Tanning refers to the exercise method that causes a series of physiological and biochemical reactions in the human body by exposing the skin to the ultraviolet rays of the sun so that the melanin in the skin can be produced and darkened, which is also known as tanning. But with excessive exposure to the sun will form sunburn that is called "sunburn".
With the development of science and technology, tanning is divided into two kinds: one is natural tanning; one is artificial tanning.
With the development of science and technology, there are two kinds of sunbathing: one is natural sunbathing; one is artificial sunbathing. It is a method of using sunlight to exercise or prevent chronic diseases, mainly to let the sunlight irradiate the human skin, causing a series of physicochemical reactions, in order to achieve the purpose of fitness and treatment. Sunbathing is often used in conjunction with cold showers and air baths. People sunbathing on the beach 20 century 20 s, CocoChanel (CocoChanel) in the yacht travel, accidentally tanning a bronzed skin, and then caused a wave of sunbathing trend in the fashion industry, which is the origin of the popularity of modern sunbathing. It was the end of the Victorian era, when young men were unshackled and danced in the eccentric Charleston style. Tanning, like the novelty of flamboyant short dresses, short curly hair and automobiles, seemed to symbolize the freedom of the era. Sunbathing, also known as tanning, is known as "sunburn", which occurs with excessive exposure to the sun. The earliest origin of tanning is its name "sun tanning" - sunbathing. Tanning appeared in the West in the middle of the last century, and it represents a culture of sunbathing in Europe and the United States - enjoying the sun. Tanning and vacation are directly linked together, and a vacation is inseparable from the sun and the beach. Nowadays, tanning has almost become a status symbol. People with bronzed skin indicate that they often go to sunny, expensive luxury resorts to sunbathe, so "tanning" is one of the best cards to show identity. Origin and Development History Anthropologist Taylor once said, "Wherever the sun shines, there is sun worship." Since ancient times, the sun has been honored in a variety of ways. Many ancient civilizations revered the sun as the only God. The Aztecs regarded the sun as the god of rain and thunder. Ancient Egyptian pharaohs became the sun god - "la" - after their deaths, the sphinxes guarded the portal for the pharaohs, and the pyramids symbolized the sun's rays that pierced the sky. In the Pyramid Inscription, there are these words: "The sky extends its light to you so that you can go to the sky as if it were the eye of 'La'." The martial Assyrians worshiped sunbathing, believing that the sun's rays made them an invincible people. Ancient Egyptians used different colors of glass indoors, so that the sun's rays shone through the different shades of glass to illuminate people's bodies, believing that it could help cure diseases. The ancient Greeks, on the other hand, believed that sunbathing was a good way to stay healthy, and they built sunbathing cities high in the mountains to use ultraviolet light to treat tuberculosis. Development The original purpose of sunbathing was health and healing, it was only as times changed that tanning became a fashion. In July 1927, the cover of Britain's Vogue magazine featured the first publication of equipment used for tanning, marking the beginning of tanning in the fashion world. another article in Vogue in August further described how "it has become a part of everyday life for people to obtain bronzed skin by sunbathing on a daily basis." Another article in the June 1928 issue of Vogue wrote, "Where once fashion and health were at odds, they are now becoming intimate. No woman full of intelligence and in search of perfection, who wishes to be successfully in the forefront of society and popular fashion, will neglect sunbathing." It envisions the future as a "new world of sunbathing, healthy bodies and balanced nutrition." Despite the attention of the fashion world, at this time, bronzed skin was still not only an aesthetic standard, but the concept of health it represented was the trend, and bronzed skin was simply a manifestation of the new social mores. This concept of health was the same as that advocated by Dr. Kenog forty years earlier. In this climate, tanning became socially acceptable. In Germany there were already measures related to the opening of sunbathing to the public before Hitler came to power in 1933, who banned nudity. In the UK there were several public ****ing places where sunbathing was legal, even partial ****ing of the body, and some designated beaches where sun therapy could be practiced. Perhaps this is far from "open" nowadays, as it was in the 1930s, when sunbathing on the beach in a bathing suit was strictly forbidden. As a result, sunbathing became more of a goal to be fought for than a fad to be promoted in the decades that