Environmental impact assessment is an important part of the project evaluation system, which includes the study of the environmental conditions required for the project construction program, the identification and analysis of the environmental factors affecting the construction of the project, the protection countermeasures and measures to be taken, as well as the related economic analysis of the environmental losses and environmental benefits. This lecture focuses on the evaluation method of environmental value.
I. The main methods of environmental value evaluation
Environmental value is the value of the environmental quality of the monetary quantification of the value of the environmental value of the general use of the direct market method, alternative market method and willingness to investigate and assess the environmental value of the quantification method.
(I) Direct market method
Direct market method is the direct use of monetary prices (market prices or shadow prices), the construction of the project may affect the environmental quality of the changes in the method of observation and measurement. Mainly include:
1. Market value or productivity method
Engineering project investment and construction activities on the environmental quality of the impact may lead to changes in the corresponding commodity market level of output, and therefore can be used to change the level of output caused by changes in the level of sales of commodities to measure the change in the value of the environment. For example, if the emission of a certain kind of waste affects the production of other manufacturers in the surrounding area, the environmental value can be calculated in terms of the reduction in the gross national product of other manufacturers due to the reduction in production. If the goods affected by a change in environmental quality are sold under conditions in which the market mechanism is functioning adequately, the market price of the goods can be used directly to measure the environmental value. If the environmental quality change affects the commodity is in the market mechanism is not perfect conditions of sales (such as the existence of monopoly or price subsidies, or enterprises are not self-financing, and therefore can be regardless of market supply and demand conditions and product sales, etc.), should be used to calculate the value of the environmental impact of the shadow price.
2. Human capital method or loss of income method
Changes in environmental quality have a multifaceted impact on human health. This impact is not only in the form of direct production losses due to increased morbidity and mortality of workers (which can be measured using the market value approach), but also in the form of increased medical expenses due to environmental degradation, and loss of income due to premature illness or death, and so on. The human capital approach or loss of income approach is specifically designed to assess the value of the environment as reflected in human health. From an economic point of view, human capital refers to the capital embodied in a worker, which mainly includes the worker's cultural and technical level and health status. Investment in human capital is an investment in the health status and cultural and technical level of workers. The cost of human investment includes individual and social expenditures on education and health care, etc., and the benefit of human investment includes the increase in personal income and the social benefits brought about by individuals' education and health care. To simplify the calculation, the human capital approach only calculates the increase in health-care expenditures due to changes in the quality of the environment and the loss of personal income due to premature illness or death of workers. The former corresponds to the product of the increase in the number of patients due to changes in environmental quality and the average cost of treatment per patient (weighted by different illnesses), while the latter corresponds to the product of the impact of changes in environmental quality on the life expectancy and working life of workers and the present value of workers' expected income (net of income from non-human capital).
3. Cost of Protection Method
When an activity has the potential to cause environmental pollution, people can take appropriate measures to prevent or control environmental pollution. The method of assessing the value of the environment by utilizing the cost of taking these measures is the protection cost method. The burden of protection costs can be in different ways, such as "who pollutes, who treats" approach, the polluter to buy and install environmental protection equipment to eliminate pollution, or "who pollutes, who pays" approach, the establishment of specialized pollutant treatment enterprises for the centralized treatment of pollutants, can also be taken to the pollutants. Pollutants can be treated centrally, or the victims can buy their own equipment (e.g., noise victims installing soundproofing equipment at home), and the polluters can give the corresponding compensation. The required cost can then be used as a basis for measuring the environmental impact value of the project.
4. Restoration cost method or replacement cost method
If the environmental pollution leading to the deterioration of environmental quality can not be effectively managed, then it is necessary to use other ways to restore the damaged environment, in order to make the original environmental quality can be maintained. The cost of restoring the damaged environmental quality to the condition before the damage is the restoration cost. Restoration costs are generally calculated using replacement costs to accurately reflect the cost of restoration at realistic price levels.
