I. Background of economic development in the 13th Five-Year Plan
From the viewpoint of the world economic pattern, the global economy is in a period of deep adjustment in the post-financial crisis, which is highlighted by the following major aspects: firstly, the performance of the major developed economies varies, with the U.S. economy showing a recovery, the economies of the European Union and Japan sluggish, and the major emerging economies weak. Firstly, the performance of major developed economies varies, with the US economy showing a recovery trend, the EU and Japan economies showing a weak recovery, and the major emerging economies in a period of recovery and adjustment, and the world economy as a whole is still characterized by a great deal of uncertainty. Secondly, scientific and technological competitiveness has become the high point of world economic competition, both developed and developing countries have taken scientific and technological innovation and emerging industries as the breakthrough of economic transformation, and a new round of industrial change is ready to take place, which will have a profound impact on the global industrial pattern. Thirdly, energy and climate change have become important factors driving the transformation of the global economic pattern, and the world has entered the dawn and launching period of the green industrial revolution, and China is expected to become a participant, initiator, innovator and leader of the green industry. Fourthly, the world trade pattern has become more complicated with the establishment of various regional economic cooperation organizations.
From the point of view of domestic economic development, since the 12th Five-Year Plan period, China's economic development has been characterized by a transition to a "new normal". The overall macroeconomic indicators have performed well, but the deep-rooted structural contradictions are still prominent.
First of all, the economic growth rate has seen an obvious phased downward adjustment, and the economic structure has seen a significant improvement: during the period of 2010-2014, the economic growth rate dropped from 10.4% to 7.4%; the industrial structure has seen a significant change, with the proportion of the secondary industry in the GDP dropping from 46.7% to 42.6%, and that of the tertiary industry rising from 43.2% to 48.2%. The proportion of secondary and tertiary industries was reversed. [1][2]
Secondly, the overall scale of employment has expanded, and the transformation of the employment structure is characterized by prominent features. during the period 2010-2014, the overall scale of employment rose from 761 million to 773 million (an increase of more than 10 million). The scale of urban employment rose markedly, from 347 million to 393 million (an increase of 46 million people), and its share of total employment rose from 45.6% to 50.8%; the scale of rural employment declined markedly. The distribution of employment by industrial sector continued to show significant changes, with the proportion of employment in the primary sector falling from 36.7% to 31.4% over the 2010-2013 period, the proportion of employment in the tertiary sector rising from 34.1% to 38.5%, and the contribution of employment in the service sector increasing significantly, with a net increase of 33 million people. The ownership sector of employment continues to be diversified.
Third, the price level is generally stable and low. Among them, the consumer price index is generally rationalizing, falling from 5.3% in 2011 to 2% in 2014; the producer factory price index is deflationary, at -1.9% in 2014, reflecting the objective reality of the economic structure, which should be a cause for concern.
Fourth, foreign trade has been developing steadily, and the share of foreign trade surplus in GDP is in a reasonable range. Despite the impact of the global financial crisis, trade in goods continued to show growth, with exports and imports of goods increasing from US$1.58 trillion and US$1.40 trillion in 2010 to US$2.21 trillion and US$1.91 trillion in 2014; exports and imports of trade in services increased from US$170.2 billion and US$192.2 billion to US$222.2 billion and US$382.1 billion, respectively, and the service The trade deficit continued to widen. The proportion of net exports of goods and services trade to GDP declined from 3.7% to 2.1%, and the pulling effect on economic growth for the period of 2010-2014 was negative overall, reflecting the objective reality that China's foreign trade, affected by external demand, has shifted from a relatively high rate of growth to a lower rate of growth.
In international comparisons, China's macroeconomic indicators are excellent, with economic growth, new urban employment and prices all stabilizing over the 2011-2014 period. Especially in the "post-financial crisis" era, it is not easy for China's major macroeconomic indicators to achieve such results under the conditions of a more complicated world economic situation, a difficult economic recovery in developed countries, a slowdown in the economic growth of emerging market countries, and an obvious increase in the downward pressure on China's economy. In addition, during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, structural adjustment was obvious, the role of scientific and technological innovation in promoting economic growth was strengthened, energy conservation and emission reduction made certain achievements, and the elasticity coefficient of energy consumption to economic growth declined significantly. These achievements have laid a solid foundation for economic development in the 13th Five-Year Plan period. However, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, China's economic development still faces many challenges. From the perspective of the external environment of economic development, the uncertainty, instability and insecurity of the international environment still exists, and the unfairness and imbalance of global development still exists, which creates external uncertainty on the external demand power of China's economic growth and the impact of structural adjustment.
