U.S. F-22 stealth fighter
F-22 fighter is the U.S. Lockheed Martin and Boeing for the U.S. Air Force developed in the early 21st century the main force of the air control fighter, mainly for the replacement of the current F-15 fighter. In terms of air control capability, this fighter can carry eight air-to-air missiles and has an advanced avionics sensing system, which greatly improves the pilot's ability to recognize the surrounding environment as well as the ability to track and attack enemy aircraft before they are detected by the enemy. In addition to being primarily used to gain air control, this fighter also has a strong ground strike capability, allowing it to accurately drop satellite-guided bombs while flying at supersonic speeds. In addition, the F-22 reportedly has some still-classified capabilities in areas such as electronic warfare and aerial reconnaissance.
Russian Air Force MiG-31
The MiG-31 is a new-generation interceptor fighter improved by the Soviet Union's Mikoyan Design Bureau on the basis of the MiG-25. It first flew on September 16, 1975, began small batch production in 1979, was delivered to troops on a trial basis in 1980, and was formally delivered to troops in 1981, and remains one of the Russian Air Force's main fighters. The main types of this fighter are MiG-31М (improved) and MiG-31I (export). MiG-31 fighters with binary intakes on both sides, cantilevered swept-back upper monoplane, double pitot tail normal layout, all-metal fuselage, 50% of the whole aircraft using alloy steel, 16% is titanium alloy, 33% of lightweight alloys, and the rest for composite materials.
Helicopter gunships are not necessarily
Card-50
Farnborough, England, 1993. A multi-purpose helicopter gunship named Ka-50 "Black Shark" (Ka-50) appeared at the world-famous Farnborough Air Show, which was the first public appearance of a new helicopter gunship from Russia's Kamov Design Bureau.
Mi-8
The Mi-8 multipurpose helicopter (NATO code name Hippo), developed by JSC Mirimoscow Helicopter Manufacturing Joint Stock Company (JSC MHMJSC) and produced by Kazan Aircraft Factory (KAF), is capable of performing a wide range of military and civilian missions. Together with its advanced variants, the Mi-14 and Mi-17, the Mi-8 family is the largest family of helicopters in the world
The Mi-8 is a twin-engine, five-bladed, single-rotor helicopter, which began production in 1964 in a combination of military and civilian versions. At that time, the military version of the Mi-8 included the Mi-8T, which was used for transportation, VIP transport, electronic warfare and reconnaissance; the armed Mi-8TV; and the Mi-8MPS search and rescue version.
The Mi-8T transport helicopter, designed for the Soviet Army, has non-retractable front three-point landing gear. The five-bladed main rotor is made of aluminum alloy. The crew of three includes the captain, navigator and flight engineer. The cockpit has an atmospheric air conditioning unit and can be heated. In the ambulance rescue version, an oxygen system is also added.
To improve battlefield survivability, the Mi-8's cockpit is armored on the outside. The fuel tanks are filled with a layer of blast-suppression foam. The entire aircraft has a fire suppression system, hydraulic and power systems, maneuvering systems have double backup. It is also equipped with a de-icing device.
The Mi-8 is well-equipped for cargo handling and can easily carry military supplies with the help of a winch on board. The winch is electrically powered, has a load capacity of 200 kilograms, and can also be used to rescue people on the ground or at sea.
Cargo tie-down points are installed on the cabin floor. The cabin has a large rear door with a loading and unloading ramp, which allows the vehicle to be driven directly into the cabin when carrying jeeps, etc. The cabin can also accommodate 12 pairs of cargo winches. The cabin can also accommodate 12 stretchers.
The Mi-8T is powered by two Klimov TV2-117 turboshaft engines mounted on top of the cabin. The air intakes are dust-proofed for landing and taking off from field airfields. There is also an auxiliary power unit on board to provide power to the equipment on board when the main engines are not running.
The Mi-8 has two fixed fuel tanks, plus two external tanks, which can carry 1,870 liters of fuel. In addition, two barrel tanks can be added to the cabin, which can increase the fuel capacity of the aircraft to 3,700 liters. This, of course, reduces cargo space.