5. Shadow project method
The shadow project method is a special form of the restoration cost method. When the construction of a project will cause damage to the environmental quality, and technically impossible to restore or restore the cost is too high, people can simultaneously design another as the original environmental quality alternative crystal complementary project, in order to make the environmental quality of economic development and people's standard of living remain unchanged. The same project (including complementary projects) usually have a number of programs, these optional but not possible at the same time the implementation of the project program is the shadow project. When the damage caused by environmental pollution is difficult to assess directly, people often use the cost of such shadow projects that can maintain economic development and people's lives unaffected by environmental pollution to estimate the monetary value of changes in environmental quality.
(2) alternative market method
In real life, there are some goods and services, they can be observed and measured, but also can be measured in monetary prices, but their prices are only partially and indirectly reflect the people's assessment of changes in the value of the environment. The method of measuring changes in the value of the environment in terms of the prices of such goods and services is the alternative market approach, also known as the indirect market approach. The alternative market approach seeks to find goods and services that indirectly reflect people's assessment of the quality of the environment and to measure the value of the environment in terms of the prices of those goods and services. Because the information involved in this approach tends to reflect the combined consequences of multiple factors, of which the environmental factor is only one, and because it is often difficult to exclude other factors from interfering with the data, the results produced by this approach are less credible. Alternative market methods include:
1. Consequence prevention method
Deterioration of environmental quality can be detrimental to economic development. In order to stop this consequence from happening, two types of approaches can be used: one is to treat the symptoms and ensure economic development by improving environmental quality. However, when the deterioration of environmental quality is already irreversible (at least not by a particular party or even by a country), another type of approach is often taken, namely, to mitigate or offset the consequences of the deterioration of environmental quality by increasing other inputs or expenditures. In such cases, the change in the amount of the other inputs or expenditures can be considered to reflect the change in the value of the environment. The method of measuring the monetary value of changes in environmental quality in terms of the amount of these inputs or expenditures is the consequence deterrence method.
2. Asset Value Approach
The asset value approach is sometimes called the amenity price approach. The value of an asset such as a house or land that is closely related to local environmental conditions is significantly affected by the quality of the local environment. Other things being equal, differences in environmental quality will affect consumers' willingness to pay, which in turn affects the market price of these assets. Therefore, the difference in price of similar real estate and other assets due to differences in the quality of the surrounding environment (all else being equal) can be used to measure the monetary value of changes in environmental quality.
3. Wage Difference Method
Other things being equal, differences in the environmental conditions of a worker's workplace (e.g., level of voice and exposure to pollutants, etc.) affect the worker's choice of occupation. In order to attract workers to occupations with poorer working conditions and to compensate them for the losses caused by environmental pollution, manufacturers have to compensate workers in terms of wages, working hours, vacations and so on. This method of measuring the monetary value of environmental quality in terms of differences in wage levels (differences in hours worked and vacations can be converted into wages) is the wage differential method.
4. Travel cost method
This method believes that the travel cost of tourists to travel to the comfort of environmental resources such as famous mountains and rivers, strange peaks and rocks, rare birds and animals (including the price of tickets paid by tourists, the cost of travel to these places and the opportunity cost of the time spent on the trip) to a certain extent indirectly reflects the environmental quality of the tourist's work and residence, and thus reflects the tourist's dissatisfaction with the environmental quality of the work and residence, and thus reflects the tourist's satisfaction with the environmental quality of the work and residence, and thus reflects the tourist's satisfaction with the environmental quality of the work and residence. dissatisfaction and thus the willingness of tourists to pay for environmental quality. Therefore, after excluding the influence of other factors (e.g. income), it is possible to measure the monetary value of changes in environmental quality indirectly in terms of the cost of travel (both the monetary value of environmental quality at the destination and the monetary value of environmental quality at the place where tourists work and live).