From the point of view of the domestic conditions of economic development, the basic driving factors to promote the transformation of the economic structure still need to be consolidated, and the unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable problems of economic development are still prominent. First of all, the leading edge of developed countries in the field of science and technology innovation is still significant, China's scientific and technological innovation capacity has been significantly enhanced, but the overall competitiveness is still lagging behind the developed countries, the overall has not yet formed an innovation-driven growth model, the innovation-driven development of the institutional environment still needs to be vigorously improved. Secondly, the pattern of income distribution has not yet been fundamentally changed, and the gap in the distribution of residents' income is large, which has become an important constraint to economic restructuring. Further, the contradiction between economic development and the constraints of energy security, resource supply, ecological environment, natural disasters and climate change has become more prominent.
Two, the "13th Five-Year Plan" economic development goals
Overall, the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, China's economy initially entered the "new normal" development mode, is the "new normal" economic growth rate. Following this economic development trend, China's economic development in the "13th Five-Year Plan" period has fully entered the development track of the "new normal": a "relatively stable period" of medium to high economic growth; a "deep period" of economic restructuring; and a "deep period" of economic growth and structural adjustment. The 13th Five-Year Plan period will see China's economic development comprehensively enter a "new normal" development track: a "relatively stable period" of medium-to-high economic growth; a "deep adjustment period" of economic structural adjustment; a "cultivation period" of new growth points mainly characterized by innovation-driven and green-driven growth; a "period of significant optimization" of income distribution; and a "period of significant optimization" of the demographic The "period of system construction and foundation consolidation" for regional coordinated development in a pattern compatible with population distribution, economic development and the carrying capacity of the environment; the "upgrading period" for the development of a new type of urbanization characterized by efficient, inclusive and sustainable development; and the "importation" and "promotion" period centered on the creation of value. The "upgrading period" in which the comprehensive strategy of "bringing in" and "going out" is centered on value creation, and the "upgrading period" in which the level of opening up to the outside world is comprehensively improved and the ability to participate in global governance is enhanced. "Upgrading period". The main economic development goals include the following.
-- Maintaining medium-to-high economic growth and macroeconomic stability. Gross domestic product (GDP) will grow at an average annual rate of about 7 percent, 40 million people will be newly employed in cities and towns, the urban registered unemployment rate will be controlled at less than 5 percent, the overall price level will be basically stable, the balance of payments will be basically balanced, and the quality and efficiency of economic growth will be significantly improved. GDP and per capita income of urban and rural residents will be doubled compared with 2010. The level of per capita GDP is gradually approaching that of high-income countries, entering the stage of a higher-income affluent society.
--Major progress in structural adjustment. Vigorous efforts will be made to promote the simultaneous development of industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. The foundation of agriculture has been further consolidated, the comprehensive production capacity of grain has been further improved, and the construction of the new socialist countryside has achieved remarkable results; industrialization has basically been realized, and the structure of industry has been optimized; the level of informatization has been raised considerably; strategic emerging industries have become a new point of economic growth; the proportion of the value-added of the service sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) has been raised by 4 percentage points, and the proportion of the employment of the service sector in the total employment, and the proportion of the service sector in the total trade, has increased accordingly. The share of employment in the service sector in total employment and the share of service trade in total trade have also increased accordingly; and the pulling effect of consumption on economic growth has been further enhanced.
--Innovation-driven development capacity has improved significantly. Expenditure on research and experimental development will account for 2.5% of GDP; the capacity for independent innovation will be significantly enhanced, with the number of invention patents per 10,000 people rising to 7; the comprehensive strength of basic science and frontier technology research will be significantly enhanced, and a number of scientific and technological achievements with significant impact in the world will be achieved. We will actively cultivate an innovation-driven economic growth model, significantly increase the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to economic growth, and enter the ranks of innovative countries.
--The capacity for coordinated regional development will continue to grow, and new urbanization will be vigorously promoted. The overall strategy of regional development has been improved, the strategy of main functional areas has been effectively implemented, and the coordination of regional development has been further enhanced. Advancing the optimization and development of the urban system, the urbanization rate of the resident population has reached about 60%, and the urbanization rate of the household population has reached about 45%; the income gap between urban and rural residents has been further narrowed, and basic public ****services have covered both urban and rural populations.
--The breadth and depth of opening up to the outside world is expanding. By actively participating in the world economy and expanding openness to the outside world, we have cultivated a new competitive edge in China's economy, created an upgraded version of openness to the outside world, and further formed a pattern of opening up that is mutually beneficial***winning.