The Mi-8TV helicopter gunship is a modified version of the T-type, with a 7.62mm machine gun in the cabin, and three weapons mounting points above each of the two main landing gears, capable of mounting S-5 57mm rocket launchers. The 9M-17P anti-tank missile (NATO designation AT-2 "Firebox") can also be mounted externally.
The Mi-8TV is powered by the more powerful TV3-117VMA engine, which has increased its ceiling to 3950 meters, up from 1760 meters in the MT version. The maximum external weight has been increased to 4,000 kilograms. Plus an infrared decoy launch system was also added, *** counting six ASO-2V decoy launchers, three on the left side of the fuselage and the rest on the right.
The Mi-8MPS is a search and rescue variant. During a rescue, the crew can airdrop radio beacons to mark out the rescue area for the rescuers to search. The aircraft can carry 10 people on board, and can hang a PSN-10 life raft. For sea missions, the aircraft can also do a 30-minute float on the surface.
The Mi-8AMTSh is an armed variant. The aircraft is fitted with a cannon, rocket launchers, and eight ATAKA anti-tank missiles.
The Mi-8MPS also features a larger cabin door, two additional right-hand hatches, a life raft container and external sub-tanks, square
Length:25.24 meters
Height:5.65 meters
Rotor Diameter:21.29 meters
Empty Weight:7,250 kg
Maximum Takeoff Weight. 11,586 kg
Maximum speed: 260 km/h
Maximum range: 500 km
Utility ceiling: 4,500 meters
Load capacity: 4,000 kg
Outside lift: 3,000 kg
Capacity: 24 soldiers
Engine: 2 TB2-117
Power: 2 TB2-117
Engine: 2 TB2-117
Power: 2 TB2-117
Power: 2 TB2-117
Power: 2 TB2-117
Power: 1 TB2-117
Power:2*1700 hp
Three years later, the Kamov Design Bureau once again publicly demonstrated the Ka-52 Alligator, a sister to the Ka-50. Sources at the Kamov Design Bureau said that in the field of helicopter manufacturing, the Ka-50 and Ka-52 helicopters would ensure that Russia would be 5-6 years ahead of the United States. The Russians' comments have drawn the attention of many military enthusiasts to the new Russian helicopter gunship, the Ka-50, and its golden partner, the Ka-52. Known in Russian as the "Black Turtle" or "Wolfman," in the 1980s Western intelligence discovered that the Soviet Union was simultaneously developing two new helicopter gunships, one of which was the famed Mil MiLi, and the other was a new helicopter gunship, which was to be used by the USSR. One was the Mi-28, a two-seat helicopter gunship designed by the famed Miri Design Bureau, which the West named "Havoc", believing it to be the successor to the Mi-24 "Doe". Another type of helicopter gunships designed by Kamov Design Bureau, due to Kamov Design Bureau has long been the Russian Navy's naval helicopter designers, coupled with Kamov's new helicopter gunships in the structural design of a number of unexpected, the West has always been difficult to figure out it, it will be named "talk".
The public demonstration of the Ka-50 has lifted this veil of mystery. Kamov Design Bureau public information shows: card - 50 fuselage for the semi-monocoque metal structure, two coaxial reverse rotor installed in the middle of the fuselage, each three-blade rotor. Two TB3-117 turboshaft engines (below), each with a power of 1,640 kW, are mounted above the center fuselage. The engines are fitted with dust covers in front and upward exhaust steering at the exhaust ports. The cockpit is equipped with a helmet-mounted display and a low-light television and digital data transmission system. Cockpit glass are bulletproof design, bulletproof armor using double-layer steel plate, the cockpit is equipped with a wide field of view above the rear-view mirror.
The Ka-50 has a fuselage length of 13.5 meters, a rotor diameter of 14.5 meters, a maximum takeoff weight of 10,800 kilograms, a maximum dive speed of 350 kilometers per hour (according to Mihiev, the chief designer of the Kamov Design Bureau, the dive speed reached 390 kilometers per hour during the test flight in September 1996), a maximum sideways speed of 182 kilometers per hour, a setback
The Ka-50's main weapon is the AT-9 Tornado missile, a tube-fired anti-tank missile weighing 60 kilograms with a range of 8 to 10 kilometers. 10 kilometers, flying at supersonic speeds, able to penetrate 900 mm thick armor, can carry 16 at a time, in four groups mounted on both sides of the short wing under the four hangers. The missile can also be used in air combat and can even attack missile boats at sea.