(iii) Willingness survey evaluation method
If no observable and measurable result due to the environmental quality change can be found (regardless of whether such a result can be priced directly or needs to be priced indirectly), or if the evaluator wishes to know the willingness to pay or be compensated by the assessed people for the environmental quality change, in which case their willingness to pay or be compensated. This is the method of willingness to investigate and evaluate, mainly including:
1. Directly ask the survey respondent's willingness to pay or willingness to be compensated
Specific practices include: (1) Calling the price of the game method. By imitating the auction process of commodities, the respondents' willingness to pay or willingness to be compensated is investigated. The investigator first explains to the respondents the impact of changes in environmental quality and specific ways to solve environmental problems, and then asks the respondents whether they are willing to pay a certain amount of money in order to improve the environment (or whether they are willing to accept a certain amount of compensation under the premise of accepting a certain degree of deterioration in environmental quality), and if the respondent's answer is in the affirmative, then raise (in the case involving compensation is lowered) the amount until the respondent answers negatively. The investigator then varies the amount in order to find out the exact amount the respondent is willing to pay. (2) Trade-off game method. The respondent's willingness to pay or to be paid is investigated through the respondent's choice of two sets of options. The investigator first explains to the respondents the impact of changes in environmental quality and specific ways to solve environmental problems, and then proposes two groups of programs. The first group includes only a certain amount of environmental quality, and the second group requires the respondent to pay a certain amount of money (or compensate the respondent with a certain amount of money) in addition to - a certain amount of environmental quality, and the investigator asks the respondent to choose between different combinations of environmental quality and monetary expenditures. If the respondent chooses the first group, then the amount the respondent is asked to pay is lowered (or the amount of compensation given to the respondent is raised), and if the respondent chooses the second group, then the amount the respondent is asked to pay is raised (or the amount of compensation given to the respondent is lowered) until the respondent feels that the program is the same no matter which group is chosen. At this point, the investigator summarizes the amounts that all respondents are willing to pay or willing to accept in the second set of options to arrive at the monetary value of the environmental quality differences described above.
2. Ask the respondents about the demand for certain goods or services, from which the willingness to pay or willingness to be compensated
Mainly includes: (1) no-cost selection method. Require the respondents to choose between a number of groups of programs, but no matter which group of programs do not require the respondents to pay, but only require the respondents to choose a combination of a certain environmental quality and a certain amount of other goods or services (which can also include money). In this way, the respondents' willingness to be paid for the difference in environmental quality can be expressed through their choice of other goods or services. (2) Prioritized evaluation method. Respondents are first told the prices of different environmental qualities (e.g. tap water of different qualities), and then given a budget amount with which they are asked to spend (which must be used up) on a set of goods including environmental qualities. In this way, the respondents' willingness to pay for changes in environmental quality is expressed in the combination of goods they buy. (3) Delphi method. An expert survey is used to obtain information on the evaluation of environmental quality.
The willingness to survey and evaluation method directly evaluates the willingness to pay or willingness to be compensated of the survey respondents, theoretically, the results obtained should be the closest to the... The monetary value of environmental quality. However, it must be recognized that, in the process of determining the willingness to pay or willingness to be compensated, the investigator and the information held by the respondent is asymmetric, the respondent is more aware of their own willingness than the investigator. Combined with the fact that the willingness-to-pay survey evaluation method assesses the declared willingness of the respondents themselves, rather than the actual actions taken by the respondents in accordance with their own willingness, there is the potential for a variety of biases in the results of the survey. When survey respondents believe that their answers can influence decision-making; thus, the private costs they actually pay are lower than what would be expected under normal conditions, the survey results may generate strategic bias; when the surveyor presents the various options incompletely or misleadingly, the survey results may generate information bias; when the questionnaire assumes an inappropriate method of collection or disbursement of funds, the survey results may generate means bias; the survey respondent The "free-rider" mentality formed by the long-term free enjoyment of environmental and ecological resources may lead the respondents to regard such enjoyment as a natural right and oppose paying for it, thus causing hypothetical bias in the survey results. Thus, without careful preparation, the conclusions of this methodology are likely to be significantly biased. Therefore, when estimating the monetary value of environmental quality, the direct market approach should be used as much as possible; if the conditions for using the direct market approach are not available, the alternative market approach should be used. Only when the above two types of methods can not be applied, have to use the willingness to investigate the evaluation method.
