Ancient
The development of civil engineering plays a key role in the development of civil engineering, first of all, as the material basis of the project of civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Whenever new and excellent building materials appear, civil engineering will have a leap forward.
People in the early can only rely on soil, wood and other natural materials to engage in construction activities, and later appeared in the brick and tile this artificial building materials, so that mankind for the first time broke the bondage of natural building materials. China made tiles in the early Western Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century BC. The earliest bricks appeared in burial chambers during the Warring States period between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. Bricks and tiles have superior mechanical properties to earth and can be made locally while being easy to work with.
The emergence of bricks and tiles enabled people to start building houses and city defense projects extensively and in large quantities. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Until the 18th to 19th centuries, in a long time of more than two thousand years, bricks and tiles have been the important building materials of civil engineering, for human civilization has made a great contribution, but also be widely used.
Second, modern
The massive application of steel is the second leap in civil engineering. The use of pig iron began in the 1770s, and the use of cooked iron began in the early 19th century.
From the middle of the 19th century, the metallurgical industry smelting and rolling of tensile and compressive strength are very high, ductility, quality and uniformity of the building steel, and then produced a high-strength steel wire, steel cable . So the steel structure adapted to the needs of development has been vigorously developed. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the emerging truss, frame, grid structure, suspension structure gradually promoted, the structural form of the situation of a hundred flowers compete.
The building span from the brick structure, stone structure, wooden structure of a few meters, dozens of meters to the steel structure of a hundred meters, hundreds of meters, until the modern more than a thousand meters. So bridges were built over great rivers and straits, skyscrapers and towering towers were constructed on the ground, and even railroads were laid under the ground, creating unprecedented wonders.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel structure engineering, on the basis of Newtonian mechanics, mechanics of materials, structural mechanics, engineering structural design theory came into being. Construction machinery, construction technology and the theory of construction organization and design also followed the development of civil engineering from experience to science, in engineering practice and basic theories have a new look, thus contributing to the more rapid development of civil engineering.
Concrete was introduced in the 1820s when Portland cement was made. Concrete aggregates could be sourced locally, and concrete components were easy to mold, but the tensile strength of concrete was small and its use was limited.
After the mid-19th century, the production of iron and steel surged, and then appeared this new composite building materials, reinforced concrete, in which the reinforcement to bear the tensile force, the concrete to bear the pressure, to play their respective advantages. since the beginning of the twentieth century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the 1930s, prestressed concrete appeared. The crack resistance, stiffness and load-bearing capacity of prestressed concrete structures are much higher than that of reinforced concrete structures, and thus more widely used. Civil engineering entered a period in history when reinforced and prestressed concrete dominated.
The emergence of concrete to the building has brought a new economic, beautiful engineering structure form, so that civil engineering has produced a new construction technology and engineering structure design theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
Modern
The rapid development of science and technology after the Second World War allowed civil engineering to be further developed on the basis of modern science and technology. The most important civil engineering and construction materials: concrete and steel have been developed, their strength has increased exponentially, and other properties such as reliability and durability have been greatly improved.
Branches
1, engineering surveying
Engineering surveying is an application of the principles of surveying, applied to a variety of projects, such as roads, tunnels, bridges, and housing, etc., the main purpose is to be originally in the engineering drawings on the design drawings to the site, in order to facilitate the engineers in accordance with the position of the sample to be made.
Engineering drawings on the design drawings of the structure, the results of the correctness of the sampling is very important, if the error may lead to a great loss of the project, the cost of engineering surveying is very small for the cost of the project, but the importance of a great deal.
2, materials science and engineering
Civil engineering construction process must use a variety of metal or non-metallic materials, and therefore closely related to materials science and materials engineering. Materials science itself is a cross-cutting discipline that deals with the nature of matter and its application in various fields of science and engineering. It is the science that studies the interrelationship between the preparation or processing of materials, the microstructure of materials and the macroscopic properties of materials.
The theories involved include applied physics, solid state physics and chemistry, etc.; and in combination with civil engineering, it gives rise to different applications such as civil engineering materials, structural materials, building materials, mechanical materials, refractory materials, etc.
Materials science has been pushed to the forefront at many universities in recent years as the media has focused a great deal of attention on nanoscience and nanotechnology. It is also an important component in engineering characterization and damage analysis.
3. Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnical engineering, geotechnical engineering, and geotechnical engineering, focuses on the engineering properties of the materials that make up clay. Geotechnical engineers study data from soil samples and rock samples taken from a construction site and then calculate the latticework required for buildings on the site. Foundations, piles, retaining walls, dams, and tunnels are all examples of construction projects that require geotechnical input from geotechnical engineers.
Geodetic engineering can be subdivided into the disciplines of soil mechanics, foundation engineering, engineering geology, and rock mechanics.
4. Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is the engineering discipline that analyzes and designs building structures under loads. Structural engineering is usually categorized as a branch of civil engineering, but can also be studied as an independent discipline. Structural engineers are usually involved in the design of buildings and other large structures, but can also be involved in areas such as machinery, medical equipment, vehicles, and other areas where structural reliability affects use and safety.
Structural engineers must design according to national or industry codes to ensure safety (e.g., the structure cannot be destroyed without warning), maintainability, and usability (e.g., the building must not deform so much as to avoid discomfort to the occupants). The building must be designed to withstand enormous loads, as well as climate change and natural disasters.
Structural engineering theory is based on the physical laws and engineering experience of how structures behave on different sites and materials. Structural design generally uses a small number of simple structural elements to form complex structural systems.
5. Earthquake Engineering
Earthquake engineering, also known as seismic engineering, is the study of the structural behavior of buildings when they are affected by earthquakes to reduce the damage to the building in the event of an earthquake, belonging to the structural design and civil engineering of a ring. Vibration control techniques and base isolation are the most powerful and economical tools in earthquake engineering.
6, water conservancy engineering
Water conservancy engineering is in order to control, utilize and protect the surface and underground water resources and the environment and the construction of the construction of the general term. Civil engineering focuses on the natural movement of water fluids and artificial transportation and utilization of a branch.
This engineering field is closely related to the design and construction of bridges, dams, rivers, canals, and levees in relation to the flow of water, rivers and ocean causeways, and also involves public **** health and environmental engineering and water-related environmental ecology and water use.
Hydraulic engineering is mainly concerned with the design and construction of various hydraulic structures, including dams, river and sea dykes, water supply and distribution networks, ecological sustainability, flood management, sediment transport, and other matters related to soil and water conservation engineering and geotechnical engineering.
7. Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering methods to improve the environment (including air, water, and land resources) in order to provide healthy water, air, and soil for human habitation and other living organisms, as well as the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. Negative environmental impacts can be mitigated and controlled through public education, environmental protection, regulations, and the application of good engineering practices.
8, traffic engineering
Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering, including highway traffic, railroad traffic, air traffic, marine traffic, pipeline traffic, five contents.
The above content reference? Baidu Encyclopedia-Civil Engineering