The four hangers on the short wings can also carry four B-8 rocket pods, which can hold 80 rounds of S8 80-millimeter air-to-surface rockets in one ****. Other weapons include AS-12 missiles, FAB-500 bombs with two 23mm gun pods. The Ka-50 can also carry infrared guided air-to-air missiles such as the P-60M Aphid and P-73 Archer.
The Ka-50 has a hydraulically actuated 2A42 30mm cannon (below) mounted in a fixed turret on the right side of the fuselage. This aerial gun is interoperable with the gun used in the BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle, and although it is a bit heavier compared to Western aerial guns, it appears to be quite reliable in sandy, dusty, hot and humid environments. And using the same gun as the Army's BMP Infantry Combat Vehicle, ammunition resupply on the battlefield is not a problem. The gun could be filled with either armor-piercing or high-explosive rounds at the pilot's option, and carried a maximum load of 500 rounds in two separate magazines in the center of the fuselage.The 2A42 could be rotated up and down in pitch by 15 degrees and could be deflected slightly from side to side. This is a disadvantage of the Ka-50, the gun angle of fire is much smaller than other combat helicopters.
The Ka-50 has a unique structure that sets it apart from other helicopter gunships in service around the world, and it holds the following world records:
- The world's first helicopter gunship with a single-person cockpit;
- The first helicopter gunship with a coaxial inverted-rotor rotor;
- The first helicopter equipped with an ejection seat for life-saving purposes.
We will analyze the above three "firsts" in detail. When an ordinary helicopter gunship carries out a low-altitude raid mission, the tail rotor can easily be injured by blowing stones during takeoff, landing and hovering, or hit treetops or other obstacles while flying close to the ground at a low altitude, resulting in destruction of the helicopter and death of the crew. In the Vietnam War and Afghanistan War, 30% of the combat losses of helicopter gunships were caused by damage to the tail rotor's drive linkage, mechanical linkage control system, tail and tail rotor. "The Black Turtle does not need a tail rotor because it uses two ****-axis counter rotors, the rotational forces of which cancel each other out. The existence of the tail is purely for the purpose of balancing the aerodynamic forces of the whole aircraft and improving maneuverability. Therefore, even if the entire tail is knocked off, the Ka-50 can still land safely, unlike ordinary helicopters, once the tail or tail rotor is hit, it will lose its stability and cause the whole helicopter to crash. In addition, by eliminating the tail rotor, the tail section is no longer equipped with complex conventional systems, and the weight of the entire aircraft can be reduced by a lot. Moreover, there is no need to transfer part of the power to rotate the tail rotor, so the main rotor can directly enjoy 100 percent of the power supply, thus increasing the lift of the Ka-50 helicopter by 12 percent.
The twin rotors are aerodynamically symmetrical, eliminating the yaw power source, and the helicopter can easily maintain altitude and is less susceptible to crosswinds. Because the two lifting rotors in the *** axis allow for a smaller diameter than a typical single rotor/tail rotor configuration, the Ka-50 has a good rate of climb and a small turning radius, and can easily avoid obstacles such as treetops when flying at ultra-low altitudes. The layout of the *** axis counter-rotating twin rotor also has good low visibility and other advantages, which ensure that the Ka-50 is able to hover and fly close to the ground at low altitude in hot and humid environments, and at the same time gives the pilot unparalleled confidence in flying close to the ground at low altitude.
Despite the extreme complexity of the armament, it does not affect the Ka-50's maneuverability. While conventional helicopter gunships typically utilize a two-person, two-seat design for the pilot and weapon system operator, the Ka-50 utilizes a single-cockpit design, which gives the Ka-50 a significant advantage in terms of structural weight and design simplicity.
