Meaning of commodity barcode numbers (EAN-13)
Take the barcode 6936983800013 as an example
This barcode is divided into 4 parts, from left to right as follows:
1-3 digits: ***3 digits, corresponding to the 693 of this barcode, one of the country codes of China. (690--695 are all codes for mainland China, assigned internationally)
4-8 bits: ***5 bits, corresponding to 69838 of this barcode, represent the manufacturer's code, which is applied for by the manufacturer and assigned by the country
9-12 bits: ***4 bits, corresponding to 0001 of this barcode, represent the in-plant merchandise code, which is determined by the manufacturer itself
Bit 13: ***1, corresponding to the 3 of the barcode, is the check digit, based on a certain algorithm, calculated from the previous 12 digits.
(Formula 13 algorithm
1: take out the number of odd bits of the sum, c1 = 6 + 3 + 9 + 3 + 0 + 0 = 21;
2: take out the number of even bits of the sum, c2 = 9 + 6 + 8 + 8 + 0 + 1 = 32;
3: the sum of the odd bits and the "even bits of the sum of the triple ".
4: take out the resultant single digit: 117 (117%10=7);
5: subtract this single digit with 10: 10-7=3;
6: take another single digit of the obtained number (to 10 to remainder) 3%10=3;
) Two-dimensional barcodes have gained widespread attention since their emergence, and the development rate is very rapid. Its use has greatly improved the speed of data collection and information processing, improved work efficiency, and made a great contribution to the scientific and modernization of management.
Because of the limitations of the information capacity, one-dimensional bar code is only the "item" of the identification, rather than the "item" of the description. Therefore, the use of one-dimensional bar code, have to rely on the existence of the database. In the absence of a database and the inconvenience of networking, the use of 1D barcodes is greatly restricted and sometimes even becomes meaningless.
In addition, to use one-dimensional bar code to indicate the occasion of Chinese characters, it seems very inconvenient and inefficient. The development of modern high-tech, the urgent need to use the bar code in the limited geometric space to indicate more information, so as to meet the ever-changing needs of information representation.
Two-dimensional bar code is to understand the one-dimensional bar code can not solve the problem and produce. Because it has a high density, high reliability and other characteristics, so it can be used to represent data files (including Chinese character files), images and so on. Two-dimensional barcode is the most ideal method to realize storage, carrying and automatic reading of large-capacity, high-reliability information.
Fast input speed: compared with keyboard input, the speed of barcode input is 5 times faster than keyboard input, and can realize instant data input.
High reliability: keyboard input data error rate of one in three hundred, the use of optical character recognition technology error rate of one in ten thousand, and the use of bar code technology error rate of less than one in a million.
Collection of large amounts of information: the use of traditional one-dimensional bar code can be collected at a time dozens of characters of information, two-dimensional bar code can carry thousands of characters of information, and has a certain degree of automatic error correction capabilities.
Flexible and practical: barcode identification can be used as a means of identification alone, but also with the identification of equipment to form a system to achieve automated identification, but also with other control equipment linked to achieve automated management.
In addition, bar code labels are easy to produce, no special requirements for equipment and materials, recognition equipment is easy to operate, do not need special training, and equipment is relatively cheap.
Two-dimensional barcode (2-dimensional barcode) is a specific geometric pattern according to certain laws in the plane (two-dimensional direction) distribution of black and white graphic record data symbols information; in the code compilation on the clever use of the internal logic of the computer constitutes the basis of the "0", "1" bit stream concept, the use of a number of geometric shapes corresponding to the binary to indicate the text numerical information, through the image input device or photoelectric scanning equipment to realize the automatic processing of information: it has some of the bar code technology **** sex: each code system has its own specific set of characters; each character occupies a certain width; It has some checksum functions, etc. It also has the ability to check different lines of information. At the same time also has a different line of information on the automatic identification function, and processing graphics rotation changes and other characteristics.
Two-dimensional barcode can be in the horizontal and vertical two directions at the same time to express information, so in a small area to express a large amount of information.
Two-dimensional barcodes can be categorized into stacked/rowed two-dimensional barcodes and matrix two-dimensional barcodes. Stacked / rows of two-dimensional bar code form is stacked by a number of rows of truncated one-dimensional bar code; matrix two-dimensional bar code in the form of a matrix composition, in the corresponding element of the matrix position with the "point" represents the binary "1", with the In the corresponding element position of the matrix, "point" means binary "1", and "empty" means binary "0", and the code is composed by the arrangement of "point" and "empty".
1. Stacked/rowed 2D barcode (also known as stacked or layer-rowed), its coding principle is based on 1D barcode, stacked into two or more rows as needed. It inherits some features of 1D barcode in terms of coding design, checking principle, reading method, etc. The reading equipment and barcode printing are compatible with 1D barcode technology. However, due to the increase in the number of rows, it is necessary to determine the rows, and its decoding algorithm and software are not exactly the same as 1D barcode. Representative rows of 2D barcodes are: Code 16K, Code 49.PDF417 and so on.
