The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), in the 1977 edition of its Licensing Trade Manual for Developing Countries, defines technology as "the systematic knowledge of the manufacture of a product, the process employed or the service rendered, whether or not such knowledge is reflected in an invention, a design, a utility model or a new variety of plant, or in technical information or skill, or in the work of an expert in the design, installation, operation or maintenance of a factory or in the management of a plant. new plant variety, or in technical information or skill, or in services or assistance provided by experts for the design, installation, operation or maintenance of a plant or for the management of an industrial or commercial enterprise or its activities." This is by far the most comprehensive and complete definition of technology given internationally. In fact, the Intellectual Property Organization (IPO) defines all scientific knowledge in the world that can bring economic benefits as technology. Chinese Name: Technology Pinyin: ji shu Essence: Scientific Knowledge Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Development, History, Education, Property Rights, Difference, Usage, Definition A technology is the totality of valid science (theory and research methodology) about a particular field, and the methods used in that field to realize that field. the totality of them, and the totality of the rules for solving design problems in that field for the achievement of public *** or individual goals Classification Depending on the industry of production, technology can be classified as agricultural technology, industrial technology, communication technology, transportation technology, etc. According to the different contents of production, technology can be categorized into electronic information technology, biotechnology, three drug technology, material technology, advanced manufacturing and automation technology, energy and energy conservation technology, environmental protection technology, and agricultural technology. Rules of tools Rules of use of tools: e.g., instruction manuals of tools; Rules of principles of tools: e.g., working schematic diagrams of tools. Rules for the manufacture of tools: e.g. material requirements, requirements for physical and chemical properties, shape and size requirements and other parameters of the tool. Testing rules of the tool: for example, accuracy standards, quality levels, characteristic dimensions, functional range of the tool, etc. Restrictive rules of the tool: e.g., precautions to be taken when using the tool. Characterization When the use of technology is ubiquitous in the modern world, a set of ***identical characteristics can be used on modern technology. Many authors, such as McGinn (1991) and Winston (2003), have listed the following key characteristics: Complexity, which refers to characteristics that are difficult to understand for most modern tools (i.e., requiring a sequence of prior training in their manufacture or use). Some are relatively simple to use but relatively difficult to understand their origins and manufacturing methods, such as kitchen knives, baseballs, and highly processed foods. Others are difficult to use and understand, such as tractors, televisions, and computers. Dependence refers to the fact that many modern tools are dependent on other modern tools, and other modern tools are dependent on other modern tools, both in their manufacture and in their use. For example, cars are supported by a huge and complex manufacturing and maintenance industry. Usage also requires a complex set of roads, streets, highways, gas stations, maintenance plants, and waste collection facilities. Diversity refers to different types and variations of the same tool. Think of the many spoons and scissors that exist today. Even more complex tools often come in many shapes and styles, such as construction cranes or cars. Universality, scale, refers to the spread of modern technology. Simply put, technology seems to be around every corner. It dominates modern life. Also, scale refers to the scope of many modern technological projects, such as cell phone networks, the Internet, airplane navigation, communication satellites, and their effects on people on Earth. Tools include simple machines (such as levers, screws, and pulleys) and more complex machines (such as clocks, engines, generators, electric motors, computers, radios, and space stations). A major advance in communication was the invention of paper and movable type printing. It is generally recognized that Cai Lun was the inventor of paper, and that his invention of paper is what is now considered paper, as opposed to papyrus, which is woven from the stems of papyrus. Paper remained a luxury item for centuries until the invention of the steam paper machine in the nineteenth century, which allowed fibers to be removed from pulp to make paper. Coniferous trees such as spruce were generally utilized. The movable type printing press is a printing device that allows the same text to be printed on multiple copies of paper. The movable type, which allows a single character to be arranged into words, was invented by Bisheng in China between 1041 and 1048 AD. The first person to use movable type in mass-produced printing was Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith and eventual printer, who introduced movable type printing and popularized it in 1440 CE. The Industrial Revolution was a major technological, social, economic and cultural change in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It originated in England and