In order to automate operations, Kamov Design Bureau adopted integrated flight and fire control systems, which include automated flight and navigation, targeting, and weapons firing. The Ka-50 cockpit is fitted with the MiG-29's helmet display and other instruments, including a targeting system on the pilot's helmet. In addition, a low-light television screen is mounted in the center of the instrument panel, which can be used with night-vision equipment to provide the Ka-50 with night flight capability. The Ka-50 is fitted with four Obita computers, which perform complex flight, navigation and fire control calculations, and link them together using digital links. One is dedicated to the display system, one to mission control, one to navigation and one for backup. With the help of an automatic operating system, the helicopter can hover without the pilot touching the stick. As a result, the Ka-50 is maneuverable despite the fact that it is a one-man operation that performs the dual tasks of piloting and weapons control.
The Ka-50's double-paneled cockpit is located at the front of the fuselage, and has ballistic glass that can withstand 12.7mm rounds. The interior of the cockpit also has a honeycomb undercarriage underneath the seats that dampens vibration and prevents pilot injury in the event of a crash or heavy landing. In the event that the Ka-50 helicopter is hit, the pilot can also escape with the aid of an ejection mechanism. The Ka-50 is equipped with the K-37 ejection mount (left), the world's only mass-produced, helicopter-based escape system. This ejection device was developed over a seven-year period by the Russian company Zvezda, which specializes in the production of ejection seats. In an emergency, the pilot pulls the double handles under the seat to activate the ejection system, the explosive bolts on the rotor blades explode first, blowing all six rotor blades away at the same time, followed by the ejection of the cockpit canopy, the rocket above the seat ignites and shoots out of the cockpit, and almost at the same time, the pilot separates from the seat and the rope at the lower end of the rocket is tied to the pilot's torso, drawing on the upward pull of the rocket to pull the pilot out of the cockpit, and then the parachute opens. Then the parachute was opened. The entire escape process was only 2.5 seconds.
The good battlefield survivability of the Ka-50 greatly increases the pilot's confidence, which is conducive to giving full play to the pilot's combat effectiveness.
Mi-24 helicopters in Afghanistan combat experience shows that the attack on the plains 4 kilometers away from the target, the helicopter gunships flying altitude, can not be lower than 35 a 70 meters, in hilly areas can not be lower than 100-245 meters. Although the Ka-50 is equipped with an automated flight and fire control system, which enables the pilot to carry out attacks while flying with relative ease, the pilot is unable to maintain his aim when carrying out ultra-low-altitude attacks at an altitude of 20-50 meters. The helicopter's reaction time is only 10-15 seconds to strike a target 2-3 kilometers away that is covered by anti-aircraft artillery, and only 11-20 seconds to strike a target 1-6 kilometers away that is covered by anti-aircraft missiles. Therefore, it is difficult for a single helicopter to complete the ultra-low altitude attack and other tasks. In order to better utilize its power, the Ka-50 is in great need of a support aircraft that can provide it with battlefield intelligence, coordination and control. The two-seat Ka-52 helicopter gunship, which can provide all kinds of intelligence and battlefield control, was born.
On November 12, 1996, the Ukhtoma Helicopter Plant debuted the Ka-52, which the Russians named after the fierce amphibian alligator. The black behemoth, which looks more like a gadfly with a big brain, belongs to the same ****-axle helicopter family as the famous Ka-50 Black Turtle helicopter gunship. "The Alligator inherits the powerplant, flanks, tail, landing gear, mechanical armament and some other onboard equipment from the Ka-50. "The Alligator differs from the Black Shark in that it has a side-by-side two-seat cockpit. It was said at the Air Show that Kamov Design Bureau had gone back to the traditional two-seat helicopter gunships, but that is not entirely true.
It is true that this helicopter has a two-person crew, but instead of the traditional tandem front-to-back, it is side-by-side left-to-right. This cockpit is not a random design, side-by-side two-person cockpit can meet the helicopter in day and night and a variety of meteorological conditions to complete the ultra-low altitude assault on ground targets. Attack aircraft used for all-weather low-altitude assaults usually use this type of side-by-side cockpit, such as the U.S. F-111 and the Soviet Union's Su-24 attack aircraft, which were also designed with the pilot and the shooter located side-by-side in the same cabin. Russian aviation experts considered this solution to be the most scientific, and the Russians also adopted it in the design of the Su-34 fighter-bomber. As early as 1972, in order to improve the night flight performance of the AH-1 helicopter gunship, the Americans carried out improvement tests on the AH-1, and the results of the tests showed that it was the best layout for the crew to sit side by side. Therefore, the layout of the Ka-52 is not a regression in design, on the contrary, in terms of innovation, the Ka-52 can be compared with the single-seat Ka-50.
