sleeping bag
2. Survival and rescue tools
(1) Flashlight (spare batteries and bulbs.)
(2) A flashlight (for the first three days)
(3) A flashlight (for the first three days)
(4) A blanket or sleeping bag
2. People have a hard time adjusting to the darkness, it's not just about not being able to see, it also adds stress psychologically. It's not surprising that the power goes out due to an earthquake, and it's hard to tell east from west and north from south in the darkness even in your own room, so a flashlight with you at all times won't be too much of a fear)
(2) Radio (spare batteries. After an earthquake, sources of information are completely cut off. At this point, only a small radio can get a constant stream of vital information so that you can better cope with changing situations)
(3) Fire extinguisher
(4) Wrench or screwdriver (to shut off gas and water pipe valves)
3. Utility tools
(1) Axe, shovel, plastic tape, water hose, rope, backups for the home and car Keys, cash (Considering the chaos after an earthquake, it is necessary to have three months' worth of cash to spend. Because after an earthquake, banks, post offices and other places often can not withdraw money)
(2) disaster helmet, portable cooking utensils, gloves, candles, matches (waterproof packaging), knives, waterproof and dustproof plastic bags, cotton shoes or sneakers (in the event of an earthquake, wearing high-heeled shoes will do harm to the evacuation of a hundred. Usually, you should wear or spare fast, durable, flat-heeled cotton shoes or sneakers)
3. How to evacuate and save yourself at home when an earthquake occurs
Earthquakes are sudden, and it is often difficult for people to escape within a short period of time. The simplest and most practical self-help measure is "Drop, Cover, Hold", i.e., "crouch down, duck and hold on".
Earthquake, the home to avoid the precautions
If you are at home when the earthquake occurs, generally our reaction time takes 8 to 9 seconds, if you can safely evacuate in a short period of time, as soon as possible; if it is too late, you should quickly hide in the triangular space under the load-bearing walls and hold on to it, and wait for the earthquake to stop before evacuating. If you are in the kitchen, quickly turn off the gas valve. In high-rise buildings, you should immediately take shelter next to sturdy furniture and protect your head and neck with pillows, cushions and other objects. Whether you live in a building or a bungalow, do not jump off the building, climb out of the window, go out on the balcony, along the outside wall or by the window, and do not hide under the beams of the house, because these places are more dangerous places to go. Evacuate by stairs, never by elevator. In case of an earthquake while riding in an elevator, immediately press all the buttons for each floor on the operation panel to increase the chances of the elevator stopping, and once the elevator stops, get out of the elevator quickly. In case you are locked in an elevator, ask for help via a special phone.
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The story of Ma Zhicheng's tenacious self-rescue and successful escape
May 12, 2008, 17-year-old Ma Zhicheng suffered an earthquake and was buried under a collapsed house, but more than 30 hours of digging by rescuers failed to save him. People had to abandon the rescue for fear of mudslides triggered by rain. It was at this point that Pony climbed out of the rubble on his own. It turned out that the pony never lost his fighting spirit, he first reinforced his surroundings to expand a small space, and then began to dig in one direction, and after more than 30 hours of digging, he finally got out of danger.
4. When the earthquake occurred, in schools, hospitals, how to avoid danger and self-rescue
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Sanzhao Middle School escape miracle
Wenchuan earthquake, people are celebrating the story of a legendary school principal, who is the Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, Anxian Sanzhao Middle School, the principal of the Ye Zhiping! When the earthquake occurred, the school 2300 teachers and students in 1 minute 36 seconds from two four, five-story high school building safe emergency evacuation, creating a miracle without a casualty! This is all thanks to Principal Ye's constant attention to earthquake and disaster awareness and escape drills. Every semester, the school will organize an escape drill. "Sweat more in normal times, bleed less in times of disaster", the truth is very simple, I hope we can actually act!
