1. Treatment of endocrine hyperfunction
(1) Surgery: Removal or partial removal of endocrine glands or tumors or hyperplastic tissues of non-endocrine glands that are causing hyperfunction, to eliminate or reduce hormone overproduction.
(2) Radiation therapy: the use of radiation to destroy endocrine tumors and endocrine tissues that cause hyperfunction. External irradiation is used more, commonly used X-rays (linear gas pedal, X-knife) and γ-rays (60 cobalt, γ-knife). Proton beam and heavy particle irradiation have also been used. Internal irradiation is the implantation of radionuclides into tumors (e.g., 32p for cystic craniopharyngiomas, nuclide 90 ytterbium or 198 gold implantation for pituitary tumors). The use of the thyroid gland's ability to concentrate iodine with nuclide 131 iodine therapy is a classic treatment for hyperthyroidism.
(3) drug therapy: synthetic drugs to inhibit hormone synthesis and reduce hormone release, such as thiourea drugs to treat hyperthyroidism, simulating the hypothalamus pituitary hormone release to inhibit hormone effect of drugs, such as bromocriptine treatment of prolactin tumors, growth inhibitory hormone analogs Lanreotide or octreotide treatment of growth hormone tumors. These drugs not only reduce hormone secretion, shrink tumors, but also restore endocrine function. Hormone receptor antagonists block the action of hormones, such as the growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant in the treatment of acromegaly, and phenobarbital antagonizes adrenomedullary hormones. It can relieve the symptoms of hormone overproduction and prepare the conditions for surgical treatment.
2. Treatment of endocrine hypocrisy
(1) Replacement therapy: replenish the physiological need of hormones, the principle is what hormone is lacking what hormone, how much hormone is lacking how much hormone. For example, thyroid hormone for hypothyroidism, adrenocorticotropic hormone for hypoadrenocorticism, and insulin for diabetes.
(2) Promote the synthesis and release of hormones: such as sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs for diabetes.
(3) Enhancement of sensitivity to hormones: e.g., pioglitazone increases tissue sensitivity to insulin.
(4) Inhibiting hepatic glycogen isomerization, increasing glucose utilization by peripheral tissues, and delaying intestinal absorption of glucose: e.g., metformin, acarbose.
(5) Tissue transplantation: endocrine gland or tissue transplantation, such as parathyroid gland transplantation for hypoparathyroidism.
(6) Other medications: immunosuppressant treatment of endocrine diseases associated with immune abnormalities (e.g., glucocorticoid treatment of subacute thyroiditis, Graves' ophthalmopathy, etc.); symptomatic treatment, adjunctive treatment for symptoms of endocrine and metabolic diseases or metabolic disorders (e.g., hypoglycemia, etc.).