Everyone in the preparation for the 2022 first-class fire engineers candidates look over, I specially help you to organize the 100 first-class fire engineers must memorize knowledge points before the examination, hurry to memorize it! The following is a compilation of the first class fire engineers 2022 preparation for the examination must memorize 100 knowledge points, this text is for reference only, welcome to read.
2022 a fire engineer must memorize 100 knowledge points before the exama, 40 fire basic points
1, combustion can be divided into flaming combustion and flameless combustion, combustion occurs and develops, there must be three necessary conditions, that is, combustible, oxidant (flammable material) and temperature (ignition source).
2, common ignition sources: open flame, electric arc, electric sparks, lightning, high temperature, spontaneous combustion ignition sources (white phosphorus, alkyl aluminum in the air will ignite on its own; potassium, sodium and other metals on fire in contact with water; flammable, combustible substances and oxidants, peroxides in contact with the fire, etc.).
3, the lower the flash point, the greater the fire hazard, and vice versa, the smaller. Flash point and the saturation vapor pressure of combustible liquids, the higher the saturation vapor pressure, the lower the flash point. When the temperature of the liquid is higher than its flash point, the liquid may be ignited by the ignition source or spontaneous combustion occurs at any time, if the temperature of the liquid is lower than the flash point, the liquid will not flash ignition, and will not occur on fire.
4, the flash point of gasoline -50 ℃, kerosene flash point of 38 ~ 74 ℃, according to the flash point of the high and low, you can determine the production, processing, storage of flammable liquids in the fire hazard category: flash point & lt; 28 ℃ for the A; flash point ≥ 28 ℃ to & lt; 60 ℃ for the B; flash point ≥ 60 ℃ for the C category.
5, the ignition point of flammable liquids is generally higher than its flash point 1 ~ 5 ℃, and the lower the flash point, the smaller the difference, especially in open containers is difficult to distinguish between the flash point and ignition point. Therefore, the assessment of the fire hazard of such liquids, generally use the flash point.
6, the lower the auto-ignition point, the greater the risk of fire.
7, gas combustion is divided into diffusion combustion (such as gas cooking, lighting, burning gas welding, etc.) and premixed combustion (vapor lamp combustion).
8, liquid combustion: flash combustion (minimum temperature), boiling, splashing.
9, in general, the occurrence of boiling is much earlier than the occurrence of spattering. Boiling time is related to the type of crude oil, moisture content. According to experiments, containing 1% of the water of the oil, after 45 ~ 60min combustion will occur boiling overflow. The time of spattering occurs with the thickness of the oil layer, the speed of thermal wave movement and the oil combustion line speed.
10, solid combustion: evaporation combustion, decomposition combustion, surface combustion, smoldering combustion (cathodic combustion), power combustion (explosion).
11, complete combustion products are combustibles in the C is oxidized to generate CO2 (gas), H is oxidized to generate H2O (liquid), S is oxidized to generate SO2 (gas) and so on.
12, incomplete combustion products refer to CO, NH3, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers and so on.
13, the boiling point of volatile metals is generally lower than the melting point of their oxides (except potassium), the melting point of their oxides of non-volatile metals is lower than the boiling point of metals.
14, the hazards of combustion products: toxicity and attenuation, usually visible wavelength λ for 0.4 ~ 0.7 μm, the general fire smoke smoke particles in the particle size d for a few μm to dozens of μm, due to the d & gt; 2 λ, the smoke particles are opaque to the visible light.
15, Class A fire: solid material fire; Class B fire: liquid or melting solid material fire. Such as gasoline kerosene, crude oil, methanol, ethanol, asphalt, paraffin fires, etc.; Class C fires: gas fires; Class D fires: metal fires; Class E fires: electrically charged fires; Class F fires: cooking appliances within the cooking (such as animal and plant fats) fires.
16, according to the degree of disaster damage caused by fire accidents are categorized:
(1) particularly major fires: refers to fires causing more than 30 deaths, or more than 100 people seriously injured, or more than 100 million yuan of direct property damage;
(2) major fires: refers to the deaths of more than 30 people more than 10, or more than 50 people more than 100 people (2) major fire: a fire that causes more than 10 deaths or less than 30 deaths, or more than 50 deaths or less than 100 deaths, or more than 50 deaths or less than 100 deaths, or more than 50 million yuan in direct property damage;
(3) major fire: a fire that causes more than 3 deaths or less than 10 deaths, or more than 10 deaths or less than 50 deaths, or more than 10 million yuan in direct property damage;
(4) general fire: a fire that causes more than 3 deaths Or less than 10 people seriously injured, or 10 million yuan of direct production losses in the fire.