Sangzhao Middle School escape drills to see results
Schools, hospitals and theaters and other densely populated places are the places where earthquakes cause the most casualties. For example, in the Wenchuan earthquake, the collapse of the main teaching building of Beichuan Middle School killed more than 1,000 teachers and students. Blood lessons tell us that it is very important to strengthen the popularization of the knowledge of escape and self-rescue in these places. In the classroom when the class is in session, we should quickly hold our heads, close our eyes, and hide near the desks. After the disaster, follow the teacher's instructions to evacuate in an orderly manner, do not run blindly, while avoiding tall buildings, but also in the playground and other open places to take refuge. Students are mostly minors and often react with fear and crying, so pay attention to stabilizing their emotions. In the hospital, to quickly hide to the foot of the bed, with pillows to protect the head; medical staff to move patients with limited mobility to a safe place in a timely manner, and fix the wheelchair, in situ, holding the head to avoid danger.
5. When the earthquake occurred, in the theater, gymnasium, shopping malls, how to avoid self-rescue if the earthquake occurred when you are in the theater, gymnasiums, etc., do not blindly rushed to the exit, swarming outside. General movie theaters, gymnasiums, etc. are to take a large span of thin-shell structure roof, light weight, earthquake is not easy to collapse, then you have to crouch in place next to the rows of chairs, while paying attention to avoid chandeliers, fans and other hanging objects; and so the earthquake passed, listen to the command, and evacuate in an orderly manner.
Theater earthquake
If you are in the mall, this time encountered an earthquake, the most avoid panic, should be close to the shelter, with a hand or other soft things to protect the head, crouch down, wait for the earthquake to subside. In the upstairs, in principle, to the bottom of the transfer is good, but note that the stairs are often the weakest part of the building, so whether the transfer to the lower floors depends on the situation: if you are located in the position of the exit is very close to the rapid transfer; if the exit is far away from the exit or is not clear the direction of the exit, do not act rashly, should be close to the shelter, waiting for rescue. You should try to avoid glass doors and windows, windows and counters; avoid tall and unstable shelves with heavy and fragile goods, and then evacuate in an orderly manner after the earthquake.
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Earthquake avoidance "according to local conditions"
In large cities, the population density, building intensity and floors are higher, avoidance measures should be "close to the shelter" based. Small cities and villages, low buildings, open areas, avoidance measures should be "run out of the quake" as the main. The central and western regions, more mountainous areas, buildings are mostly soil kiln, earthquake prone to roof collapse, should be taken to "run out" of the hedge measures.
6. Earthquake in the subway is not foolproof
With the acceleration of urbanization in China, the subway and other rail transportation has become one of the main ways people travel. The geotechnical medium around the underground structure can absorb the high-frequency components of the seismic wave energy coming from the source, and thus the degree of damage is light, so people simply think: the underground structure is safe during earthquakes. However, the 1995 Hanshin earthquake in Japan proved that underground structures are not absolutely safe during earthquakes. Hanshin earthquake damage to the subway structure for the world's seismic history of large underground structures in the earthquake suffered damage to the first case.
Subway earthquake avoidance
Usually, earthquakes do not cause much damage to underground structures because surface waves are limited to ground motion. However, when there is significant inertia in the underground structure or mismatch of stiffness between structures, the underground structure will deform excessively leading to damage. The Great Hanshin Earthquake reminds us that although the construction of subways has become an important way to solve the "urban syndrome", some cities where subways are and will be constructed do not have very good foundations, which should be appropriately upgraded and reinforced, and should be taken into account in the design and construction. We should learn from the painful lessons of the Hanshin earthquake and take precautions before it happens in order to ensure the safety of subway structures and smooth traffic flow.
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Guangzhou subway can withstand strong earthquakes of magnitude 7 (intensity)
According to Zeng Yaocang, a geologist from Guangzhou Metro, although Guangzhou has never experienced an earthquake of magnitude 7 or higher in its history, it has higher requirements for disaster prevention because of its complex geological conditions. Guangzhou City, the provisions of the subway seismic design standards is "seismic intensity 7", the subway line where the geological fault zone, will be in the structure of the special treatment, the structural strength of the tunnel will be stronger, but also more secure.