The golden partner in order to alleviate the contradiction between flight driving and fire control, from the beginning of the design of the card-50 helicopter gunships, the chief designer Mihiev asked the Russian Army Aviation Corps to change the traditional tactics used by the Mi-24 "doe" and other helicopter gunships. However, he was against copying the ambush tactics of the American AH-64 Apache. According to his idea, the helicopter formation for combat missions should consist of two Ka-50s, one of which would be responsible for searching for the enemy and studying the situation on the battlefield, and the other would be responsible for attacking the enemy's armored convoys equipped with anti-aircraft missiles and anti-aircraft guns. The chief designer believes that the Ka-50, which operates in a two-engine formation, has more attack opportunities than a single, two-seat helicopter, and is able to accomplish combat missions more effectively. This is because the first helicopter, in addition to guiding the target, can also provide the necessary defense for the second helicopter, which is conducting the attack. The Chief Designer's operational vision for the Ka-50 is also the design vision for the Ka-52.
The Ka-52 not only has the same weapons, low-altitude flight capability, and armor protection as the Ka-50, it can conduct air combat and ground attack. Moreover, the Ka-52 has excellent reconnaissance, command and control functions, which can provide the Ka-50 with a role similar to that of an airborne early warning and command aircraft. Battlefield reconnaissance and operational control as the main task of the new armed helicopter Ka-52 determines the composition of the on-board radar and other electronic equipment of the Ka-52. The fuselage of the Ka-52 helicopter is fitted with a Thomson thermal-vision camera. The choice of a French-made thermal-vision camera was the result of delays in the production of a domestically produced thermal-vision camera. But the Kamov Design Bureau also wanted to show potential users that the Ka-52 can be equipped with both Russian and foreign-produced instruments and equipment. The globe in the cockpit houses the Russian-made "Poplar" three-dimensional opto-electronic positioning system, which consists of a thermovision, television, and laser instrument. A slightly smaller spherical gyrostabilizer is mounted under the right side of the fuselage, which contains the lens of a high-powered optical telescope that uses lasers to indicate long-range targets. The unit is equipped with a television and thermal imaging system that guarantees the detection and precise tracking of smaller targets at a range of 15 kilometers.
In addition, the Albaret radar system is mounted above the rotor tiles. The Ka-52 helicopter is equipped with four LCD screens, and the test aircraft is also equipped with a number of French-produced displays (some of which are multifunctional). When it goes into series production, the helicopter will be equipped with Russian-made multifunction displays. The display screen used by the pilot is mounted on the front window of the cockpit, while the shooter is equipped with a helmet-mounted targeting display. The addition of a crew member expands the helicopter's versatility considerably. The pilot sitting on the left can concentrate on flying the helicopter, while the shooter sitting on the right is able to carry out reconnaissance or electronic combat, can spot and identify distant targets in all-weather conditions, can perform targeting and aiming, and can work in tandem with ground forces and armed helicopters such as the Ka-50.
The Ka-52 can effectively provide intelligence for the Ka-50 by radioing over battlefield intelligence information required by Ka-50 pilots to be displayed on a low-light screen, and flight information to be displayed on the helmet monitor. At the same time, it also retains the maneuverability, protective performance and weapon systems of the Ka-50, and is able to provide cover and support for the Ka-50 in air combat.
Of course, the addition of a crew makes the Alligator slightly less capable than the Black Shark: lift and speed are reduced, and the maximum payload is reduced by 50%. However, the Alligator was not born to "crawl" against enemy fire, but to be an "intelligent assistant" and a special "coordinator" who could direct and coordinate other combat systems. As an "intellectually advanced assistant" and a special "adjuster" who can command and coordinate other combat systems, the Ka-52 is the "golden partner" of the "Black Shark", capable of strongly guaranteeing the protection of those more "powerful" and "thicker" The black turtle" can guarantee that those more "strong", more "thick skin" "black turtle" better to carry out coordinated combat, play out the maximum power.