followed, and in 1928, a sunbathing supporter called on workers in dark, lightless workplaces to fight for access to sunlight, suggesting that all factories and offices should have sunlamps. GeorgeLan *** ury, the leader of the British Labor Party and MP for Westminster, who was also a tanning supporter, told the Daily Insight: "In Germany young people are able to grow up healthy and strong because, among other things, they sunbathe. I wish the young people of the British Empire would do the same thing", and it was he who led to the establishment of the Hyde Park Baths, London's first adult sunbathing site open to the public. Classification There are two main methods of sunbathing: natural (sun tanning) and artificial (sunless tanning). Natural tanning is sunbathing. The artificial ones are divided into tanning beds and artificial tanning. Sun tanning beds are based on the principle of sunlight to imitate the sun's ultraviolet radiation through artificial ultraviolet radiation. The main reason for this is that the sun's UV rays have been medically proven to cause skin cancer. Artificial UV rays are filtered to remove harmful rays and are much healthier than direct solar UV rays. Artificial tanning is accomplished with artificial tanning creams or bronzing sunscreen products. General Introduction Principle There are 3 types of sunlight rays that can be used to exercise the body according to their wavelengths: infrared rays with wavelengths of 760 millimeters or more, visible rays with wavelengths of 400 to 760 millimeters, and ultraviolet rays with wavelengths of 180 to 400 millimeters. These three types of rays have different effects on the human body. Sunlight consists of infrared rays, which are invisible to the naked eye and have a warming effect, and ultraviolet rays and visible rays, which have a chemical effect. Ultraviolet light can turn the 7-dehydrosterols in the skin into vitamin D, which can improve calcium and phosphorus metabolism, prevent rickets and osteomalacia, and promote calcification of various tuberculosis foci, healing after fracture reset and preventing teeth from loosening. Infrared rays can reach the deep tissues through the epidermis, so that the irradiated part of the tissue temperature, blood vessel expansion, blood flow acceleration, blood circulation improvement; if a long period of time more intense irradiation, can make the whole body's temperature rise. March 1933, Dorset, England, Poole City, artificial sunbathing daylight in the visible light, mainly through the visual and skin on the role of people have uplifted the mood, can make a person in a comfortable mood. Ultraviolet light is the strongest spectrum of daylight on the human body, can strengthen the blood and lymph circulation, promote the process of material metabolism; can make the skin ergosterol into vitamin D, regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and promote the normal development of bones. But a large number of ultraviolet radiation, can make the skin produce erythema, skin cell protein decomposition denaturation, the release of histamine into the blood, *** hematopoietic system, so that the red and white blood cells, platelets increase, make phagocytosis more active. Repeated implementation of sunlight, due to ultraviolet light in the skin melaninogen into melanin, sun exposure of the skin will show a uniform healthy dark color. Melanin in turn absorbs more radiation from the sun and converts it into heat energy, which is secreted by the sweat glands. Sunlight is a natural disinfectant, a variety of microorganisms in the ultraviolet radiation will soon lose vitality. Methods Generally use direct irradiation method, can be taken lying down or sitting position, must be in accordance with the principle of gradual, gradually expand the irradiation parts and extend the time, so that the human body gradually adapted to daylight ***. In general, the first irradiation of the lower limbs and back, and then the upper limbs and chest and abdomen; to protect the head and eyes from irradiation, available white towels, straw hats to cover the head and wear sunglasses. Irradiation time should be based on the altitude, season and individual response to grasp after irradiation. For example, the plateau is stronger than the flat daylight, containing more ultraviolet rays, summer noon daylight is the strongest, irradiation time should be short; people enjoy sunbathing at the beach generally take the whole body sunbathing, but also according to the different parts of the lesion, take the back of the light bath, the face of the light bath, part of the limb bath, and so on. The whole body sunbathing and so on. The whole body sunbathing requires naked, and constantly turn the body, so that each part can fully accept the sunlight. When you first start sunbathing, you can sunbathe for 10 minutes at a time, and then gradually increase it to 30 minutes. Partial sunbathing can be covered with umbrellas or cloth sheets, after each sunbathing can be 35 