7. In the outdoor environment, how to escape
Away from the poles
In the outdoor quickly run to the open area
Away from slopes and other landslides, collapse prone to place in the outdoors, the beach, mountains and the wilderness and other places in the earthquake, we can not be taken lightly, because the earthquake will trigger collapses, landslides and landslides, and other secondary geologic hazards. If you are outdoors, run quickly to an open area and away from falling objects such as tall buildings, utility poles and billboards.
If you are in a mountainous area, stay away from places prone to landslides or avalanches, such as cliffs, steep walls, slopes, river embankments and aqueducts, while taking care to avoid rocks, trees and other falling objects. If you are on a landslide hill, flee in a direction perpendicular to the landslide. If you encounter a collapse, landslide or mudslide during an earthquake, run in a direction perpendicular to the advance of the tumbling rock, and do not run downhill in the direction of the tumbling rock.
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Jiujiang earthquake residents outdoor shelter
November 26, 2005, Jiangxi Jiujiang County and Ruichang City, the junction of the 5.7 magnitude quake, which is China's central and eastern regions in recent years, the most serious damage to the earthquake. As a large number of houses became dangerous in the earthquake, it became the best choice for residents to spend the night outdoors to take refuge. In Ruichang City, the worst-hit port town, all residents moved their belongings outside the house and have set up tents in front of and behind the house, ready to spend the night in the open air.
8. How to prevent earthquakes when traveling by car
Preventing earthquakes when traveling by car
With the improvement of people's living standards, small cars have entered thousands of households, and traveling by car has also become an important way of life for people. When we drive when the earthquake, to take those earthquake avoidance measures? If you are in the city roads or around no open space, you should immediately open the double flash emergency lights, decelerate the car parked on the side of the road, and then get off the car in the safety zone to avoid danger; if the vehicle is located in the location of high-rise buildings, you should get off the car in a hurry to the vehicle as a cover to hold the head and crouch down to protect us from high-level falling objects; if the earthquake when you are driving a vehicle is a bridge, embankments or tunnels, you should leave as soon as possible; if the road surface cracks or subsidence, you should quickly leave the vehicle to avoid danger. So we usually have to develop good driving habits, such as wearing a seat belt, wear flat shoes, do not speed, in case of emergency parking to open the double flashers, etc., so that our driving safer.
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The resourceful master driver successfully avoided the danger
Wenchuan earthquake, a tour group bus was traveling in the highway tunnel to Wenchuan. The driver, Master He, suddenly felt the car shaking badly, and thought it was a tire failure, when he found that the top of the tunnel began to fall sand, Master He immediately realized that the earthquake. When it was too late, he drove out of the tunnel, out of danger.
9. How to save yourself if you are injured or buried in a disaster
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Nine-year-old hero Lin Hao's self-rescue story
Lin Hao is a second-grade student at Yingxiu Township, Yingxiu Township, Sichuan Province, in the Fisherman's Creek Primary School. During the Wenchuan earthquake, he and other students were buried under the rubble. At this time, as the class president of the young Lin Hao showed extraordinary maturity. He organized his classmates to sing songs under the rubble and comforted female students who were crying because of the shock. After two hours of difficult struggle, Kobayashi finally succeeded in rescuing himself. Afterward, he calmly rescued two more classmates.
Buried self-rescue
If you are injured or buried, don't panic and take the right self-rescue measures to fight for a better chance of survival. Self-help essentials include: calm, do not shout, try to save energy; smell gas and toxic odors or dust is too big, try to cover the mouth and nose with wet clothes, not exclude the potential for flammable gas leaks before, not to use open flames; knocking with stones on the water pipe and other objects that can make a sound, call for help signals; try to support the wreckage of the wall with masonry and sticks, in order to prevent aftershocks and then be buried caused by the secondary damage; move away Can move around the broken bricks and tiles and other debris, expanding the activity space, pay attention to, can not move when never force, to prevent the further collapse of the surrounding debris; if injured, as far as possible, looking for sanitary items to bandage wounds.
