The main goal of clinical information system (Clinical Information System, CIS) is to support the clinical activities of the hospital medical staff, collect and process the patient's clinical medical information, enrich and accumulate clinical medical knowledge, and provide clinical counseling, assisted diagnosis and treatment, assisted clinical decision-making, to improve the efficiency of the medical staff, and to provide more, faster and better services for the patients. It can improve the efficiency of medical and nursing staff and provide more, faster and better services for patients. Like medical advice processing system, patient bedside system, doctor's workstation system, laboratory system, drug counseling system, etc. belong to the scope of CIS.
A complete hospital information system (Integrated Hospital Information System, IHIS) should include both the hospital management information system, including clinical medical information system, which is no doubt.
Hospital management information system requires fewer resources, compared to the required disk capacity, the number of workstations, network transmission capacity, the quality of the monitor are far less than the needs of CIS.
The computer technology that supports a hospital management information system is relatively pure and simple. As the hospital management information system to deal with text and digital data, less involved in sound, graphics, multimedia data, such as dynamic transmission of complex needs, so much easier to realize.
Clinical information systems in the real-time requirements of data processing, response speed, security and confidentiality are generally more demanding than management information systems.
From the input and output considerations, most hospital decision makers believe that HMIS than CIS, can make the hospital more direct, more obvious, and more rapid return on the system. That is to say, with less investment, to obtain a greater return.
Of course, HMIS and CIS are not diametrically separated, HMIS often involves some of the patient's clinical information, especially its collection of the patient's main index, the first page of the case, and other information is often the basis of the CIS patient-centered clinical medical information. And once established, CIS also tends to make HMIS work more accurately and efficiently.
4.2 Three Levels of Computerized Information Processing
The processing of information in a complete hospital information system can be broadly divided into three different levels: the data collection process; the centralized processing, handling and analysis of data and decision-making consulting and decision-support processes. Generally speaking, the data collection process is linked to the grass-roots departments of the transaction processing activities; centralized processing and analysis of data process is linked to the middle level of the department's work tasks; decision-making, support process is linked to the senior leadership.
4.2.1 Support for online transaction processing
Often, the flow of information is accompanied by a variety of window business processes occur, these window business processes may be the hospital people, money and materials of the administrative management of the business, but also related to outpatient, emergency patients, inpatient medical services. For example: the personnel department should handle the adjustment and change of hospital staff salary; the general affairs department should be responsible for the supply, purchase and distribution of supplies, materials, office supplies and low-value consumables for all departments of the hospital; the doctors in the wards should constantly issue medical prescriptions for the inpatients; the nurses should constantly organize the medical prescriptions or various drug lists, medication lists, injection lists, treatment lists, laboratory tests and checklists, and implement and record the implementation of the process; and the pharmacy pharmacist in the outpatient clinic. The outpatient pharmacy pharmacist has to price the prescription, to dispense and issue medication to the patient; the outpatient fee office has to complete the business of price charging, in a variety of prescriptions, laboratory tests, checklists stamped with the charge mark and pay the patient's bill (reimbursement form). In the process of all these complicated and trivial business activities, a large amount of information is generated. We developed the HIS to support these routine, high-volume front-office transactions. Transaction-level computer systems (e.g., outpatient billing systems, ward order processing systems, etc.) should do double duty at the same time.
For window clerks, these systems are the tools that help them accomplish the daily grind of window operations. With the help of computer systems, their messy work becomes organized, relieving them of the need to memorize a lot of information (specifications, prices of medicines, names and codes of diseases, etc.). Ensuring that they comply with certain norms relieves them of the burden of summarizing, counting, reporting, and transmitting this information. Therefore, as far as possible in line with the working order and work habits of these transaction level staff, functional integrity, simple operation, rapid response, friendly interface, easy to learn and easy to use as such software must meet the functional requirements. Users should feel that the system is designed specifically to help them complete the window business. The system has any other function (refers to support for window business processing outside the function) should try to be background, hidden, not perceived by the end-users, do not increase or minimize the increase in the burden of window business processors.
For the entire hospital information system, the window processing computer system is also a complete HIS data collection port. They are the tentacles, receptors of the HIS reaching out to the origin of the information. For example: for patients in and out of the transfer (ADT) business system is bound to provide real-time information to the hospitalization of patients in and out of the transfer of information, but also is the main source of information on the dynamic statistics of hospitalized patients. Outpatient charging system in the completion of the patient payment process at the same time also collected the corresponding outpatient medical services for the outpatient clinic to provide medical services to the outpatient departments and auxiliary departments of the outpatient revenue and workload information. All these data are the raw materials for statistical, analytical and other data processing from the upper level up to the highest level of information system. From the point of view of data collection, HIS requires that the information collected by the window business system is complete, accurate, timely and secure.