spread throughout the world. During this period, the manual-based economy was replaced by mechanical industries and manufacturing. It began with the mechanization of the textile industry and the development of ironmaking technology, as well as the expansion of trade through the introduction of canals, improved roads and railroad transportation. The introduction of steam engines (fueled mainly by coal) and power machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) reinforced the dramatic increase in production. (Meier and Rauch, 2000) The development of all-metal tool machines in the first two decades of the nineteenth century fostered more productive machinery in other industries. Accumulated Circuits When the complexity of tools increased, so did the kind of knowledge required to support them. Complex contemporary machinery requires a set of technical manuals of knowledge that is constantly being added to and improved, and its designers, builders, maintainers, and users often need years of general and specific training to become proficient at it. Even the tools can be so complex that they require tools, programs, and exercises in the fundamentals of engineering, medicine, and computer science to support them. Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to build and maintain them. Entire industries are used to support and develop the next generation of more complex tools. A number of instinctive behaviors associated with tools organically combine to form simple actions (i.e., simple technologies); a number of simple actions associated with tools organically combine to form complex actions (i.e., complex technologies); a number of complex actions associated with tools organically combine to form ultra-complex actions (ultra-complex technologies); a number of instinctive thoughts associated with tools organically combine to form ultra-complex actions (ultra-complex technologies); and a number of instinctive thoughts associated with tools organically combine to form ultra-complex actions (ultra-complex technologies). A number of tool-related instinctive thinking organically combined to form a simple thinking of tool use (i.e., simple brain technology); a number of simple thinking of tool use organically combined to form a complex thinking of tool use (i.e., complex brain technology); a number of complex thinking of tool use organically combined to form a super-complex thinking of tool use (super-complex brain technology); a brief history of New Energy Technology. strong> New Energy Technology flint spearhead, ca. 100,000 BCE Technology is as old as humanity. Some of the major tool types are found in almost every archaeological discovery of older humans up to the time of the coelacanths. But other animals have also been found to learn to use and refine tools, so it is incorrect to think of humans as the only animals that could use and make tools. The history of technology follows a progression from simple tools and energy sources (mostly human) to complex, high-tech tools and energy sources. The earliest technologies would have simply transformed existing natural resources (e.g., rocks, trees and other grasses, bones and other animal by-products) into simple tools. Raw materials were transformed into useful products by simple means such as carving, chiseling, scraping, winding, and baking. Anthropologists have discovered many early human dwellings and tools made from natural resources. This period is known as the Stone Age. Birds are another animal that often build elaborate nests and simple tools out of many materials. Usually, they are not considered to be practicing a technical skill, mainly because the behavior is mostly instinctive. However, there is some evidence of episodic cultural transfer, especially among non-human primates. There is much evidence of simple technology among animals other than humans. The use and then mastery of fire (about half a million to a million years ago (HistoryWorld, 2006)) was a turning point in the evolution of human technology, providing a simple source of energy with many far-reaching uses. Perhaps the first use of fire for heating was in food preparation. It allowed for a significant increase in plant and animal food sources as it greatly reduced the rate of food spoilage. Fire was then extended to the processing of natural materials and allowed the utilization of natural materials that needed to be processed by fire. (The oldest projectile weapon found today is a fire-set wooden spear, about 250,000 years ago.) Wood and charcoal were the first substances used for energy. Wood, clay, and stone (e.g., limestone) were the first substances to be shaped and processed by fire to make processed goods such as weapons, pottery, bricks, and cement. Continuous improvement created furnaces and bellows, and the ability to refine and forge natural metals. Gold, copper, silver and lead were the first metals to be refined. The advantages of copper over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly demonstrated to early man, and natural copper was used around the beginning of the Neolithic period (about 8,000 B.C.). Natural copper did not exist in very large quantities in nature, but copper ores were common, and some could be easily made from wood or charcoal. The wheel was invented around the fourth millennium BC. Finally, the making of metals led to the invention of alloys such as bronze and brass (around the fourth millennium BC, known as the Bronze Age). The first use of iron alloys, such as steel, occurred in the fourteenth millennium B.C. (the Iron Age). During this time, humans learned to control other types of