Two, the evaluation of the loss of environmental impact
(A) environmental pollution control costs and environmental protection costs
Environmental pollution control costs, refers to the fact that the construction of the project caused environmental pollution, in order to the environment in order to treat and eliminate the pollution of the total sum of resources invested. The cost of environmental protection includes the cost of environmental governance, the costs invested in the prevention of environmental damage, the cost of compensation to the victims, the costs invested in the development of environmental protection industry, the loss of idle resources and other losses that may result in the sum of various losses, the cost of environmental pollution control is only a component of the cost of environmental protection, i.e., refers to the cost of environmental protection of the cost of environmental governance only.
(2) Estimation of environmental impact losses from floods
1. Estimation of environmental impact losses from floods
Estimation of environmental impact losses from floods focuses on industrial and mining enterprises, railroads, highways, and other facilities affected by floods and property losses such as houses, crops, and young forests, and is usually a direct economic loss. In addition to this, there are indirect economic losses caused by floods due to long-term inundation or high speed water attacks from dikes and dams, such as increased morbidity and mortality of the population, and economic losses caused by backlogs of products, shortages of raw materials, and insufficient water supply due to flooding in areas outside the scope of the inundation zone. Generally, it is calculated by evaluating the scope and extent of flood inundation, estimating the value of property such as crops, forests, engineering facilities, residents' properties, industrial and mining enterprises' properties, and institutions' assets in the inundated areas, and considering the rate of property loss.
2. Estimation of the loss of environmental impact of flooding
Flooding is usually due to the construction of the project (such as hydropower, flood control, highways, railroads and other large-scale projects), changes in the natural topography, geomorphology, resulting in changes in groundwater levels and water discharge conditions, thereby affecting the ecological environment changes, resulting in economic losses. From the environmental point of view, the economic losses caused by flooding, in addition to the crops lead to a reduction in yield, or even crop failure, will also lead to the pollution of drinking water quality, the incidence of infectious diseases in the population increased and the increase in the number of personnel and agents for epidemic prevention and disinfection. Property losses include economic losses of crops, economic losses of soil salinization, and so on. It can be determined by local survey of the loss rate or yield reduction rate of the same type of crops.
(C) soil erosion, crowd health environmental impact loss estimation
1. Soil erosion environmental impact loss estimation
Because of the construction and operation of the project, the project strengthened the process of soil erosion (rate), or increase the amount of soil and water loss, which is the direct impact of the project on the environment. The increase in the amount or intensity of soil erosion, in turn, causes many environmental changes. When calculating the economic loss of environmental impact, it should include the impact of the project on soil erosion and the impact of soil erosion on the secondary environment in two aspects. The impact of the project on soil erosion, including man-made damage to the land and the loss of land or change the landscape, or due to the implementation of the project caused by the destruction of the land and the loss of land or change the landscape in two aspects.
2. Estimation of economic loss of population health impact
Estimation of economic loss of population health impact, its premise is that the project on the population does have the factors of inducing disease or even causing death, that is, through the environmental medicine on the population morbidity and mortality rate of the special prediction, analytical research, specifically pointing out that the project (or the project in the whole area) affects the incremental increase in population morbidity and mortality rate. The project (or the project in question in the region as a whole) affects the incremental morbidity and mortality of the population. If the environmental medicine profession is unable to provide specific data, the economic loss of population health impacts cannot be estimated. However, this does not prevent the development of a methodology for estimating this economic loss, because the prediction of population morbidity and mortality does not fall within the realm of environmental economics, but rather the task of estimating this economic loss through a methodology based on specific data provided by the environmental medicine profession. To estimate the economic loss of population health impacts, the value of human life must first be determined. Once the incremental human morbidity and mortality rates are determined for the environmental impacts of the project, the environmental economic losses for the population health impacts can be extrapolated through the estimation of the value of human life.