--Deepening reform. The "13th Five-Year Plan" period is a period of reform and a deep-water zone, accelerating the transformation of government functions, improving government credibility and administrative efficiency, adhering to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, deepening the reform of important areas and key links such as fiscal and financial reforms, reform of the household registration system, and reforms of monopoly industries, and vigorously developing the mixed-ownership system, to realize the effective market and active government.
Three: Economic Development Ideas for the 13th Five-Year Plan
(1) Benefiting and Strengthening Agriculture, and Accelerating the Modernization of Agriculture and the Construction of a New Socialist Rural Area
China is a large country with a population of 1.36 billion people, and the country has to rely on itself to feed itself. In the stage of rapid urbanization, the stable development of agriculture and rural areas is both a prerequisite for the stable development of China's economy and the basis for national economic security and social stability. The development of modern agriculture is the cornerstone of new rural construction.
1?Enhance food and food security capacity
To protect the national food and food security must implement the national food security strategy that focuses on me, based on the domestic, to ensure production capacity, moderate imports, and scientific and technological support. We must rely on ourselves to protect the ration, improve the capacity building for food security, focus on the quality of agricultural products and food safety, and change the mode of agricultural development.
2?Accelerating the strategic adjustment of the agricultural industrial structure
The strategic adjustment of the agricultural structure is an organic combination and benign interaction of the adjustment, optimization, and upgrading of the industrial structure, demand structure, factor structure (including the employment structure), and organizational structure, and the process of integrating and interacting with the three industries and sounding the modern agricultural industrial system.
3?Promoting Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation
Promoting agricultural science and technology innovation, enhancing the independent innovation capacity of agricultural science and technology is placed in a prominent strategic position, and promoting the transformation of the agricultural industry from a resource-based to a knowledge-based, science and technology-based.
4?Constructing the basic system of new agricultural management
Improving the basic rural management system. Improve rural land laws and regulations and related policies, stabilize and improve the property rights system of rural land, forest rights, grasslands, etc., standardize, orderly and fairly improve the transfer of contractual management rights of agricultural business resources, enhance the benefits of economies of scale, and safeguard the rights of farmers to the possession, use, and income of agricultural resources.
5?Raise the level of farmers' income
Increase guidance and support, improve farmers' vocational skills and income-generating capacity, broaden the channels of farmers' income, and promote the sustained and rapid growth of farmers' income.
6?Improve the institutional mechanism for the construction of new rural areas
Sound institutional mechanism, the formation of a new type of industrial-agricultural urban-rural relationship with industry promoting agriculture, city leading the countryside, reciprocity between industry and agriculture, and the integration of urban and rural areas. Improve the level of planning and management of townships and villages, scientifically prepare township and village plans, and rationally arrange the spatial layout of county township construction, farmland protection, industrial aggregation, village distribution, and ecological nourishment. Promote the comprehensive improvement of the rural environment, manage surface source pollution such as pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural films, and comprehensively promote the prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution. Strengthen the protection of rural drinking water sources, comprehensive improvement of rural rivers and comprehensive treatment of water pollution. Strengthen the supervision and management of soil pollution prevention and control. Implementing rural clean-up projects, carrying out centralized and continuous improvement of the rural environment, and strictly prohibiting the spread of urban and industrial pollution to the countryside. It is expanding the scope of public *** financial coverage in rural areas, strengthening rural public *** services, establishing and improving rural medical and health service networks, providing farmers with safe, affordable and accessible basic medical services, and improving the rural social security system, gradually raising the standard of protection. The development of infrastructure for agriculture and rural development will be comprehensively strengthened, and the construction of cultural and sports facilities in rural public **** will be enhanced, with improved mechanisms for construction and management.
(2) Optimizing the industrial structure, promoting the upgrading of the industrial structure, and enhancing the core competitiveness of the industry
Accelerating the transformation of the economic structure is the basic task of accelerating the transformation of the mode of economic development during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. In terms of demand structure, economic development should rely more on domestic demand, especially consumer demand, optimize the investment structure and improve investment efficiency; in terms of industrial structure, economic development should rely more on the service industry and strategic emerging industries, and vigorously develop the recycling economy and green industries; the promotion of new-type industrialization, new-type urbanization, agricultural modernization and the construction of an ecological civilization are closely integrated to promote the development of economic restructuring, upgrading and green development. development and green development.