4.2.2 Support for department-level information aggregation and analysis
The hospital's middle-level departments bear heavy management tasks, for example, the Medical Department is responsible for the hospital's medical work, planning, organization and implementation of medical dynamics, supervision and control, medical quality inspection and management; Personnel Department is responsible for the hospital's organizational setup and adjustments, attendance and evaluation of all levels of various types of professional and technical positions assessment; The Nursing Department is responsible for the organization and implementation of the nursing work of the hospital, the management of the hospital's nursing quality, the management of nursing staff ...... and so on. With these management-level work is becoming more scientific, middle-level departments will increasingly rely on them from the grass-roots level to collect basic data for aggregation, statistics and analysis, used to evaluate their management of the grass-roots departments and individual work, in order to make plans, supervise the implementation of the report and make decisions.
Computerized information systems should support the middle level of data collection, synthesis, aggregation, analysis, reporting and storage. Section-level information systems should be able to automatically collect data from primary sections on a regular basis, process the data in a variety of ways as needed, and produce categorized statistical reports and reports that support the management of middle-level sections. For example, the statistics office should be able to collect patient ADT data from the inpatient service, patient charge data from the billing service, and clinical data about inpatient diagnosis and surgery from the case room, and produce regular reports on inpatient dynamics, bed utilization, and single-medicine analysis. The medical department should collect relevant information from different departments such as inpatient department, statistical office, wards, operating rooms and so on, and generate various reports on medical dynamics and medical quality control.
The characteristics of departmental information systems are:
They are usually not linked to window services.
Less likely to have real-time data entry tasks.
Information collected is processed on a regular basis.
The processing algorithms are usually fixed.
The purpose is to manage the business needs of the department or for regular reports and statements.
4.2.3 Support for the top leadership of the hospital on the demand for management information
The top leadership of the hospital to realize the scientific management of the hospital, must be fully supported by the computer information system. After processing and analysis of the middle-level departments of the data not only to produce the output submitted to the senior leadership of the statements and reports to directly assist the top leadership of the hospital's decision-making, but also through the computer's information system to the processed data directly to the highest level of leadership. HIS of the highest layer of modules: the medical and financial information of the integrated query and decision-making module to receive and re-organize these data, the hospital's various functions, including clinical, administrative, health care, and decision-making module, the hospital. Including clinical, administrative, medical and financial aspects, the information of various departments along the two main lines - medical and financial combination, to provide some very convenient and flexible means of retrieval and query, to meet the top leadership of the hospital's changing needs for information of all kinds. This layer of information systems is characterized by:
It is not connected to any specific transaction processing, that is, in addition to receiving data from the lower levels and make a variety of inquiries, statistical requests, there is no data entry.
Its main function is to provide flexible retrieval, query, statistics, analysis capabilities.
The output of this system is reports and reports that are demand-driven, irregular, and without fixed content.
The system is often associated with a number of financial management, economic accounting, quality control, dynamic analysis and other specialized and hospital management-related models and algorithms. For example, monitoring and evaluation of medical quality, monitoring and evaluation of hospital financial performance, monitoring and evaluation of the burden of medical workload in various departments, and so on.
The system emphasizes that the form of reports generated, such as graphs, charts ...... and so on, should be flexible, popular and easy to understand.
5. Characteristics of Hospital Information Systems
Broadly speaking, a hospital management information system is a specific application of a management system (MIS) in a hospital environment. Therefore, it must have some of the following characteristics with other MIS systems *** have:
They are database as the core, to the network as a technical support environment, with a certain scale of computerized systems
They are to operate the business as the main line of business to improve the quality and efficiency of the work and assist in decision-making for the main purpose, can improve the level of integrated management, reflecting the overall picture of the enterprise, enhance the competitiveness of the enterprise, and obtain more information. Enhance the competitiveness of enterprises, to obtain more and better social and economic benefits of the information system
Within the system, according to certain principles, divided into a number of subsystems (subsystems may also be added on top of the layer of subsystems), subsystems, subsystems, interfaces with each other, can be effectively exchanged for information, and to achieve the true realization of the information resource **** enjoyment
The object of the processing of the structured data that is also semi-structured or unstructured data. There are also semi-structured or unstructured data. Some data and structure will be more subject to human intervention and social factors, that is, there are static, there are also dynamic
The development of difficult, complex technology, long cycle
With a perfect system management, supervision, operation and guarantee system, as well as the corresponding rules and regulations and system security measures
Hospital information system belongs to the beg of the world's existing enterprise ( Enterprise) information system
Hospital information system belongs to the beg of the world. Enterprise) information systems in the world's existing most complex class. This is the hospital's own goals, tasks and nature of the decision. It is not only with all other MIS systems to track and manage the accompanying human, financial and logistics flow of management information generated to improve the operational efficiency of the entire hospital, but also to support the patient's medical information records as the center of the entire medical, teaching and research activities.