energy. The earliest known use of wind power was sailing. A book containing a sail was found in an Egyptian fresco in 3200 BC. From about prehistoric times, the Egyptians were using the "power of the Nile" to irrigate their land with annual floods, and gradually learned to manage their fields by systematically constructing irrigation canals and pools. Similarly, the early people of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, would have come to use the Tigris and Euphrates for the same purpose. But more uses of wind and water power (and even human power) would require yet another invention. The means or activities by which human beings modify or control their surroundings is a specialized field of human activity. China has a long history of developing technology. The word "technology" appears in the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), meaning "skill and skillfulness". Until the Song Dynasty, China's technological level had long been at the forefront of the world. The word "technology" in English is composed of the Greek words techne (craft, skill) and logos (word, speech), meaning a discourse on crafts and skills. The word first appeared in English in the 17th century, when it only referred to a variety of sets of technology. To the early 20th century, the meaning of technology gradually expanded, involving tools, machines and their methods of use, until the second half of the 20th century, the definition of technology to take the content. From the early days of mankind, technology, together with the universe, nature and society, has constituted the four environmental factors of human life. It has changed the face of society to a great extent over thousands of years. However, it was not until the 19th century that technology began its rapid development. In ancient times, technology and science were separate. Scientific knowledge was reserved for aristocratic philosophers, while technology was mastered by artisans. After the Middle Ages, the rapid development of commerce and the active economic exchanges of society prompted science and technology to approach each other. By the 19th century, technology was gradually based on science and entered a new period of development. In the history of the development of technology, Edison's great contribution is the establishment of the world's first research laboratory, so that science and technology are closely integrated, promoting the development of both. October 21, 1879 Edison made the electric lighting experiment, can be regarded as the birth of the modern technology research mark. since the middle of the 20th century, the speed of technological development is getting faster and faster. From the discovery of uranium nuclear fission in January 1939 to the explosion of the first nuclear bomb in July 1945, only six and a half years. The changes in all areas of human social life caused by the advent of the electronic computer have been even more profound. These technological breakthroughs have caused a leap in productivity that can be called a technological revolution. Marine technology The progress of technology promotes the development of human material civilization and the progress of human society. However, technological progress has also brought about certain adverse effects, such as the increasingly serious problem of environmental pollution, which is more and more attracting the attention of all mankind. Roughly speaking, it can be divided into the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Age of Steam Engine (Steam Age) triggered by the steam engine, and the Electric Age. Until the 21st century information age. At the same time, the technology must be carried by the carrier to be able to circulate and continue to pass the exchange. The carriers of technology are high-tech and highly skilled people represented by skilled craftsmen, technicians, engineers, manufacturing masters, inventors, scientists, management masters, information masters, etc., drawings, archives, all kinds of multimedia storage and memory components, computer chips, computer hard drives, etc., and the ancient oracle bones, bamboo slips, and printing presses are all the symbolic carriers of the technological process. Education Based on the complexity of today's technology, the purely practical work of technology will require a huge amount of understanding by many years of experimentation, success, failure and general experience. Therefore, a great deal of knowledge needs to be stored and passed on to the next generation by specialists. Their training and education is carried out in formal and informal educational institutions, schools, colleges and universities. Imagine the vast knowledge required to enter professions such as medicine, engineering and architecture. Property Rights When used in business practices, technology can ensure the competitiveness of a company and others. However, the investment costs of attaining, inventing or using technology, called intellectual property rights, are very high. Therefore, many societies (e.g., the United States, Europe, and Taiwan) protect this investment by granting patents, an exclusive right. This protection allows companies to recoup the costs of their investment in technology and therefore encourages innovation. However, there is another view that over-protection of patents can discourage innovation. Differences The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Generally speaking, engineering focuses more on practical experience, science more on theory and pure research, and technology falls somewhere in between. Broadly speaking, science is the rational study or