(D) water, air pollution, the estimation of environmental losses
1. water pollution, the estimation of environmental losses
Water pollution refers to the implementation of the project due to wastewater and sewage discharges, so that the clean natural water quality exceeds the standard, resulting in the weakening of the function of the body of water or loss of loss of the loss suffered. Generally, the economic loss of water shortage should be considered, including the loss of industrial water, domestic water and irrigation water due to the severance of water supply sources, the loss of agricultural irrigation and fishery production due to the low temperature water caused by the project, and the economic loss of reduced production caused by thermal pollution and water pollution to the fish in the water body.
2. Estimation of economic losses from atmospheric pollution
SO2, NOx, TsP, CO, CnHm and certain radioactive substances in the atmosphere, once they enter the human body and exceed the dose, will lead to human death. SO2 in the atmosphere, is the main cause of acid rain, and lead to an increase in soil acidity, directly affecting forests, crop yields, fishing production, corrosion of equipment, affecting the life of the equipment, resulting in economic losses.
(E) other environmental impacts of the calculation of losses
1. Induced seismic loss estimation
Induced seismic refers to the construction of the project due to the construction of earthquakes, or due to the existence of the project, the intensity of the earthquake increased. Taking water conservancy and hydropower projects as an example, the water storage in reservoirs causes changes in crustal stress and changes in groundwater status, leading to the resurrection of the original fault. The causes of earthquakes induced by water conservancy projects can be broadly categorized into three types: first, earthquakes in the huge gravity gradient zone or the edge parts of the mantle uplift, which have accumulated large strain and gravity energies, and earthquakes in tectonically developed areas; second, landslide earthquakes caused by water storage in reservoirs triggering landslides and avalanches; and third, trapped earthquakes due to the storage of water in karst areas, which lead to the collapse of the caverns.
The determination of the scope of impact and property damage, such as induced earthquakes, can be based on the intensity distribution map of induced earthquakes, sketched out the impact area of each intensity level, and focus on investigation and analysis. Where conditions permit, the seismic capacity of each building (structure) should be investigated in order to determine the extent of damage and the rate of property loss. Economic losses, including property economic losses and loss of profits and taxes due to the earthquake or ground collapse caused by the suspension of production of the two parts, should be estimated separately. When there are seismic monitoring facilities when the cost of a person.
2. Soil pollution loss estimation
Caused by soil pollution pathway, there are direct (such as dust emissions, wastewater discharges, waste residue, etc.) and indirect (such as engineering caused by salty water upstream, drainage obstruction, waterlogging, etc.) two cases. The former pathway is mostly a pollution-based project; the latter is mostly a destructive project. Economic losses due to changes in the soil environment are often linked to crop (or forestry) yields and quality. It is not possible to analyze the economic losses due to the change of soil environment (actually soil quality) alone. In other words, with soil pollution, there will be a consequent decrease in the value of the soil, which is expressed through its functions. The most obvious example of soil pollution that leads to a decrease in its value is acid and alkali pollution, which can have the effect of extinguishing crops or forests and pastures. As for heavy metal pollution, as the enrichment of heavy metals in the soil is a slow process, which usually affects the quality of plant roots, stems and leaves, and seeds, when the content of heavy metals in the seeds or pasture exceeds the prescribed food standards, then it should also be considered as an extinction of production and the corresponding loss should be estimated.
