[climb] hiking; A kind of sports
its plan includes climbing several times
Mountaineering equipment
Mountaineering equipment should adapt to the environmental conditions of mountaineering, and it should be as light, firm and efficient as possible in design, material selection, materials and production, and can be used for multiple purposes.
with the development of mountaineering and the continuous progress of science and technology, the quality and performance of mountaineering equipment are constantly improved, which is very necessary to improve the level of mountaineering. For example, the weight of a main rope used in France's first mountaineering can reach 2 kilograms, and other mountaineering equipment is also very heavy. At that time, their climbing height only reached about 4 meters. At present, the weight of a main rope is only 1.5 kg, and the weight of other equipment is greatly reduced, and it is more durable, and its thermal insulation and electricity prevention performance are greatly improved, thus ensuring mountaineers to climb mountains of various heights and difficulties. In recent years, mountaineering circles all over the world are still constantly researching and improving all kinds of equipment. For example, many countries are studying to improve the capacity of oxygen cylinders and the efficiency of equipment use. Japan has adopted the so-called "loop oxygen mask" to replace the original respirator, so that the original oxygen for one minute can be increased to two minutes or more. They also modified special equipment such as oxygen for two people climbing rock cliffs above 8 meters above sea level and oxygen for rock climbing operation. In addition, the clothing and camping equipment of mountaineers are constantly improving. In recent years, camping equipment such as inflatable tents that are lighter and warmer have appeared.
mountaineering diet
mountaineering diet is an indispensable part in the activity process. Good nutrition can not only provide enough energy to supplement physical strength, but also make people feel refresh. Especially in the cooking process, interaction with peers, mutual discussion of today's itinerary and prospect of tomorrow's itinerary can promote mutual friendship. This paper will discuss the types of stoves and food arrangements one by one, and then introduce how to arrange delicious and convenient meals in the mountains with a menu as an example.
1. Stove:
In the early days, campfires were used for cooking or chatting, but the residues or traces of campfires would pollute the environment. Climbers had better use stoves for cooking, even if the campfires are not too big, as long as they can make the surrounding mountain friends feel comfortable. You must wait until the fires are completely extinguished and the ashes are completely cooled before leaving. Use dead wood or fallen wood. Don't cut down trees or residual plants. The stoves will not pollute the camp and spoil the landscape.
the biggest considerations when choosing a stove are: 1. weight, 2. height, 3. temperature, 4. burning ability of fuel. Choose a stove with reliable reputation, which should be easy to ignite, easy to operate and have long lasting fire. Even in cold, humid or strong wind environment, you must operate it clearly at home before you can take it up the mountain. The stove can last for several years, and the nozzle is often dirty and carbon deposits must be cleaned frequently. Use about .25 liters of fuel oil per hour. The stoves used for mountaineering must be at sea level. It takes 4 to 8 minutes to boil a liter of water. If the wind deflector is not used in high mountains, the strong wind will last for at least 25 minutes or more. At the same time, the stoves must be equipped with a switch to control the firepower to avoid burning food.
The stoves used for mountaineering can be divided into three categories according to the fuel oil used, and the most commonly used ones are gas stoves and vaporization stoves.
1, liquid gas: including methane, ethane, propane, butane and so on.
Gas stoves are the most convenient and easy to operate among all kinds of stoves. Generally speaking, there are the following kinds of gas stoves that can be seen in Taiwan Province at present, but some gas stoves use mutually incompatible gas tanks, so be sure to pay special attention when purchasing.
A,EPI (English): there are four types of gas tanks by weight, and the color of gas tanks is green.
B,PRIMUS (made in Sweden): there are two types of gas tanks by weight, but there are still some old stoves of PRIMUS that use a gas tank that needs to be drilled. This system is exactly the same as the old stoves of CAMPING GAZ, using the same gas tanks, gas tanks colors and gas tanks. Small gas tanks are iron gray.
C,CAMPING GAZ (legal system): There are two types of gas according to their functions (1) for mountain use (2) for flat land use, and there are two types according to their weight. In addition, there are old stoves that use gas tanks with holes. No matter whether they are old or new, the color of gas tanks is blue.