learning of nature, focusing on the discovery of eternal relationships (principles) between elements in the (phenomenal) world. It usually utilizes rule-based techniques, i.e., a system of well-established programmatic rules, such as the scientific method. Engineering is the rational use of scientific and technical principles to achieve empirically based programmatic results. For example, science may learn about the flow of electrons in a conductor. This knowledge may then be used by engineers to create tools or devices such as semiconductors, computers, and other types of advanced technology. Usage Science/scientist is used as a common title and refers to topics and researchers associated with new products and scientific projects, such as "Scientists invented this" (not "Engineers invented this"), or "Thanks to science made this" (not "thanks to technology for making this"). Engineering/engineering generally refers to the things that keep a scientific program going, or the people who improve the original scientific product, as in "engineers operated this machine" (not "scientists operated this machine"). Technology is more vague, but usually refers to a real object, and something that can be used and is worth using. Technology does not usually involve discoveries such as mathematical theorems, and people do not usually use it in this way, as in "I like using this new technology". The most primitive concept of technology is skill. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect, and skill is technology. Technology is far older than science. In fact, the history of technology is as old as the history of mankind. Broadly speaking, technology is the sum of means, methods and skills created and developed by human beings to realize the needs of society. The overall technological power of society as a productive force of society includes craft skills, labor experience, information knowledge and physical tools and equipment, that is to say, technological talents, technological equipment and technological materials of the whole society. French scientist Diderot edited "Encyclopedia" gives a concise definition of technology: " technology is for a certain purpose *** with the collaborative composition of a variety of tools and rules system ." This definition of technology basically points out the main characteristics of modern technology, i.e., purposefulness, sociality, and plurality. Any technology is purposeful from its inception. The purposefulness of technology runs through the whole process of technological activities. The realization of technology requires social collaboration and support and is subject to a variety of social conditions. These many social factors directly affect the success or failure of technology and the development process. The so-called multiplicity refers to the fact that technology can be manifested as tangible tools and equipment, machines and equipments, physical substances and other hard bodies; it can also be manifested as intangible processes, methods, rules and other knowledge soft bodies, and it can also be manifested as information materials, design drawings and other material carriers, even though they are not physical substances. As a material means and information means of modern technology, skills have gradually lost their original status and role, but only an element of technology. According to different functions, technology can be divided into production technology and non-production technology. Production technology is the most basic part of technology; non-production technology, such as scientific experimental technology, public technology, military technology, cultural and educational technology, medical technology, etc., is to meet the social life of a variety of needs of technology. Generally speaking, the invention of technology is the materialization of scientific and empirical knowledge, so that the theory and knowledge available for application can be turned into reality. The development of modern technology cannot be separated from the guidance of scientific theories, and it has become to a large extent "the application of science". However, the development of modern science is also inseparable from technology, the needs of technology often become the purpose of scientific research, and the development of technology and scientific research to provide the necessary technical means. Between them is a kind of interconnection, mutual promotion and mutual constraints. It can be predicted that their connection will become closer and the boundaries will become blurred. However, science and technology are, after all, two kinds of social culture of different nature, the difference between the two is also very obvious. The basic task of science is to know the world and make discoveries, so as to increase the wealth of knowledge of mankind; the basic task of technology is to discover the world and make inventions, so as to create the material wealth of mankind and enrich the spiritual and cultural life of human society. Science should answer the questions of "what" and "why"; technology should answer the questions of "what" and "how". Technology answers the questions of "what" and "how". Therefore, the results of science and technology are different in form. Scientific results are generally manifested in the form of concepts, laws, papers, etc.; technical results are generally in the form of process flow, design drawings, operating methods, etc. Scientific products are generally not commercially available, while technological achievements can be commercialized. Modern technology has a strong utilitarian and commercial color.