Note: "above" includes this number, "below" does not include this number.
16, the common causes of fire: electrical, smoking, careless living fire, careless production operations, equipment failure, play with fire, arson, lightning.
18, heat transfer in three ways: heat conduction, heat convection, heat radiation.
19, the driving force of the flow of smoke, including the chimney effect caused by the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor, the role of the external wind, ventilation and air conditioning system.
20, when the fire first started, the smoke spread in the horizontal direction at a speed of 0.3m/s, burning fiercely, the smoke spread at a speed of up to 0.5 ~ 3.0m/s; smoke down the stairwell or other vertical aperture diffusion speed of up to 3.0 ~ 4.0m/s. And people walking on the ground at a speed of about 1.5 ~ 2.0m/s, the speed of the staircase is about 0.5m/s, people up stairs, the speed of a great deal of money, the speed of the staircase. s, the speed of people going up the stairs is much lower than the vertical flow speed of smoke. Therefore, when the building is on fire, it is dangerous if people run upstairs.
21, several stages of building fire development: the initial growth stage, full development stage, attenuation stage.
22, the basic principles and methods of fire suppression: cooling, isolation, asphyxiation (generally the oxygen concentration is less than 15%, it can not maintain combustion), chemical suppression (chemical suppression of fire extinguishing agents are common dry powder and sevofluoropropane).
23, combustible dust explosion should have three conditions, that is, the dust itself is explosive, dust must be suspended in the air and mixed with air to explosive concentrations, there are enough to cause dust explosion of the ignition source.
24, the characteristics of the dust explosion, mainly the following:
(1) continuity of the explosion is the most important feature of the dust explosion, because the initial explosion will be deposited dust raised, in the new space to form more explosive mixtures and explode again;
(2) the minimum ignition energy required for the dust explosion is high, generally more than a few tens of millijoules, and the hot surfaces ignition is more difficult;
(3) compared with the explosion of combustible gases, dust explosion pressure rises more slowly, the higher pressure lasts a long time, the release of energy, destructive power.
25, the higher the water content in the air, the higher the minimum detonation energy of dust; with the increase in oxygen content, the explosion concentration limit range expansion; there is dust in the environment of the presence of combustible gases, will greatly increase the risk of dust explosion.
26, different substances due to their different physical and chemical properties, the explosion limit is different; even the same substance, in different external conditions, the explosion limit is different. Such as in the oxygen explosion limit than in the air explosion limit range is wide, the lower limit will be reduced.
27, the ignition of gas mixture of the greater the energy of the ignition source, combustible gas mixture of the wider the range of explosive limits, the greater the risk of explosion.
28, the initial pressure of the gas mixture increases, the explosion range increases, the explosion risk increases. It is worth noting that the dry carbon monoxide and air gas mixture, the pressure rises, its explosive limit range narrowed.
29, mixed gas initial temperature is higher, mixed gas explosion limit range is wider, the greater the risk of explosion.
30, the addition of inert gases in the combustible gas mixture, the explosion limit range will be narrowed, the general upper limit is reduced, the lower limit of the change is more complex. When the addition of inert gases more than a certain amount, any proportion of the gas mixture can not be sent to the explosion.
31, with the increase in the concentration of combustible gases or liquid vapors in the explosive mixture, the heat generated by the explosion increases, the pressure increases. When the concentration of combustible substances in the mixture increased to slightly higher than the stoichiometric concentration, combustible substances and the oxygen in the air to react fully, so the explosion released the most heat, resulting in the greatest pressure. When the concentration of combustible material in the mixture exceeds the stoichiometric concentration, the explosion of heat release and explosion pressure with the increase in the concentration of combustible material and reduce.
32, commonly caused by the explosion of ignition sources are mainly mechanical ignition sources, thermal ignition sources, electrical ignition sources and chemical ignition sources.
33, the minimum required for an explosive detonation energy, that is, the sensitivity of the explosive. Flammable gas is defined as the temperature at 20 ℃, standard atmospheric pressure 101.3kPa, the lower limit of explosion ≤ 13% (by volume), or combustion range of not less than 12 percentage points (the difference between the upper and lower limits of the explosive concentration limit) of the gas.
34, flammable gases are divided into two levels. Level Ⅰ: the lower limit of explosion & lt; 10%; or regardless of the lower limit of explosion, the explosive limit range ≥ 12 percentage points; Level Ⅱ: 10% ≤ lower limit of explosion & lt; 13%, and the explosive limit range & lt; 12 percentage points. In practice, the lower limit of explosion & lt; 10% of the gas is usually categorized as Class A fire hazardous substances, the lower limit of explosion ≥ 10% of the gas is categorized as Class B fire hazardous substances.