3. Estimation of radioactive pollution loss
Radioactive pollution, refers to the nuclear project or radioactive substances "three wastes" emissions of the project, according to the degree of harm to the human body and its correlation, the loss of the value of human life is estimated. Since the emission of radioactive substances not only pollutes the atmosphere, but also pollutes water bodies, the economic loss suffered by radioactive pollution, in addition to the loss of the value of human life, will also generate economic losses of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Its economic loss estimates, including the sum of economic losses caused by atmospheric pollution and water pollution.
4. Estimation of wildlife losses
From an environmental and economic point of view, wildlife can be divided into two categories: common and rare. They all have *** with the value of life (or ecological value) and scientific research, species value, but in the estimation of the value of the method is different, the former to its carnivorous value (price) or ecological value of the analysis is given priority to; the latter to estimate the value of life or scientific research value is given priority to. As rare plants and animals are endangered species, they should be given a high life value and scientific research and species value.
The life value of wild animals, according to its species classification, can use different estimation methods, and from scientific research and species value, ornamental value and carnivorous value, ecological value of several aspects. However, the value of life of wild animals can only be one of the calculated value. For example, if the life value of an animal has been calculated in terms of its scientific research and species value, its ornamental value or ecological value cannot be added. Wild plants are also the same as wild animals, with the growth and demise of the process, their natural survival time, generally many times longer than wild animals, and has the same scientific research, species value, ecological value, ornamental value and social value of wild animals.
5. Estimation of environmental losses of cultural relics and monuments
Cultural relics and monuments, including human remains, ancient relics and ancient buildings, etc., which have the value of scientific research, ornamental tourism value and export value. In principle, all cultural relics and monuments should be protected and are an important state-owned resource. From an environmental and economic point of view, any one of these monuments has value. Their destruction will cause corresponding economic losses. In the evaluation should be measured in its scientific research value, tourism value and ornamental value.
6. Estimation of the project on the loss of mineral deposits
The impact of the project on the mineral deposits are two cases. One for the project affects the surrounding mining deposits, the other is the project has been identified to affect the area, buried deposits, but has not yet been mined. The results of the impact in the two cases are different.
For the deposits that are being mined, there is not only the amount of ore that has not yet been mined out, but also a whole set of equipment, pits, houses and employees. Once the project is up and running, the greatest likelihood is that the entire mining facility will be scrapped and the remaining unmined mineral resources will suffer. The mine stops production, employees lose their jobs; or the project interferes with or disrupts the mining operation, forcing a change in the mining method, rerouting transportation, scrapping part of the mining facilities, replacing mining equipment, and losing part of the property. For the mineral resources to be developed, such as the project once launched, the greatest possibility is to make the entire mineral resources buried, even if technically feasible, but economically unreasonable, so that the mineral resources suffered losses; Another possibility is that the project affects the mining process, originally available to save money on the process, and had to use high-cost process, affecting the profit tax income. Therefore, the project on the estimated economic loss of mineral deposits, should be based on the ore reserves, the type of mineral deposits, mining years, mining value and the project on the mineral deposits of the impact of the way, the degree of impact and other factors to consider the calculation.
7. Estimation of loss of noise environment
Noise can make human brain waves change, causing dizziness, insomnia, drowsiness, easy fatigue, memory loss, inattention and other diseases, the serious can develop into insanity. The economic losses caused can be estimated by factors such as medical costs, the area covered by the impact zone, population density, loss of labor productivity and population growth rate.
Three, environmental impact benefit evaluation
(a) Project environmental impact benefit evaluation
Environmental impact benefit of a project means that no environmental protection measures have been taken, and the benefit is triggered by the inherent characteristics of the project itself. In the main engineering investment in the project does not take into account these benefits, and does not belong to the scope of the main engineering function, but only objectively favorable effect on the environment.