degrees Celsius temperature shower, and then lying down to rest. Generally about 20 consecutive days. In winter, the amount of ultraviolet rays in sunlight is about 1/6 of that in summer, and the exposure time can be extended appropriately. Sunbathing generally from 5 minutes to start, and then can be increased by 5 minutes each time, if the whole body responds well, can be extended to 1 ~ 2 hours. The place of sunbathing should be clean, flat and dry, and it is better in green areas; it should not be carried out on the asphalt ground or near the stone wall, in order to avoid asphalt vapor poisoning and too much radiant heat. Protection There are several types of sunscreen milk, once the effect of the type of DHA concentration is higher and more expensive, the failure rate is higher, if you do not do a good job beforehand whole body exfoliation, skin absorption of DHA will be uneven, resulting in a piece of the east and west of a deep * * * * domain of the situation. The slow development of sunscreen milk in the moisturizing milk to add a lower concentration of DHA, every day to rub the skin color will slowly become darker, the success rate is high and will not appear uneven tragedy, the development of the color to the satisfaction of a few days can be stopped, and then once or twice per week can be maintained by rubbing. There are also added pigmented sunscreen milk, equal to sunscreen milk and surface bronzing milk two in one, coated as instant tanning, easy to identify the range of rubbed, but wiped to the still decolorized, the bottom of the real DHA ingredients to slowly play a role. 1940, women in bathing suits sunbathing sunscreen in addition to the smell and the risk of uneven color, there is a risk of orange, the formula of the pH if the acidic, DHA will develop an orange tint. Many sunscreens on the market are prone to orange coloration, so be careful when shopping. In addition to sunscreen milk and sunscreen milk is not the same thing, after the use of sunscreen milk must be rubbed against ultraviolet rays, but also do not buy a sunscreen coefficient of the sunscreen milk, not only the effect of blackening is poor, sunscreen power is not safe. Most sunscreens contain dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHA), a chemical made from sugarcane, which was discovered in the 1920s to be an effective temporary tanning ingredient and has been used ever since. It reacts with a type of keratin to produce a brown color on the surface of the skin. Erythrulose, a ketone sugar, is used in conjunction with DHA to prevent uneven color and create a darker, more even and natural-looking black. Because the top layer of skin is constantly being replaced, artificial tanning only lasts for a week, but its biggest benefit over the other two methods is that it is absolutely safe. This is why artificial tanning is becoming more and more popular, with statistics showing that a bottle of St Tropez sunscreen is sold every ten seconds worldwide. Because DHA as a substance can be used in almost any kind of cosmetic product, and because manufacturers have diversified their products as much as possible in order to maximize their profits, there is a wide range of artificial tanning products. There is a wide range of artificial tanning products, from those specifically for the face to those for the whole body. Contraindications There are serious heart disease, tuberculosis, fever and hemorrhagic qualities and other diseases, prohibit sunbathing; irradiation such as nausea, dizziness, annoyance and other reactions, should be immediately suspended, to the shade to rest; later re-irradiation should be appropriate to reduce the amount of; when fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite after sunbathing, may be the accumulation of sunshine, should be rested for a few days, to be the disappearance of the symptoms and then continue to irradiate; can not be in the air temperature is too cold Sunbathing should not be done when the temperature is too low. Sunbathing can be done all year round, and it is generally better to do it at 8~10 am and 2~4 pm, so the ultraviolet rays are more abundant at that time, and the temperature is also more suitable. The irradiation time should be based on the health of the good and bad, the time should be shorter for the weak, strong, chronically ill patients should be irradiated for a longer period of time. Head should pay attention to cover, so as not to cause dizziness, headache. Precautions tanning a use of sunlight for exercise or prevention of chronic diseases, ① serious heart disease, tuberculosis, fever and hemorrhagic qualities and other diseases, prohibit the use of sunbathing; ② irradiation, such as nausea, dizziness, annoyance and other reactions, should be immediately discontinued, to the shade to rest; subsequent irradiation should be appropriately reduced; ③ when the sun after the emergence of fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite, may be the accumulation of sunlight When fatigue, insomnia and loss of appetite occur after sunbathing, it may be due to the accumulation of sunlight, you should rest for a few days and continue irradiation after the symptoms disappear; ④ Before each sunbathing, it is better to take a short air bath first, and then use cool water to wipe your body after sunbathing. Sunburn treatment Sunbathing is not good easy to appear sunburn, sunburn after how to deal with: 1. cool water cold compress treatment . After being sunburned in summer, you should use a cool towel to apply cold compresses can reduce post-sunburn damage. 