35, in general, by the simple composition of the gas, such as hydrogen (H2) than methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), etc., more than the complex composition of the gas is flammable, fast combustion rate, high flame temperature, fire and explosion risk.
36, valence bond unsaturated flammable gases than the corresponding valence bond saturated flammable gas fire hazard.
37, flammable gases when the pressure is constant, the temperature of the gas is directly proportional to the volume; when the temperature is constant, the volume of gas and pressure is inversely proportional to the pressure, that is, the greater the pressure, the smaller the volume; in the case of constant volume, the temperature of the gas is directly proportional to the pressure, that is, the higher the temperature, the greater the pressure.
38, the more liquid or solid impurities contained in the gas, the more static charges generated in most cases; the faster the flow rate of the gas, the more static charges generated.
39, with high-pressure alloy steel and contain chromium, molybdenum and other rare metals in a certain amount of manufacturing materials, regular testing of its pressure strength and so on.
40, flammable liquids are divided into three levels.
(1) Ⅰ. Initial boiling point ≤ 35 ℃;
(2) Class Ⅱ. Flash point & lt; 23 ℃, and the initial boiling point is greater than 35 ℃;,
(3) Class III. 23 ℃ ≤ flash point ≤ 35 ℃, and the initial boiling point is greater than 35 ℃; or flash point is greater than 35 ℃ and ≤ 60 ℃ initial boiling point is greater than 35 ℃ and continuous combustion. In practice, the flash point & lt; 28 ℃ of the liquid is usually categorized as Category A fire hazardous substances, the flash point ≥ 28 ℃ and & lt; 60 ℃ of the liquid is categorized as Category B fire hazardous substances, the flash point ≥ 60 ℃ of the liquid is categorized as Category C fire hazardous substances.
Two, must master the 60 knowledge points
A, the building's fire rating
1, the building's fire rating is divided into four levels, one, two, three, four.
2, node gaps or exposed parts of the nodes of the metal load-bearing components should be made fire protection layer.
3, the civil building fire resistance level, number of floors, length and area, one or two of the largest fire partition length of 250 m. Multi-storey building maximum allowable floor area of 2500 square meters, high-rise building maximum allowable floor area of 1500 square meters. With automatic sprinkler system, can be increased by 1 times to 5000 square meters, 3000 square meters.
4, for underground rooms, windowless rooms or fixed windows above ground rooms, as well as more than 20m and no natural smoke evacuation aisles or direct natural ventilation, but the length of more than 30m of the evacuation of the inner aisle, should be equipped with mechanical smoke exhaust facilities.
5, ① building height of more than 50m of public **** building, more than 100m of residential, the stairwell and the front room, shared front room, even if the natural smoke, should be equipped with mechanical pressurized air supply facilities.
② corridor more than 20m, and no natural lighting, natural ventilation facilities, should be equipped with mechanical smoke exhaust facilities.
③ area of more than 100 square meters of one, two, three floors of the cabaret entertainment venues, underground, four floors of the cabaret entertainment venues, public **** building often people stay on the ground room, should be equipped with smoke exhaust facilities (natural or mechanical).
④ Ventilation and air conditioning system should be set up smoke exhaust system should be set up mechanical smoke exhaust facilities.
Second, the building's fire zones, fire spacing and evacuation exits
6, the building, such as the upper and lower floors are connected to the corridor, escalators and other openings, should be connected to the upper and lower floors as a fire partition.
7, underground, semi-underground buildings within the fire partition should be separated by firewalls, the floor area of each fire partition should not be greater than 500m2.
8, when the installation of automatic fire extinguishing system, the maximum permissible floor area of each fire partition can be increased to 1,000m2. underground commercial can be increased by one to 2,000 square meters. When setting up locally, the increased area shall be calculated as double of the local area.
9, civil building fire spacing: one or two fire-resistance class civil buildings between the fire spacing of 6-13m.
10, public **** building and the number of corridor type residential building safety exit should not be less than two.
11, the height of 27m or less, the floor area does not exceed 650 square meters or any door to the nearest stairway distance is much less than 15m of the residence, there can be a staircase.
12, in addition to the building height of not more than 54m unit-type housing, high-rise buildings, the safety of the mouth or evacuation port must be set up two safety exits.
13, the building's safety exit or evacuation door should be decentralized. The horizontal distance between the nearest edge of the building adjacent to the two safety exits or evacuation exits should not be less than 5.0m.