The Ka-52 utilizes the powerplant, rotor blades, drogue, landing gear, and weapons of the Ka-50 helicopter. A high-powered aiming head with laser rangefinder and target indicator is mounted on a locator. The Ka-52 is fitted with a non-removable KII-23JI cannon of 23 mm caliber with 250 rounds, mounted in a YIIK-23-250 pod on the inside of the wing. The four weapon mounts under the short wings are capable of carrying 12 Tornado-M supersonic anti-tank missiles with laser-guided and tandem fighters, as well as four B-8B20A rocket nests, each of which can carry 20 80-mm-diameter C-8 unguided aerial rockets, or B-13J5 nests, each of which can carry five 80-mm-diameter C-8 unguided aerial rockets. Each nest holds five 120-mm-diameter C-13 unguided rockets. These rockets can carry a variety of combat parts, such as demolition bombs, flares, and so on. To destroy long-range targets (15 kilometers), it can mount X-25MJI semi-active laser-guided air-to-surface missiles. It can also mount two to four P-73 medium-range air-to-air missiles or an improved version of the 8 to 16 "Needle-B" man-portable close-range air-to-air missiles. The latter can also be used against small targets within 5 kilometers of ground tracking.
In addition, it is equipped with electronic countermeasures. The Ka-52 cockpit is equipped with four liquid crystal displays. The first prototype was fitted with French-produced displays (including a multi-function display), and when it goes into production, it will be fitted with domestically produced color multi-function displays. In addition, a display was installed on the windshield for the pilot. The Navigator comes with a helmet aiming display. The two occupants of the cockpit each have their own maneuvers, but the two maneuvering systems can be linked. If necessary, either of the two crew members can fly the helicopter or control the weapons system alone. The Ka-52 is fitted with two TB3-117BMA turboshaft engines of the St. Petersburg B. R. Klimov Scientific Production Consortium, which produce 2,200 hp each. The BP-80 reduction gears installed on the Ka-50 and Ka-52 helicopters also ensure a further increase in engine power.
The Ka-52 has also so far failed to be ordered or exported for the Russian military, and its prospects are dim. Turkey is currently in talks to buy the Ka-50-2 with a consortium of Russia and Israel's IAI. Turkey has decided to start negotiations with IAI for the Ka-50-2 after negotiations with Bell for the import of AH-1Zs reached a deadlock. 145 AH-1Zs at a cost of $4 billion is considered too expensive for Turkey. In addition, Turkey announced that it would now only negotiate for the first 50 of the 145 helicopter gunships. But in the end, after some bargaining, Turkey preferred to buy the AH-1Z helicopters. Card-29 Shipboard Helicopter
Research Background:
From the appearance, size, power and weight of the three types of helicopters, the Card-29, Card-27 and Card-32, the helicopters are basically the same, these types of helicopters can be considered to be developed according to the idea of a multi-type helicopters, in which the Card-27 (with the actual number of the card may be the card-28) is the ship-carrying anti-submarine aircraft, the Card-29 is the ship-carrying amphibious combat and transport multi-purpose aircraft, the card-29 is the ship-carrying amphibious combat and transport multi-purpose aircraft. The Ka-127 (the actual number may be Ka-128) was a shipborne anti-submarine aircraft, the Ka-129 was a shipborne amphibious combat and transport multi-purpose aircraft, and the Ka-132 was a shipborne transport (and civilian) aircraft. The idea and practice of designing multiple types of aircraft or multiple-use aircraft has been widely adopted all over the world, and the Ka-127 series is one of the representative models. The reason why such design ideas and practices have been popularized is multi-faceted:
One of the reasons is that the modern high-performance aircraft and helicopter research time has been as long as 10-15 years: the cost is also very high, the simultaneous development and procurement of multiple types of airplanes or helicopters, even the U.S. and the CIS is difficult to afford, can only find ways to merge multiple types of airplanes into a single type of airplanes to develop. As a result, dual-purpose fighters such as the F/A-18 in the US Navy, the F-15E in the US Air Force, and the Su-27K in the CIS Navy emerged.