10. Actively participate in mutual aid to save the dying
After the earthquake, the scene to save people have three principles: first save the near and then save the far; first extinguish the fire and deal with gas leaks, and then save people; save the young and strong and medical personnel to increase the number of helpers. In addition, we also need to master some of the essentials of rescue: pay attention to search and listen to the buried person's voice of distress; first determine the location of the buried person, and then rescue, not to act in haste; rescue buried people, first of all, make the injured first exposed head, and remove the mouth and nose of the foreign body, to protect the breathing; for a long time buried survivors, should be supplemented with water and food, to maintain life, and then digging to rescue; digging should be to protect the support to prevent further collapse and injuries.
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"Iron Army" rushed to Wenchuan earthquake victims
Wenchuan earthquake, stationed in a place called "Iron Army" of a Red Army Division thousands of soldiers, day and night, the fastest speed to reach the disaster area, and quickly put into the earthquake relief efforts. And quickly put into the earthquake rescue to save people's lives and property in the disaster area made a significant contribution. "Iron Army" soldier Wu Wenbin due to excessive fatigue and exhaustion led to lung hemorrhage and gave up his precious life. In times of crisis, the People's Liberation Army is always at the forefront, worthy of protecting the country, the iron wall of the state and the people!
11. How to live in a special post-disaster environment
After the earthquake, people's homes were destroyed, it is often necessary to build earthquake-proof shed as a temporary living place. When building a shelter, you should choose an open, dry, high ground location, avoiding high-voltage lines, dangerous buildings and other dangerous factors. Because earthquake shelters are mostly built of flammable materials, high attention should be paid to fire prevention.
After an earthquake, there are often aftershocks, so don't just go back to the scene of the earthquake and stay away from the rubble as far as possible. Broken glass, nails, and stubble in the rubble can easily injure a person, and because of the poor post-earthquake medical care, a little injury can be fatal. Don't wander around, as explosions, gas leaks, floods, fires, etc. are all possible due to the harsh environment. In addition, the aftermath of a disaster is often a time when plagues and diseases run rampant, so pay attention to food and personal hygiene, drink sanitized water, and don't eat unclean or rotting food.
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Yushu Post-Disaster Reconstruction Chronicle
After the Qinghai Yushu Earthquake, the Post-Disaster Reconstruction Site Command was set up on May 11th; the State Council approved the "Yushu Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Overall Plan" on June 14th; and the reconstruction agreement was reached between Qinghai Province and provinces and cities such as Beijing and Liaoning as well as the four major centralized companies on June 19th After the efforts, the reconstruction of Yushu has achieved Through efforts, Yushu reconstruction has achieved significant results: 249 urban and rural housing, infrastructure and other projects have been started; there is an adequate supply of winter materials and daily necessities, and water and electricity support has been guaranteed. The reconstruction of Yushu is the embodiment of the strong and unyielding spirit of the whole nation, and is a monument to the unity of purpose in earthquake relief!
12. Developing an Earthquake Emergency Response Plan for a Rainy Day
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The People's Republic of China*** and National Defense Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation Law
On May 1, 2009, the People's Republic of China*** and National Defense Earthquake and Disaster Mitigation Law was promulgated and came into effect. It is an important law that regulates the activities of the whole society in defense and mitigation of earthquake disasters. Its main responsibility lies in adjusting various social relations, including earthquake monitoring and forecasting, disaster prevention, emergency rescue, post-disaster transitional resettlement and recovery and reconstruction, as well as clarifying the responsibilities, rights and obligations of the government, enterprises, institutions, social organizations and individual citizens in mitigating earthquake disasters.
Earthquake contingency is an emergency disaster prevention and rescue action different from the normal working procedure in order to mitigate earthquake disaster. Destructive earthquake contingency plan is in the "prevention-oriented, defense and relief combined" approach to disaster prevention and mitigation under the guidance of the government and society in the destructive earthquake is about to occur before the emergency defense measures. Its main content includes: earthquake emergency response agencies, emergency communication security, the organization of rescue personnel, emergency rescue equipment and materials preparedness and emergency action plan. Through the formulation of destructive earthquake emergency plan, the government and society can purposefully do earthquake emergency preparedness work, prevent the occurrence of secondary disasters, and effectively reduce casualties and economic losses.