14, entertainment venues, old and young buildings between the two safety exits directly to the public **** aisle of the room door to the nearest safety exit distance: Level 1 of the second level should not be greater than 25 m. Buildings with automatic sprinkler system evacuation distance can be increased by 25%, i.e. 25 (1 +) = 31.25 0.25) = 31.25m.
15, the first floor of the stairwell should be set up directly to the outside of the exit, when the number of floors does not exceed four, the external exit can be set up no more than 15m from the stairwell.
16, the evacuation door or the door of the stairwell should be a push-latch type door.
17, the partition wall between the transformer room and the distribution room, there should be a firewall. Boiler room, transformer room should be set up in the first floor against the outer wall, and should be open on the outer wall. The first floor should be set above the opening part of the external wall width of not less than 1.00m fire eaves or height of not less than 1.50m window.
18, the fire lane through the doorway of the building, the clear height and width should not be less than 4m.
19, the building pipeline wells, cable wells should be each floor at the floor with a fire-resistant limit of not less than 0.50h non-combustible material blocking, and the walls of the wells should be used for fire-resistant limit of not less than 1.00h non-combustible body. The inspection door on the wall of the well shall be a Class C fire door.
20, elevator shafts and elevator machine room walls, etc. should be used fire resistance limit of not less than 1h non-combustible body. The walls of indoor elevator shafts and elevator machine rooms of high-rise industrial buildings should be non-combustible with fire resistance limit of not less than 2.5h.
21, the height of the handrail of the evacuation staircase railing should not be less than 1.1m, other buildings outdoor, the angle of inclination may not be greater than 60 °, the net width may not be less than 80cm. and each level from the handrail 25cm at the depth of the step more than 22cm may not be subject to this limit.
Third, outdoor fire hydrant system
22, fire water can be supplied by the water supply network, natural water sources or fire pool.
23, outdoor hydrant water gun filling water column is still not less than 10m; (from the ground).
24, civil buildings outdoor hydrant water consumption should be guaranteed 25, 20, 30L / S. Calculated according to the floor area.
25, the ring pipe network of water pipelines and water pipelines to the ring network should not be less than two.
26, annular pipeline should be divided into a number of independent sections of the valve, the number of fire hydrants in each section should not exceed five. The minimum diameter of the outdoor fire water supply pipe should not be less than 100mm.
27, outdoor fire hydrants should be set up along the road, the road width of more than 60m, it is appropriate to set up fire hydrants on both sides of the road, and it is appropriate to be close to the intersection.
28, the fire hydrant from the roadside should not exceed 2m, from the external wall of the house should not be less than 5m.
29, outdoor fire hydrant spacing should not be more than 120m. outdoor fire hydrants should not exceed the radius of protection of 150m.
30, each outdoor fire hydrant water consumption should be calculated according to the 10-15L / s; pump combined with the amount of water 10L / S-15L / S.
31, the water consumption should be calculated according to the water consumption of the water pump combination. 15L / S.
31, high-rise building hydrant filled with water column is not less than 10m-13m.
32, outdoor ground-type fire hydrant should be a diameter of 150mm or 100mm and two diameter of 65mm spigot. The height of the ground to the top of the hydrant should not be less than 0.64m.
33, the fire pool should meet the automatic sprinkler continuation time calculated at 1h.
34, the fire pool of a class of high-rise public **** building, the height of more than 100m high-rise a residential area of 10,000 square meters to 30,000 square meters of shopping malls is not less than 36m?; height of more than 100m high-rise public **** building, an area of more than 30,000 square meters of shopping malls is not less than 50m?, a height of more than 150m for the not less than 100m?; the second high-rise public **** building, multi-story public **** building, multi-story public **** building, the height of more than 150m for the not less than 100m? * building, multi-storey public *** building, high-rise residential class I building is not less than 18m?; high-rise residential class II building is not less than 12m?; multi-storey residential is not less than 6m?.
35, for fire trucks to draw water from the fire pool, the radius of protection should not be greater than 150 m. For fire trucks to draw water from the fire pool should be set up to draw water from the mouth of the mouth of the water and the distance between the building (except for the pump room) should not be less than 15 m.
Fourth, indoor fire hydrant system
36, water consumption of civil buildings indoor Fire hydrant general 20L / S, the arrangement is not less than four. Indoor hydrant water consumption: building height greater than 50m10L/S super high-rise building 30L/S.