The second reason is that some of the different purposes of the aircraft or helicopter, the design of its flight performance, airframe size, structure and power requirements are very close to each other, there is the possibility of merging the development of the Ka-27, Ka-29 and Ka-32 is such. However, is it better to adopt a multi-purpose approach or to adopt a multi-type approach? Or to take a machine multi-type of good practice, it depends on the actual situation. One of the main targets of the Ka-129 is the opponent's ground and water targets, and its combat range is basically close combat (within five visual range), and it may be hit by a large number of opponent's ground and water anti-aircraft weapons. In order to ensure proper survivability, the Kaichi 29 is equipped with thick and powerful surface armor underneath, example, behind and even in front of the crew. This proved to be necessary for the Soviet Army in the Afghans. However, such helicopters obviously increase the weight of the fuselage and reduce the fuel or load capacity, which is unfavorable for anti-submarine missions and transport missions. Although the card a 27 and card a 32 and card a 29 have a lot in common, but also can not use exactly the same airframe, in terms of equipment (combined armament) is also very different, so the use of a multi-type practice is more reasonable.
The two types of combat helicopters, the Ka-1/29 and the Mi-24, were both developed around the end of the 1960s, so why did the Soviet Union engage in two models? One of the obvious reasons is that the Mi-24 is too large (up to 21.35 meters), difficult to enter the general warships, as a shipborne aircraft is obviously inferior to the KA-29. while in the land combat helicopter size is not too strict limitations, the Mi-24 is the successor of the former Soviet Army Mi-8 helicopter, not only easy to grasp, and faster than the KA-29, more suitable for air combat. the late 60s, the United States and the Soviet Union are in a state of serious confrontation. In the late 1960s, the U.S. and the Soviet Union were in a serious state of confrontation, and the arms race, including the development of new weapons and equipment, was very sharp. Strengthening the amphibious capability of the Marine Corps was also one of the construction projects emphasized by the Soviet Navy at the time, which required amphibious combat straight wells. The Ka Yi 25 needs to upgrade the successor, the sea fleet also needs vertical supply tools, so, as a machine one of the three types of Ka Yi 29 and the other two types of helicopters should be born.
Technical characteristics
In order to facilitate the understanding of the technical characteristics of the card a 29, it may be useful to make some comparisons with the same period of land Mi-24. These two types of helicopters have a lot of **** the same place, such as both with two 2200 horsepower TB3-117 turboshaft engine; the number of anti-tank missiles are 8; machine gun are 30 mm and are 250 rounds of ammunition; uncontrolled rockets are 80 mm caliber and are 80 rounds of ammunition, 4 two-seat mounted box gun caliber are 23 mm; the crew are 2 people. However, these two types of helicopters also have a lot of differences. Such as rotor diameter, card a 29 for 15.9 meters, a 24 for 17.3 meters; length, card a 29 or 15.9 meters, while a 24 for 21.35 meters l card a 29 take-off weight of 21 tons, a 24 force 21.2 tons, card - 29 static lift of 3700 meters, while the Mi - 24 only 2000 meters; card 29 range of 440 kilometers, Mi-24 for 450 kilometers l card 29 vertical overload of 2.0 G, Mi-24 vertical overload of 1.8 G; card 29 external transfer load weight of 4000 kg, Mi-24 is only 2500 kg. As a shipboard helicopter, the card a 29 not only load capacity and static lift greatly exceeded the Mi-24, and its high temperature, plateau performance is much better.
The type of helicopter for the card a 29 *** shaft double rotor, the same power conditions, rotor diameter than the Mi-24 single rotor diameter is really much smaller, is very suitable for into the space of the smaller ships. At the same time, card a 29 counter-rotating double rotor can offset each other to make the helicopter spinning torque; do not need to balance with the tail rotor; so that the size of the whole machine is greatly shortened; do not need to make the helicopter balanced and consume the engine power, in the speed of 120-130 km / h efficiency of up to 0.65-0.70. And there are balanced paddle straight well machine can only reach 0.50-0.60. The * * * on the machine, the rotor diameter is much smaller than the Mi-24 single rotor really small diameter, very suitable for small space ships. The *** axis biplane on the machine can make the movement caused by the vibration of each other, the vibration level is very low, on the targeting and accurate shooting is very favorable; can extend the life of the body and equipment; to reduce the fatigue of the crew to improve efficiency is also very good.