1?Improve the demand structure
Take the expansion of consumption as the focus of expanding domestic demand, increase the regulation of income distribution, and realize the synchronization of income growth and economic development. Optimize the consumption environment, support and regulate the development of e-commerce, and promote green consumption. Promote the transformation of residents' consumption structure, implement a paid leave system for employees, guide and encourage tourism and leisure consumption, cultural consumption and sports consumption; optimize the environment for the development of life service industry, and vigorously develop elderly care services. Investment demand remains an important pillar of China's economic growth and supports the development of new industrialization, informationization and new urbanization. It is necessary to optimize the investment structure, give full play to the guiding role of government investment, develop mixed ownership, lower the threshold for private investment, and support private investment in basic industries, infrastructure, municipal public **** utilities, social undertakings and other fields. On the basis of improving the quality and efficiency of investment to maintain a reasonable scale of investment, and more to seek a combination of investment and consumption.
2?Optimize the industrial structure and promote the upgrading of the industrial structure
Accelerate the formation of benign interaction mechanism of industrialization and informatization, vigorously develop the strategic emerging industries, promote the accelerated upgrading of the manufacturing industry, and further promote the development of modern service industry. It insists on using information technology and advanced and applicable technology to reform traditional industries, vigorously promotes the deep integration of industrialization and informationization as well as the benign interaction between industrialization and urbanization, and leads the upgrading of the level of urbanization by industrialization and informationization. Vigorously promote the coordination between urbanization and agricultural modernization, and give full play to the driving effect of industrialization and urbanization on agricultural modernization. Take the technological transformation of enterprises as a strategic task to promote industrial transformation and upgrading, increase the elimination of backward production capacity, energy saving and emission reduction, mergers and reorganization of enterprises, and promote the overall upgrading of the whole industrial chain.
3?Vigorously develop strategic emerging industries and promote the healthy development of advanced manufacturing industries
Vigorously develop strategic emerging industries and promote the healthy development of advanced manufacturing industries, to build a new competitive advantage in industry and cultivate a new bright spot for economic growth. Manufacturing industry in accordance with the requirements of the road of new industrialization, we must cultivate strategic emerging industries and promote the accelerated upgrading of the manufacturing industry, and actively promote the major technological breakthroughs, accelerate the growth of emerging industries for the national economy's leading, pillar industries, and effectively improve the core competitiveness of the industry and economic benefits; the implementation of national scientific and technological special projects, and focus on breakthroughs in the key areas of high-end equipment, system software, key materials and other key core technologies. The government will implement major national scientific and technological special projects, focus on breaking through key core technologies in key areas such as high-end equipment, system software, key materials, etc.; and, facing future development and global competition, formulate guidelines for industrial development elements and technology roadmaps, and set up a number of manufacturing bases with global influence.
4?Further promote the development and expansion of the service industry
Take the development of the service industry as a strategic priority, and continuously increase the proportion and level of the service industry. Improve the institutional environment for the development of the service industry, implement policies and measures conducive to the development of the service industry, improve the policy of changing the business tax to value-added tax, enhance the vitality of various types of service enterprises, and continuously expand the new space for the development of the service industry. Develop productive service industries, promote the integration and development of productive service industries with manufacturing industries and modern agriculture, and reduce the entry of the private economy into the field of productive service industries. Vigorously develop service trade exports, build a fair and competitive market environment for service trade, and promote the liberalization and facilitation of international service trade.
5?Promote and support the development of large, medium and small micro-enterprises
Continuously improve the environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and enhance the ability of small and medium-sized enterprises to survive, competitiveness and sustainability; small and micro-enterprises are the driving force of development, the main channel of employment, and an important source of innovation, [3] we must support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially science and technology small and medium-sized enterprises.
6?Promote green and low-carbon development, accelerate the development of environmental protection industry
Accelerate the development of resource-saving, environmentally friendly industries, increase energy conservation and reduction of energy consumption, strict access thresholds for energy and material consumption, the implementation of cleaner production and pollution control, the promotion of key energy-saving technologies, equipment and products, and improve the efficiency of energy and resource utilization. Improve incentives and constraints mechanism, explore contract energy management, energy saving voluntary agreement carbon trading, emissions trading and other new mechanisms and new modes to enhance the sustainable development of the industry. Increase investment in the central budget and energy saving and emission reduction special fund support, continue to arrange for state-owned capital operating budget expenditure to support key enterprises to implement energy saving and environmental protection projects.