1. Hydropower project tail water supply environmental benefits
Water conservancy and hydropower project construction, so that the river below the dam changes in water conditions, the peak flow rate is reduced, while the flow rate during the dry season increases. Especially for certain medium and small hydropower projects, the downstream river water, before and after the construction of the project has a greater impact. In the natural state of the downstream river, the water supply in the dry season is insufficient, often caused by industrial and agricultural water competition for water phenomenon; and in the abundant water season, a large amount of water loss, can not be utilized. After the completion of the hydropower project, due to the regulating effect of the reservoir, it objectively slows down the contradiction of water shortage in the downstream water supply sector, and at the same time improves the income of the water supply sector, and this increase in income should be attributed to the construction of the upstream hydropower project. Including irrigation water supply benefits and industrial water supply benefits, which are subdivided into the benefits of increased water supply and the benefits of water quality improvement.
2. Fishery economic benefits
Reservoir projects and other projects favorable to aquaculture, can be obtained fishery economic benefits. Reservoir projects, which are constructed to realize other purposes, do not include projects aimed at developing fisheries. This economic benefit is given by the main project. Reservoir storage, expanding the water area, the water depth increases, providing sufficient living environment for aquatic organisms, the fishery production increases by a multiple of the water surface area; on the other hand, the biomass of the reservoir is higher than that of the natural river, i.e., the fishery productivity will also be higher than that of the natural river. As a result of the two effects, the fishery yield of the reservoir will increase significantly, thus generating corresponding benefits.
3. Tourism economic benefits
Many construction projects that are not aimed at tourism can produce significant tourism economic benefits. Generally measured using the tourism cost method and tourism day value method.
4. Alternative engineering environmental benefits
A certain engineering construction, or the improvement of a certain production process, there are another or more alternative projects (or projects). Such as electroplating process of low-chromium plating solution, electrophoretic paint process of mechanical parts and other light pollution or non-polluting technical reform projects, are more advanced (in terms of environmental impact) of the production process. Before the technological transformation, there are high concentrations of chromium-containing waste liquid and paint of the old production process, although the products they produce have not changed, but due to the different process routes of the two, caused by the degree of pollution of the environment is also different. We call the process route program before the technical reform, the alternative program, or alternative engineering. And the alternative project's total economic loss of environmental impact and the difference between the total economic loss of environmental impact of the construction project, can be used as a basis for measuring the environmental benefits of the proposed project.
5. Flooding soil fertilization economic benefits
While the flood caused by the project can bring inundation loss of crops, but at the same time the farmland by flooding after inundation, but also can make its soil fertility increase, crop yield and gain benefits. Calculation of its benefits, can be targeted to select a number of representative areas, the next year after the flood (no more floods occur in the year) crop production and the year before the disaster, when irrigation and other agricultural technical measures are the same, the difference between the year after the flood and the previous year's yield, that is, the flood caused by the increase in soil fertilization gained by the benefits of increased yields.
(II) environmental protection measures engineering benefit evaluation
Environmental protection measures is to reduce the economic loss of the project on the environment and engineering measures. General pollution-based engineering and construction projects, the impact on the environment is mostly loss-based. And this economic loss can only be compensated by the sales benefits of products or social benefits. And, the aforementioned environmental economic loss, refers to the project pollutants (or destructive factors) caused by pollution (or damage) to the environment, but also in the absence of any prevention and control (or protection) measures. In fact, projects that have a greater impact on the environment cannot, according to the relevant regulations, be allowed to be discharged arbitrarily without any measures being taken. Therefore, the actual environmental impact economic losses incurred are much smaller than the results of the aforementioned calculations. The environmental impact benefit of the measures taken shall be the difference between the loss before and after the measures taken.
The form of environmental impact of the project, there are pollution type and destruction type. Environmental protection measures adopted by the project, including governance, prevention and protection of various measures. In the specific evaluation, should be combined with drainage, drainage, soil conservation, water quality protection, atmospheric protection, prevention of induced earthquakes, wildlife environmental protection, protection of cultural relics and monuments, protection of mineral deposits, noise prevention and control, crowd health protection and other various environmental protection measures, respectively, to evaluate the environmental benefits of its characteristics.