1. The essay examination is an examination of the ability to analyze and manage the material, the ability to solve problems, and the ability to express oneself verbally.
2. Answer the reference time limit: 40 minutes to read the material, 110 minutes to answer.
3. Read the given materials carefully, then answer the questions in order according to the requirements of the essay, and write your answers in the designated place.
II. Information
1. Why should we economize? This question may seem redundant, but some of the figures are estimated to be still shocking to you when you look at them. At the China Development High-Level Forum 2005--International Seminar on Building a Conservation-oriented Society, held from June 24 to 26, 2005, Feng Fei, director of the Department of Industrial Economy of the Development Research Center of the State Council, said, "Although the total amount of resources in China is the third largest in the world, per capita resource possession is the world's 53rd, only half of the world's per capita possession; China's per capita possession of freshwater resources is currently 1/4 of the world average, but with the growth of China's population, the per capita possession of freshwater resources will become less and less, and it is estimated that China will be included in the 2030 severe water shortage countries." It's a shock to say otherwise. On the one hand, the per capita resources are much lower than the world average, while on the other hand, China's resource utilization efficiency is obviously low, is paying a huge price of resources for the current rapid urbanization process.
2. In the process of China's rapid economic development, especially after the per capita gdp exceeded 1,000 U.S. dollars, the structural changes are very significant. Such changes include both changes in economic structure and changes in consumption structure. In terms of changes in the economic structure, recent years have been characterized by the accelerated development of heavy and chemical industries. The share of heavy and chemical industries in the value added of industry reached 67.6% last year. Heavy industries are often high energy and resource consuming industries, and their accelerated development is the main reason for the resource and energy constraints in recent years. From the perspective of changes in the consumption structure, the consumption structure of some urban residents in particular is realizing an upgrade from the traditional "food, clothing, and use" to "note line". Changes in the structure of consumption and upgrading has led to an increase in the intensity of resource consumption, changes in the direction of use.
Another new situation is the phenomenon of rapid urbanization in China, with the level of urbanization growing at an average annual rate of more than one percentage point, equivalent to the transfer of 14 to 15 million people from rural areas to towns and cities every year. Currently, China's urbanization level is 41%, and is estimated to reach about 60% by 2020. Generally speaking, the per capita energy consumption of the urban population is 3.5 times higher than that of the rural population. Large-scale rural population transfer is both an inevitable trend, which will inevitably increase energy and resource consumption accordingly.
Another basic national condition is that China's per capita resources are insufficient. China's total resource reserves ranked 3rd in the world, but the per capita possession of 53rd, only 1/2 of the world's per capita possession. a large number of non-tradable resources such as water resources per capita possession is only 1/4 of the world average, by 2030, China's per capita water resources possession of 1700 cubic meters, may be classified as a serious water shortage of the country, at present, China is already a water-scarce country. With the development of the economy, our mineral resources domestic supply capacity, security capacity is also insufficient. Of the 45 important strategic resources, by 2020 we will have a serious shortage of nine and a shortage of 10. The so-called shortage refers to a resource's foreign trade dependence between 40% and 70%, foreign trade dependence of more than 70% is a serious shortage.
3. China's current inefficient use of resources, wastefulness is widespread, and the recent emergence of increasing resource constraints. On the whole, compared with developed countries, some developing countries, China's resource utilization rate is low. Of course, over the past 20 years, 1980-2000, China has made significant progress in resource utilization efficiency, particularly in energy consumption, where the cumulative energy saving rate for this period was 64%, compared to the international level of 19% for the same period. While GDP maintained an average annual growth rate of 9.6%, energy growth maintained an average annual growth rate of 4.6%, realizing the goal of half economic development * half energy development * half energy conservation. But in recent years, especially from 2002 onwards, the momentum of energy consumption growth faster than gdp growth, energy constraints on the economy began to appear.