D,ALPS (made in Korea): gas tanks. MARKILL (made in Germany): Taiwan Province has not imported this brand of gas.
F,MSR REPID FIRE (made in America): Taiwan Province has not imported this brand of gas.
G,COLEMAN (made in America): the color is iron gray.
H,GOGAS (made in America): the color of gas tank is silver
I, and it is a cassette furnace.
2. Fuel oil: including White Gasoline, Coleman Fuel, Unleaded Gasoline, Kerosen SE ... The famous brands of vaporizing furnaces are A,COLEMAN PEAK-1 (American), B,MSR (American), C, OPTIMUS (made in Sweden).
A. Cold type: The most important feature is that the fuel in the furnace body is vaporized under pressure. In design, it is an advanced method, and it will not explode due to excessive pressure during combustion, and the fuel temperature in the pressurized bottle will not rise, so the main body of the stove is low in temperature. However, heat conduction is inevitable, so it is still hot, but it will not be too hot.
Generating pressure to vaporize fuel (somewhat similar to the siphon principle) is an early design, with simple principle, but there are concerns about explosion due to excessive pressure, but rumors of explosion are rarely heard, but the only disadvantage is that the fuel temperature in the pressurized bottle will continue to rise until it burns people. < P > C. Cold-hot mixing: Combining the above two principles, usually this kind of design has the same feature, and the oil bottle needs to be pressurized if it is too large.
3, alcohol: alcohol
Conclusion:
For those who buy stoves for the first time, I personally suggest buying a gas stove, because it is small in size, high in safety and easy to maintain. It can be used as a personal stove or an emergency stove equipped by a group. The only drawback is that the firepower is slightly smaller than that of a gasifier, and the fuel cost is much more expensive than that of a gasifier. The gasifier has a large firepower.
2. Dietary preparation
1. Conditions of mountaineering food:
(1) It contains three major nutrients (sugar, fat and protein) and minerals and vitamins.
(2) Foods that are easy to store, carry and cook can save fuel.
(3) Those who are difficult to store and have a heavy amount should eat first.
2. Nutrition required for mountain climbing
(1) Three nutrients
Sugar: In terms of exercise energy, sugar is the most widely used, accounting for 7% of the total heat source. Muscle uses glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies as energy sources. Liver sugar is stored in muscle, which is reduced to glucose output during strenuous activities, while glucose in blood can be synthesized into liver sugar, and muscles at rest only use it. Other energy depends on fat, but the process of transforming fat into energy is very slow, and it mainly depends on the sugar food that is ingested every day to provide heat. If sugar contains not only glucose, but also sugar and starch, the blood sugar value will not be reduced easily. Eating can also cause the liver to release glycogen. < P > Fat: Fat stored in the body is not only the source of energy, but also the shock absorber and insulation layer of main organs to keep out the cold. Fat is not easy to decompose, and its efficiency is 1% lower than sugar. However, if it is not completely burned in the body, it will easily lead to body fluid acidification and fatigue. < P > protein: When sugar and fat are burned out or short, protein will come in handy. The body can't store protein, and the excess protein will be converted into energy or fat. protein should not be connected with fat intake too much, otherwise it will easily lead to body fluid acidification and fatigue. < P > The order of three nutrients used by the body is: sugar->; Fat -> Protein. The daily weight ratio for mountain climbing is about 4.8: 1: 1.1
(2) Inorganic salt, water and vitamins < P > Inorganic salt: lack of salt will cause blood pressure reduction, dizziness and fatigue, and even spasm in severe cases. < P > Water: about 65% of body weight, which can promote metabolism and chemical action in the body and balance body temperature. Losing too much water will make blood circulation. To discharge the salt, you should drink water in moderation, not excessively. It is best to drink water in small quantities for many times. Water can be disinfected by iodine, boiling or water filter. It is best not to use water purification tablets. < P > Vitamins: they have the function of regulating physiological functions and are closely related to metabolism. For example, sugar uses vitamin B group as the catalyst and catalyst for conversion, and vitamin C is related to oxidation and reduction of metabolism. Helps to eliminate fatigue after exercise.