2. Matrix two-dimensional code (also known as checkerboard two-dimensional barcode) it is in a rectangular space through the black and white pixels in the matrix of the different distribution of the code. In the corresponding element of the matrix position, with the point (square point, round point or other shapes) of the appearance of the binary "1", the point does not appear to indicate that the binary "0", the point of the arrangement of the combination of the matrix to determine the meaning of the two-dimensional bar code represents. Matrix two-dimensional bar code is built on the basis of computer image processing technology, the principle of combinatorial coding, a new type of graphic symbols automatically read and process the code system. The representative matrix 2D barcodes are: Code One, Maxi Code, QR Code, Data Matrix and so on. In the dozens of two-dimensional code, commonly used code system: PDF417 two-dimensional bar code, Datamatrix two-dimensional bar code, Maxicode two-dimensional bar code, QR Code, Code 49, Code 16K, Code one, and so on, in addition to these common two-dimensional bar code, there are also Vericode bar code, CP bar code, Codablock F barcode, field code, Ultracode barcode, Aztec barcode.
The advantages of 2D barcodes
There are mainly the following aspects: i) greater data capacity; ii) beyond alphanumeric limitations; iii) small relative size of barcodes; iv) resistance to damage.
Two-dimensional bar code features 1. high-density encoding, information capacity: can accommodate up to 1850 capital letters or 2710 numbers or 1108 bytes, or more than 500 Chinese characters, than the ordinary bar code information capacity of about dozens of times higher. 2. a wide range of encoding: the bar code can be pictures, sound, text, signatures, fingerprints, and other digitizable information can be encoded in a bar code to indicate Wide range of encoding: the barcode can encode pictures, voice, text, signature, fingerprints and other information that can be digitized and expressed in barcode; it can express a variety of languages and text; it can express image data. 3. Strong fault tolerance, error correction function: this makes the 2D barcode can be correctly read due to perforation, staining and other causes of localized damage, and the damaged area can be restored to the information up to 50%. 4. High reliability of decoding: it is much lower than the ordinary barcode decoding error rate of two parts in a million, and the BER is no more than one part in ten million. 5. The introduction of encryption measures: confidentiality, anti-counterfeiting good. 6. Low cost, easy to produce, durable. 7. Barcode symbol shape, size and scale variable. 8. 2D barcode can be read using a laser or CCD reader. 9.
The current application of 2D barcode: 2D barcode has the characteristics of large storage capacity, high confidentiality, high tracking, high loss resistance, large backup, cheap cost, etc. These characteristics are especially suitable for forms, security, tracking, licenses, inventory, data backup and so on. Forms: Transmission and exchange of official forms, business forms, import/export declarations, manifests, etc., to reduce the need for manual re-entry of form information, avoid human error, and reduce labor costs. Confidentiality: Encryption and transmission of confidential information such as business intelligence, economic intelligence, political intelligence, military intelligence, and private intelligence. Tracking applications: automatic tracking of official documents, automatic tracking of production line parts, automatic tracking of customer service, automatic tracking of mail order deliveries, automatic tracking of maintenance records, automatic tracking of dangerous goods, automatic tracking of logistic supplies, automatic tracking of medical checkups, automatic tracking of ecological research (animals, birds, etc.), etc. Automatic tracking of ecological research (animals, birds...), etc. License application: registration and automatic data entry of passports, ID cards, registration cards, driver's licenses, membership cards, identification cards, chain store membership cards, etc., to achieve the effect of "read-on-demand" and "immediate access" information management. Inventory application: automatic inventory of goods and fixed assets in logistics centers, warehousing centers, and logistics centers to achieve the effect of "immediate inventory and immediate decision-making". Backup application: If the information in the document form is unwilling or unable to be stored in electronic media such as diskette or CD-ROM for backup, 2D barcode can be used to store the backup, which is easy to carry, not afraid of folding, and can be preserved for a long time, and can also be photocopied and faxed to make more backups. Production Management/Product Traceability Application: In the production process of products and parts of the code management, according to the product production process for systematic records. It can avoid errors in the production process and improve production efficiency. At the same time, product quality issues can be traced, such as food safety, agricultural traceability, product warranty tampering management. Vehicle management applications: Driving license, driver's license, vehicle annual audit documents, vehicle violation penalties using printed two-dimensional code driving license, the basic information on the vehicle, including vehicle driving number, engine number, model, color and other basic information on the vehicle into the two-dimensional code saved in its information implicitly to play the role of anti-counterfeiting, the digitization of information to facilitate the implementation of real-time monitoring with the management of the management network of the management department. Attractions tickets / train tickets applications: Attractions tickets, train tickets to say goodbye to the traditional text and paper mode, the use of two-dimensional code for ticketing, ticketing, to improve the efficiency of the passage, to prevent fraudulent tickets.