The tail of the card a 29 is a horizontal tail and vertical tail, the helicopter can be maneuvered around the vertical axis of the helicopter in situ around the foot stirrups, in the static ceiling can also be carried out. This is the only combat helicopter in the world. Dr. Gregory, the designer in charge, believes that this will help to improve maneuverability and ensure the safety of flying at extreme low altitude, which will be very beneficial to take up attack positions in a very short period of time and carry out precise shooting. He also believes that this could reduce the time it takes for the helicopter to exit an attack and close with the enemy by a factor of 3-5.
Like the Mi-24, the Ka-29 is strongly armored. This ensures its survivability in combat. The crew is side-by-side, two-seaters. This lowers the helicopter's side dimensions, not only reduces the side of the bullet area, and is conducive to the coordination of the two crew movements, the Mi-24 crew is the front and rear tandem seat, not only the side dimensions are larger, and the coordination of movement of the crew may not be as convenient as the card a 29. The crew of the Mi-24 is particularly close to the rotor axis, so that when the helicopter rotates around the axis, the crew will feel that it is rotating around his own body, but it is said that it does not produce an inconvenient feeling. The KA1-29 has four legs and a low center of gravity, which makes the helicopter appear very low, so the anti-tipping angle is larger than that of the three-legged helicopter, which makes it more stable and more resistant to ship's swaying, making it very suitable for shipboard use. The aircraft can also be forced to land on the sea surface. On the flight deck of the carrier, there is a "harpoon" device or "pull down" device, the appearance can only see the cross-crossed rope, very simple, but is said to be very effective.
The Ka-1-29 is known as a "shipboard combat - transport helicopter" because it has a certain carrying capacity, with a winch on board that can lift 300 kilograms (not 270 kilograms, as is commonly used in the West) of supplies. The aircraft can carry 16 Marines or 10 paratroopers inside, or 2,000 kilograms inside or 4,000 kilograms of supplies outside.
Reportedly, the Ka-1-29 is equipped with advanced and complete observation communications and fire control equipment. (including laser rangefinder), can be in the day and night under complex meteorological conditions. Weapons and equipment in addition to the aforementioned can also carry a 7.62 mm caliber machine gun, with a reserve of 1,700 rounds of ammunition. Card a 29 only slightly larger than the take-off weight of 4,000 kilograms of the French "Sea Vein" helicopter ("Sea Gland" helicopter length of 13.29 meters), but the take-off weight for the "sea knee "Twice as much. In addition, the card a 29 maximum external weight is also "sea vein" 2.5 times ("sea vein" for 1600 kilograms), and the same as the "sea vein" are two crew members. This shows that the combat effectiveness of the KA1-29 is much higher than that of the "Sea Vein". Although the size of the KA1-29 is a bit larger than the Sea Vein, after the wings are folded, the length and width are comparable to that of the Sea Vein. Only the height of the fuselage is one meter higher than that of the Sea Vein. The height of the central part of the hangar of the hidden ship puts forward higher requirements.
Operational use issues
As the Marine Corps amphibious combat - transport helicopters. From the operational point of view, the card a 29 is to attack ground targets and surface targets as the main task; at the same time, but also to have a certain close air combat capability. In addition, the card a 29 also has the ability to transport troops and combat supplies. Therefore, its basic operational use of the following points:
Implementation of supplementary reconnaissance.
The KA1-29 is a new type of aircraft that is designed to be used in the field of combat, and it is also designed to be used in the field of military operations.
Participate in fire preparation. The landing area is expected to be implemented, in cooperation with other aviation forces. The airborne firepower preparation. Attacking and destroying the enemy's various important weapons and positions near the landing area, eliminating and killing the enemy's vital forces.
Transportation and cover the landing force (including the required weapons, ammunition, equipment and supplies) to seize the landing site.
Assault fire support. To have left the aircraft or helicopter assembly to start combat activities