3. Food arrangement
(1) Breakfast: most of the calories needed in a day should be easy to prepare and clean up, with high nutritional content.
(2) Lunch: supplementing nutrients, which can be completed in a short time. Usually eaten on the way, it is best to prepare easily without cooking, and it is usually used to supplement insufficient energy. It is best to put lunch. Use this time to replenish water.
(3) Dinner: it can be cooked for a long time, and it can replenish nutrients and a lot of water that are not ingested, such as vitamins, minerals and cellulose. You can drink some soup first to increase your appetite.
(4) Midnight snack: the focus is on replenishing water and electrolytes.
(5) Action grain: supplementary grain that can be taken at any time, with protein as an example. Dried meat, peanuts, etc. You don't need to eat too much at a time, but you should eat it often, preferably in a single package to prevent moisture.
(6) Reserve grain: emergency reserve grain when the trip is delayed due to bad weather, travel errors, injuries or other reasons. It should be light, easy to digest and absorb, and can be stored for a long time. For example, dried meat, dried fruits, sweets and cereals are mixed. Drinks can also be used when there is water and heat source.
(7) Emergency food: generally, instant noodles and ginger tea (ginger and brown sugar) can be used, which can quickly replenish calories or remove cold and cure colds when camping in an emergency. Emergency rations focus on maintaining body temperature, so foods with sugar as the main ingredient and a small amount of fat are the best, such as chocolate, honey, mutton soup, jam and so on.
4. considerations for preparing food
(1) the type of cooking utensils needed
(2) the difficulty of conditioning
(3) the storage time
(4) the use time (which meal, convenience and suitability)
(5) the quantity (number of people, number of days, special food intake) Dishes should have soup or have a heavy taste, which is easy to eat)
(7) Weight and the amount of leftovers
(8) Special taboos (vegetarian, not allowed to eat, afraid to eat, not fond of eating)
5. Packing mountaineering food
(1) Separate from individuals according to groups
(2) Use plastic containers or plastic bags.
6. Cleaning:
(1) Do not use cleaning agents, even so-called natural cleaning agents.
(2) Use hot water for cleaning. When using tableware, immediately soak it in water and dump it away from water. It is best to dig holes and dump it before burying it. Do not use leaves, grass, sand, etc. for cleaning, which may attract flies and rodents. Never bury or discard garbage. < p
third, cooking tips:
rice: a bowl of about 1g (morning+evening) male-25g, female-15g
noodles: a bowl of about 12g (every meal) male-half a packet, female-1/3 packet. You can add stones or heavy objects to the pot cover for pressure.
White rice: rice: water = 1: 1.5
Porridge: rice: water = 1: 4
Method 1. Eye observation: after smoking, turn the fire down for 5-1 minutes until the smoke stops. Also,
Just open the pot cover and try it, and add water to cook it as appropriate. < That is, the table meal has been cooked.
3. Listening: The principle is the same as 2 .
4. Suggested menu (take 5-6 people as an example)
breakfast
porridge+pickles+peanuts+gluten+floss
4g of white rice
1 can of pickles
5g of peanuts
1 can of gluten
5g of floss
breakfast
juice milk+white toast
juice milk powder. 1.5 cakes
3g of brown sugar
2g of water
1g of cereal
one apple
noon
dried bean+sweet soup of red beans
1 packet of honey red beans
16g of water
dried bean
3 slices for one person
dinner. 2
7g of white rice
1.5kg of chafing dish
1/4 of cabbage
6 pieces of curry
some water
snack
longan jujube tea
jujube 3g
longan 3g
water 1g
. In order to ensure safety, it should be done;
L. When climbing a mountain, teachers or parents should lead you, so you should act collectively.
2. You should choose the location carefully. It is necessary to know the local geographical environment and weather changes from nearby residents, choose a safe mountaineering route, and mark it well to prevent getting lost.
3. prepare sports shoes, ropes, dry food and water. In summer, be sure to bring enough water, because climbing will sweat, and if you don't add enough water, you are prone to collapse and heatstroke.
4. It's best to take first-aid medicines with you, such as Yunnan Baiyao and hemostatic bandage, so as to avoid falling, bumping and spraining.