13. Strengthening earthquake prevention publicity Enhancing earthquake awareness
Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction publicity and education is an important measure for non-engineering prevention of earthquakes, and also an important part of improving the quality of national culture. To carry out earthquake prevention and mitigation publicity and education is to enhance the citizens' awareness of earthquake prevention and mitigation, improve the ability to face the earthquake self-rescue and mutual rescue, to achieve the purpose of reducing losses. Earthquake disaster practice shows that citizens who have knowledge of earthquake prevention and mitigation and awareness of earthquake prevention and avoidance, their behavioral choices tend to be more rational and scientific, and are able to protect themselves and others; while citizens who do not understand the knowledge of earthquake prevention and mitigation, their behavioral choices tend to be blind, and are prone to panic, leading to unnecessary loss of life and property.
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The movie "Tangshan Earthquake"
July 12, 2010, by the famous director Feng Xiaogang directed the "Tangshan Earthquake" grand release. The movie is based on the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake, and the real and grandiose scenes recreating the horrific scenes of the earthquake are extremely shocking. The release of the film has caused great social repercussions, triggered the discussion of earthquake disasters, and played a positive role in promoting the awareness of earthquake prevention and disaster relief for the whole population.
14. Japan's experience in disaster prevention and self-rescue
Japan is an earthquake-prone country, and the government and its people have attached great importance to the popularization of knowledge and practical training in earthquake prevention and resistance, and accumulated a lot of experience, which has always been at the forefront of defending against earthquakes and other sudden-onset disasters in the world.
Japan has established an early warning system for earthquakes, and disseminates information quickly and accurately through the National Monitoring Center. It also pays great attention to improving the accuracy of earthquake prediction and warning. the newly launched world's first earthquake prediction system played an important role in the 2011 earthquake in Japan. It snatched out the time difference of just a few seconds between the P-wave and the S-wave for early warning, slowing down high-speed trains earlier, stopping elevators in time, closing dangerous valves, etc. to minimize disaster damage. Japan has also established a professional rescue team, not only well-equipped, first-class technology, and set search and rescue, rescue, medical and liaison in one. In addition, Japan's disaster prevention and relief has realized a perfect system of self-help and government assistance, supplemented by social assistance.
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Japan's disaster prevention system
After the 1995 Hanshin Earthquake, 80 percent of people died in collapsed buildings, which led them to re-examine their previous disaster prevention system and prioritize the enhancement of earthquake-resistant buildings. Its Building Standards Act stipulates that high-rise buildings must be able to withstand earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or higher, and that construction can only begin after the seismic report has been confirmed as correct by the relevant authorities. In addition, Japan has spared no effort in educating the public about earthquake preparedness, with nearly 40 hours of crisis education in the elementary school curriculum.
15.Earthquake belt to our inspiration
From the Wenchuan earthquake to the Chilean earthquake, from Yunnan earthquake to the earthquake in Japan, the big earthquake in recent years, frequent, so that human beings under the feet of the earth more than a point of worry. In fact, we should be sober enough to realize that earthquakes are a kind of natural disaster, and there is no need for us to be overly worried.
But, painfully, we are from these earthquakes, can get an important revelation: how to effectively prevent earthquakes, reduce the loss of life and property brought about by earthquakes, is an important topic in front of us. The so-called "preparedness is better than disaster prevention", scientific analysis, correct understanding, active response, saving for a rainy day, so that the scientific knowledge of earthquakes for the benefit of the general public, so that the awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation of the people, to the correct understanding of the scientific attitude to the correct way to prevent disasters, effective means of self-help to save each other as much as possible to make life and property losses to a minimum. property losses are minimized as much as possible. "Preventive measures, long-term security", we should always keep a reverent heart, protect the environment, explore nature, in order to truly live in harmony with nature!