2. watermelon rind to remove heat and dampness. Watermelon rind can not only beauty, summer sunburn with watermelon rind mud refrigerated compress can be skin care, heat. 3. Apply heat-expelling and detoxifying herbs. Sunburn can be applied externally to clear heat and detoxification herbs, clear skin heat and prevent serious burns. Tanning beds In the early 20th century, the public thought that tanning was a "cure" for disease. At this time, bronzed skin was only a by-product of this therapy, not the purpose of tanning. The founder of tanning is arguably John Harvey Kellogg, a famous physician. Not only was he one of the earliest advocates of holistic therapies, but he also invented cornflakes, peanut butter, electric blankets, and, most importantly, he invented indoor tanning devices - "tanning beds" - on which people could lie down and undergo a certain type of exposure to rays in order to darken. Kenog's first tanning bed device was completed in 1891 and soon became popular in Western Europe. King Edward VII of England even installed tanning equipment in Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle in order to enjoy it at any time. In fact, Kenog's early invention of indoor tanning device emits mostly infrared light, occasional use does not make the skin dark. Only when used for a long time, which a small amount of ultraviolet radiation will cause changes in skin color. Later, Kenog continued to improve his devices by combining incandescent and arc lamps, or specialized arc lamps, thus releasing a large number of ultraviolet wavelengths. Since 1876, tanning treatments have been practiced at the Bett's Bay Sanatorium under the supervision of specialized physicians. Although he had designed indoor tanning units, Kenog was more interested in natural sunlight. He believed that basking in the sun outdoors was more effective than being indoors under an arc lamp. In his book, he emphasizes that "tanning is best done outdoors. The spacious decks of yachts and sunny beaches are ideal. Same-sex patients can bathe in the sun together, and male patients need only wear ordinary shorts for tanning therapy." Still trying to make a breakthrough in light therapy, Fenson filled a hollow-bit plano-convex lens with an ammonia solution containing copper sulfate as a concentrator and filter, used a carbon-refined arc lamp as a light source, split the light with a quartz prism, and then concentrated the light with two plano-convex lenses. In this way, he obtained a focused beam of chemical light. He confirmed in the bacterial culture: this focused chemical light does have the ability to kill bacteria. In November 1895, Fenson tried his treatment on the first lupus patient. After some time, the spots disappeared and the skin surface returned to normal. Fenson gave the apparatus as a gift to Queen Alexandra, the Danish wife of King Edward VII, who loved the indoor tanning device, perhaps because the dreary English weather made the Queen nostalgic for the sun in her homeland, and in 1900 the apparatus was installed in London hospitals for the treatment of lupus. 1903 In 1903, Fenson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his contribution to the treatment of lupus and other skin diseases, which was the pinnacle of scientific honor for tanning. 1925, sunbathing on the beach in Plymouth, England By the 1920s, sunbathing had been widely used as a therapeutic tool, and in 1926 a medical handbook, "Sunlight, and How to Use It," described the use of sunbathing to promote the health of newborn babies at the Neonatal Disease Centre in North Islington, London, England. This was the first tanning treatment center in London, and it was so effective that it brought great benefits to many children from poor families. Influence Questioned Influence The popularity of tanning also led to a revival of sun worship and nudism in the late 19th century. The nude movement originated in ancient Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed that the human body was the most beautiful thing in nature, and they were nude in sports activities and festivals and celebrations, and used a variety of art forms to express and praise human nudity. The ancient Babylonians, Assyrians and Romans practiced nudism in the form of sunbathing. Sunbathing After a dormant Middle Ages, the popularity of sunbathing in the 20th century also led to the growth of the nude movement. The modern nudist movement began in