What was Napoleon's cause of death?

I hope it will help you: 100 For more than a decade, there has been a debate about the cause of Napoleon's death: some people say that he died of stomach cancer, while others say that he was poisoned. In the 1960s, the FBI and the University of Pasteur in France examined and analyzed Napoleon's hair and found that it contained a lot of arsenic, which further supported the statement that Napoleon was poisoned. A few days ago, the Swiss university of basel cooperated with the Institute of Medical History of the University of Zurich, and after studying the waist size of 12 pairs of trousers in different periods, it was concluded that Napoleon did die of gastric cancer. In 1960s, Swedish dentists first suspected that Napoleon died of chronic poisoning. After Napoleon's death, the doctor's autopsy and clinical symptoms concluded that he died of complications of gastric cancer. At that time, the autopsy was conducted by Napoleon's personal doctor, frans Sick Anton March, and five British doctors were present to watch. Therefore, it is generally believed that doctors are unlikely to cheat during autopsy. However, in the 1960s, a Swedish dentist named Stern submachine gun Fulshuward read the memoirs of Napoleon's first servant, Louis marchand. According to his memoirs, Napoleon often endured chronic pain during his exile, and he suspected that Napoleon died of chronic poisoning. Napoleon's heirs kept some monarch's hair, which was discovered by experts and sent to the nuclear laboratory in Havel, England for testing. The results show that the arsenic content in Napoleon's hair is very high, 20 times or even 30 times higher than that of normal people. Only long-term chronic arsenic poisoning can reach such a high index. Because arsenic is a toxic chemical element, its compound arsenic trioxide is a highly toxic arsenic. Napoleon was a very cautious man and always kept a high degree of vigilance. How could he be easily poisoned? And who poisoned it? As a result, various confusing versions have been derived. In 2002, three authorities made a detailed analysis of Napoleon's hair. From June 5438 to October 2002 10, at the invitation of French magazine Science and Life, three French authorities made a detailed analysis of Napoleon's hair by using synchrotron radiation, and came to the conclusion that Napoleon died of gastric cancer, not arsenic poisoning as speculated by relevant experts. They are Ricol Del, head of toxicology laboratory of Paris Police Department, Chevalier, an expert in electromagnetic radiation utilization laboratory of Orsay, France, and Meyer, an expert in condensed matter, atom and molecule research institute of Paris Atomic Energy Commission. The French magazine Science and Life once gave some of Napoleon's hair to three experts, hoping that they could draw a conclusion about Napoleon's death. It is reported that there are 19 strands of hair here, some of which were taken from Napoleon after his death and some of which were preserved when Napoleon was alive. Three experts made hundreds of measurements on each lock of hair, and the measurement interval of each hair was accurate to 0.5 mm. The results showed that 182 1 year of the hair taken after Napoleon's death, and 1805 and 18 14 years before Napoleon's death. Experts concluded that Napoleon did not die of arsenic poisoning, because these hairs were taken away from each other in 16 years, but in 16 years, the arsenic content in these hairs was almost the same, and they were evenly distributed throughout the hair, which indicated that the arsenic in the hair was not ingested by Napoleon, but from the external environment. In this regard, experts speculate that it may come from heating with wood, placing rat poison, and playing with arsenic-containing bullets. And it probably comes from some preservative, because in the19th century, arsenic was very popular in France to preserve hair. The waistline changes of 12 pairs of trousers worn by Napoleon in exile are completely consistent with those of patients with gastric cancer. The team led by Alessandro Rugeri, an anatomical pathologist in university of basel Hospital, Switzerland, cooperated with the Institute of Medical History of the University of Zurich, and after studying the waist size of 12 pairs of trousers in different periods, it was concluded that Napoleon did die of gastric cancer. This 12 pair of trousers was worn by Napoleon when he was in exile for six years. Swiss scientists measured the waistlines of these trousers, and then studied the waistlines of some living patients with gastric cancer. It was found that Napoleon's waistline was exactly the same as that of patients with gastric cancer. Napoleon's largest trousers waist size was 1 10 cm, but before he died 182 1 years ago, his trousers waist size had been reduced to 98 cm. "We believe that the autopsy report shows that Napoleon really died of stomach cancer," said Alessandro Rugeri, a university of basel hospital expert who participated in the study. After studying Napoleon's medical records before his death, an expert named Kirstein thought that Napoleon died of stomach cancer. According to the medical records, Napoleon had severe pain in his upper abdomen before his death, and the smell of hiccups was very unpleasant. Costain said that these symptoms are very similar to those of patients with gastric cancer. Experts also analyzed the autopsy report in detail. It is reported that the report implied in medical terms that the doctor found a gastric tumor in Napoleon, which is the most powerful evidence of gastric cancer. According to the records, the researchers found that Napoleon always liked to put his right hand in his vest. This subtle lifestyle reflects that he has been suffering from severe stomachache. Napoleon's grandparents died of stomach cancer for three generations, and statistics prove that cancer is hereditary. In 2004, Steven Cage, a forensic pathologist in the San Francisco Forensic Laboratory, published his new discovery-Napoleon died of an enema medical accident caused by a quack. Kaqi believes that Napoleon had symptoms such as stomach upset and intestinal spasm before his death, and his doctor used enema every day to relieve the symptoms, which led to the imbalance of water and electrolyte in Napoleon's body, which led to arrhythmia and death. However, most people still support the theory of gastric cancer. The most powerful argument supporting Napoleon's death from stomach cancer is that most of Napoleon's three generations died from stomach cancer, including his grandfather, father and three sisters. This has aroused medical attention to the heredity of gastric cancer. According to experts, the heritability of gastric cancer is mainly reflected in two aspects. One is purely hereditary gastric cancer, which means that it is passed on to the next generation by parents and other immediate family members. Second, the heritability of gastric cancer is more reflected in genetic material, which is different from genetic diseases. Parents who get it will surely pass it on to the next generation. It has been made clear that cancer is an extremely complicated process of cell malignant transformation, which can be caused by both endogenous factors and exogenous carcinogenic factors, but it is more the result of the comprehensive action of these two factors. At present, there are many data showing that there will be many gene changes in the occurrence of a cancer, and the change of the same gene will play a role in the occurrence of many cancers. Most cancers are closely related to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of anticancer genes. According to the current etiological research results, some cancers may be caused by certain genetic characteristics and the role of external carcinogens. Therefore, from the perspective of prevention, early detection of these susceptible patients with genetic factors and timely preventive measures will certainly help to reduce the incidence of cancer and tumor. The cause of Napoleon's death is still inconclusive, and a generation of macho men may have a new way to die. The death of a great man always attracts people's attention. The cause of Napoleon's death is the focus of people's long-term concern. Today in the 2 1 century, Swiss scientists hope to solve the mystery of 12 pairs of trousers and say that the real cause of Napoleon's death was stomach cancer, and claim that this conclusion is the final conclusion of Napoleon's death. But historical experience tells us that Napoleon's cause of death will never end, and no one believes in the "final conclusion". What's more, with the help of 12 pairs of pants, there is no new discovery. In France, historians live on Napoleon, and even French scientists often get some pocket money from Napoleon. Because the death of Napoleon has become a topic that will never be studied. Maybe one day someone will create a new cause of death for Napoleon.