37, indoor fire hydrant more than 10 and indoor fire fighting water consumption is greater than 15L / s, indoor fire water supply piping should be at least two inlet pipes connected to the outdoor annular network, and should be indoor pipeline connected to the ring or the inlet pipe and the outdoor pipeline connected to the ring. When an incident occurs in one of the inlet pipes of the ring network, the remaining inlet pipes should still be able to supply the full amount of water.
38, high-rise industrial buildings indoor fire riser should be ring-shaped, and the diameter of the pipe should not be less than 100mm.
39, indoor fire water supply pipe should be divided into a number of independent sections of the valve.
40, indoor fire hydrant arrangement, should ensure that there are two lances of water filled with water column to reach any part of the room at the same time. The distance between the two hydrants should not exceed 25m, the water gun should not be less than 13m water column.
41, indoor fire hydrant spigot at the hydrostatic pressure should not exceed 80m water column, such as more than 80m water column, should be used to partition the water supply system. Fire hydrant spigot water pressure exceeds 50m water column, there should be pressure reduction facilities.
42, the front room of the fire elevator should be set up indoor fire hydrant, spigot height of 1.1m from the ground, the direction of its water should be down or set up with the fire hydrant wall into a 90 ° angle.
43, the same level of hydrant distance of not more than 30m. hydrant mouth from the ground 1.1m. hydrant mouth DN65. hose not less than 25m, hose 20mm.
44, should be stored for 10min of fire water. When the indoor firefighting water volume does not exceed 25L/s, the calculated water tank fire storage capacity of more than 12m?, can still be used 12m?; When the indoor firefighting water volume exceeds 25L/s, the calculated water tank fire storage capacity of more than 18m?, can still be used 18m?.
V. Types of automatic sprinkler system fire sprinkler system
Types: wet sprinkler system (for indoor temperatures 4-700 ℃), dry sprinkler system (for indoor temperatures 4-700 ℃), pre-action sprinkler system. Rain sprinkler system, water curtain system.
45, more than 500 square meters of underground stores should be equipped with automatic sprinkler system
46, the composition of the automatic sprinkler system: alarm valves, control valves, hydraulic alarms, system checking devices, pressure gauges, water flow indicators. And has a water flow indicator, pressure switch, auxiliary device composition.
47, the alarm valve is installed from the ground 1.2m.
48, each alarm valve control of the sprinkler head wet or pre-action sprinkler head no more than 800. Not more than 500 dry-type sprinkler heads with exhaust devices, and not more than 250 dry-type sprinkler heads without exhaust devices
49, the diameter of the fire branch pipe is not less than 25mm. each fire branch pipe can take up to 8 sprinkler heads.
Six, fire pumps
50, a group of fire pump suction pipe should not be less than two. High-rise buildings with measures to prevent overpressurization.
51, the fire pump room should have no less than two outlet pipes directly connected to the ring pipe network.
52, fixed fire pumps should have a backup pump, its working capacity should not be less than a major pump.
53, fire pumps should be guaranteed to start working within 5min after the nozzle spraying water, and in the fire when the power failure can still operate normally.
VII, the mechanical and electrical specialties of the fire design
54, multi-storey buildings and high-rise industrial buildings on all levels of each fire partition, when the ventilation, air conditioning system are independent of the system, then the fire protection sub-area is protected by the delivery and return of the horizontal ducts and the total duct at the intersection may not be equipped with a fire damper. /p>
56, fire emergency lighting sub-fire evacuation lighting or fire back-up lighting, the former should be used in the staircase, front room, halls and other public **** parts, the latter should be used in the fire control room and other fire equipment room.
57, fire evacuation lighting should be used in accordance with the provisions of the closed stairwell or smoke-proof stairwell building evacuation aisles.
58, fire emergency evacuation lighting, the minimum illumination of the aisle should not be less than 1.0lx, the area of personnel places, refuge floor (room) should not be less than 3.0lx, ward building or surgical department of the refuge should not be less than 10.0lx; refuge aisle, front room, etc., should not be less than 5.0lx. Fire control room, fire pump room, diesel generator room and other fire fighting equipment room backup lighting should not be less than normal lighting illumination. Not less than the illumination of normal lighting.
59, scattered signs should be set in the safety exit or evacuation door directly above; should be set to evacuate the aisle and its corners from the ground height of 1m below the wall, the spacing of the signs on the aisle should not be greater than 20m, the pocket aisle should not be greater than 10m, the corners should not be greater than 1.0m.
60, the building height of less than 27m of the staircase of the residential building and other public **** parts may not be equipped with fire emergency lighting. * * * parts may not be set up fire emergency lighting, building height less than 54m of residential buildings, such as stairs and other public * * * parts may not be set up loose signs.