Germany, where nudity was echoed by the wars and the increased appreciation of the beauty of life and nature. The nude movement not only pursued a healthy and beautiful body, celebrated fresh air and sunshine, but also rebelled against the rigid morality of European society in the late 19th century. In 1900, the longest running nudist publication in Britain, Health and Efficiency, was published. Originally titled Vigor - A Magazine on Natural Culture, the magazine had a strong racist streak that did not disappear until the end of the Second World War. With both World Wars, the nudist movement spread widely to other European countries as well as to the United States. Questioning In the 1920s, sunbathing was considered a panacea. Parents would sunbathe their babies after birth to prevent tuberculosis and rickets. However the ethos was much different, with many believing that it was dangerous for young children to be exposed to UV rays, and there was even a trend of avoiding sunbathing. Today, sunbathing is strongly prohibited by the same medical experts who advocated it in the past, and in the 21st century the medical profession considers sunbathing to be foolish, superficial, and even dangerous, and that it is the cause of many skin diseases. Some experts claim that UV rays are responsible for skin cancer, which is thought to be triggered by regular sunbathing. Only the "rich jet-setters" like Coco Chanel believe that "a tan is a symbol of beauty, health, wealth and happiness", a concept that industry fosters and promotes among the general public for the sake of profit: Bronze skin is a measure of beauty. Tanning The anti-tanning argument is so popular that if you type "tanning" and "Chanel" (suntan+CocoChanel) into Google, most of the results you find are not fashionable. Most of the results you find are not fashion sites, but medical sites discouraging sunbathing. They condemn this close contact with the sun, and one British cancer charity's website goes so far as to say it wants to debunk "tanning myths" such as "bronzed skin is a sign of good health". The strong opposition may have worked. In today's cities, summer umbrellas have become a beautiful sight, and even when the weather is overcast, you can still see countless girls covering themselves with sunglasses and parasols for fear of burning their delicate skin - because experts say the sun's rays are not as strong as they should be, and that doesn't mean the UV rays are getting weaker. Meanwhile, beaches everywhere are always bustling with men and women lying on the sand enjoying the unobstructed sunlight, and many countries have opened nude baths, where people strip down *** and maximize their intimacy with the sun. In favor and against the voice of the endless dispute, sunbathing to two roads. The more enthusiasts love it, the more opponents oppose it. Hazards Is indoor tanning really safer than outdoor sunbathing? If you let the dermatologists tell it, definitely not. But a new survey released by the American Academy of Dermatology shows that women who don't have access to this information are more than likely to incorrectly believe that tanning beds are safer than natural sunlight. Overall, 30 percent of respondents said they didn't see warning signs on tanning beds. Another 43% mentioned that they did not receive verbal warnings about the health risks associated with UV light. Teenagers between the ages of 14 and 17 were mostly unaware of the risk of skin cancer from tanning. These survey data above came from 3,800 white women ages 14 to 22. It is not clear whether these respondents had previously learned about the risks that tanning can cause from, for example, specialized physicians, teachers, or the news media. The survey's findings, along with other research, may advance the passage of the Tanning Bed Cancer Prevention and Control Act, which has been before the U.S. Congress since 2010. If passed, the bill would tighten controls on tanning bed use, but the details of whether businesses would be required to "verbally warn" customers have yet to be determined. Other doctors and researchers have called on the FDA to make a greater effort to inform the public about the side effects associated with tanning beds. While legislation has been enacted in more than 30 states to better control indoor tanning, doctors believe a national standard is necessary, especially since artificial UV light is a known carcinogen. Along these lines, some believe that tanning beds should be regulated by taxation, as has been done with cigarettes. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2009, researchers published data from 20 studies showing that melanoma, a serious skin cancer, increased by nearly 75 percent in those who had used tanning beds before the age of 30 The World Health Organization discourages the use of tanning beds for cosmetic purposes, but does encourage the use of tanning beds by patients with Vitamin D deficiencies, under the supervision of a medical professional and technician .