(C) build innovation-driven economic growth model, accelerate the construction of innovative countries
Implementation of innovation-driven development strategy is to enhance the comprehensive national strength and national competitiveness of the fundamental support, is to adapt to the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation of the inevitable requirements, and is to realize the "two hundred years" goal of the It is a scientific and technological support for realizing the goal of "two hundred years", and is also a core support element for China's current economic growth model. The implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, to coordinate science and technology, education, human resources, the three planning programs, to solve the major scientific and technological issues affecting China's future development, laying the foundation of China's progress from a large scientific and technological country want to scientific and technological power.
1?Enhance the capacity of scientific and technological innovation
Continuously improve the national scientific and technological innovation system, the establishment of a global vision of the scientific research system, the national innovation system, knowledge innovation system. It plans and promotes innovation with a global vision, improves the capacity of original innovation, integrated innovation, introduction, digestion and absorption in innovation and scale innovation, and focuses on collaborative innovation.
2?Accelerating educational reform and development
The foundation of building an innovative country is education. The goal of realizing a strong education country lies in comprehensively improving the quality of education at all levels of education, changing the traditional test-based education model, narrowing the urban-rural and regional differences in the level of education development, and increasing the satisfaction of all people with education.
Following the development requirements of the times, the laws of education and the all-round development of students' bodies and minds, we will effectively implement the development strategy of quality education, and build a learning society in which all people can learn and have lifelong learning. Comprehensively deepen the reform of the education system, innovate the enrollment and examination system, the system of running various types of schools, the education management system, and the system of training students, continuously improve the quality of education, and optimize and improve the education system. Reform the content of teaching, teaching methods, and quality evaluation, actively explore the model of quality education, change the model of exam-based education, and improve the quality of education in all aspects of all types of education.
3?Improve the strategy of strengthening the country with talents
Take the discovery, cultivation, use and cohesion of outstanding scientific and technological talents as the first priority for the implementation of the strategy of revitalizing the country with science and education, and accelerate the formation of a large, innovative and risk-taking innovative talent pool, which should focus on using, attracting and cultivating them. Strengthen the introduction and training of talents, and strengthen international exchanges and cooperation. [4]
(4) Optimizing the pattern of coordinated regional development and implementing new-type urbanization
Scientific planning of the overall strategy of regional development, effective implementation of the strategy of the main functional zones, the realization of the pattern of complementarity of economic advantages between regions, the positioning of the main functions, the efficient use of territorial space and resources, the layout of the population and the pattern of economic development in line with the carrying capacity of the region's resources, and the realization of the different regional Equalization of basic public ****services. Adhere to the new road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, scientifically formulate urbanization development plans, and incorporate the construction of new urbanization into an efficient, inclusive and sustainable path of healthy development.
1?Improve the overall strategy of regional development
Give full play to the decisive role of the market in the allocation of resources, give full play to the comparative advantages of different regions, promote the allocation efficiency and fair allocation of factors of production, deepen regional cooperation, and push forward the development of benign regional interactions and mutual benefits, so as to gradually narrow the gap in regional development.
2.Effectively Implementing the Strategy of Main Functional Areas
Optimizing the spatial development pattern of the national territory, effectively implementing the development strategy of Main Functional Areas, achieving orderly, efficient, coordinated and sustainable development, and building a spatial development pattern of the national territory that is compatible with the economic development, demographic layout and the carrying capacity of resources.
3?Promote efficient and inclusive growth of urbanization, and build a scientific system of large, medium and small cities
China is still in a stage of rapid urbanization, and it is expected that by 2020, China's urbanization rate will exceed 60 percent. The development of urbanization is the engine of China's economic development, which helps to expand consumption, boost investment, give rise to new industries, the driving force of demand restructuring, an important driving factor in cracking the urban-rural dual structure and releasing the potential for greater domestic demand, and the basis for promoting coordinated regional development.
4?Improve infrastructure construction, promote the construction of town systems, and strengthen the regional coordination of positive interaction
Transportation, energy, communications and other aspects of infrastructure construction is to optimize the town system, and promote the basis of regional coordinated development. In the field of energy, continue to improve the infrastructure for cross-regional deployment of electricity and oil and gas resources across regions, and vigorously develop a clean energy industrial system. In the field of transportation, in accordance with the principle of being moderately ahead of schedule, relying on the national "five vertical and five horizontal" comprehensive transportation corridors, strengthening the construction of the weak links in the external transportation backbone network of the east-central urban agglomerations, and accelerating the construction of the external transportation backbone network of the west-central urban agglomerations. It will implement the national "two horizontal and three vertical" urbanization strategy, and promote the connection of inter-regional, intra-regional, and urban-rural transportation infrastructure. Coordinate the overall layout of the information network and build a next-generation national information infrastructure.