4. At present, China's resource waste phenomenon is very serious, the total recovery rate of mineral resources is about 30%, 20% lower than the developed countries. Some statistics show that our country only in urban water supply, leakage rate of more than 20%. In terms of building energy consumption, China's energy consumption per unit area is equivalent to two to three times that of developed countries with similar climates. China's annual addition of about 2 billion square meters of floor space, greater than the sum of the new floor space of all developed countries, but energy-efficient housing accounts for only 3.5% of the total. Therefore, in the process of rapid urbanization, if every year in a large number of resulting in high energy-consuming buildings, and their use of the period is generally 70 or 80 years, not only on the current energy to cause greater pressure, but also will be harmful to future generations. This problem must be solved now, once a large number of high energy-consuming buildings are built, and then in the future to change the cost and price is even more enormous.
5. We have long proposed a change in the national economy's growth pattern, but until now, the change in the growth pattern has had little effect. Our economy is still basically crude rather than intensive. On the surface, our industrialization and modernization have entered the middle and late stages, but on closer inspection, it is actually crude industrialization and modernization. Many products are very rough, not fine. There is quantity but lack of quality. 1958 Great Leap Forward pursued 10.7 million tons of steel production, but actually produced sintered iron, and it was * tens of millions of people went to the mountains of steelmaking, deforestation to achieve. Now, of course, this is not the case, China's steel production has reached more than 300 million tons, ranking third in the world, an outstanding achievement, but the vast majority of iron ore to be * imported from Australia and other countries over long distances, the price is very high, the consumption of resources, electricity remains high, and many high-quality steel still have to be * imported. According to the NDRC director Ma Kai in the "construction of saving society international seminar revealed figures, at present, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, electric power, chemical and other eight high energy-consuming industries, energy consumption per unit of product, are higher than the world's advanced level of more than 40% on average.
6. Xinhua Beijing, July 28 (Reporter Du Yu) national college students "to create a conservation-oriented city" social survey activities launched on the 28th, aims to inspire young students in institutions of higher learning to actively participate in the creation of a conservation-oriented city and conservation-oriented society, do "civilization, Science" messenger, and promote China's public participation in the process of environmental protection.
7. A post on the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics bbs denouncing the waste of water has recently aroused a warm ****ming among netizens. The post said that some students let the tap water flow endlessly every morning when they wash up, making people both distressed and angry.
The country is embarking on a campaign to build a conservation-oriented society, and apparently it has also affected students on college campuses, as evidenced by the fact that water conservation has become a hot topic on the campus network's bbs. Recently, the National Union of Students has also put forward the National Convention on Daily Behavior of University and High School Students*** Building a Conservation-oriented Society, calling on students to take practical action against waste and practice conservation.
In contrast to the positive response to conservation online, wastefulness is still everywhere on college campuses. In Beihang a dining hall in front of the leftover food dumping place, placed will be full of two large barrels of leftovers. Reporters at lunch time to see, many students will be half a bowl of ramen, half of the steamed buns thrown into the slop bucket; and cafeteria window written above the "thrift and frugality are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.
However, after the country vigorously advocated the idea of a frugal society, college students began to reflect on their wasteful behavior. There are three computers in a four-person boys' dormitory at Beihang University. Gao, one of the owners, said that the dormitory's monthly electricity consumption amounted to about 120 degrees, while the dormitory, in addition to computers, lights and a few other electrical equipment, there is nothing else. And such electricity consumption is entirely due to the fact that some people leave their computers on for too long.
College students cited excessive waste of behavior: frequent replacement of cell phones, mp3 and other electronic products, each other compared to the level of consumption; some girls are obsessed with brand-name clothing, cosmetics, at the expense of throwing money to seek the surface of the vanity; some students will be the valuable time and money spent on online games, often all night long, during the daytime class, but doze off.
In contrast to the positive response to saving online, wastefulness on college campuses is still everywhere. In Beihang a dining hall in front of the leftover food dumping place, placed will be full of two large barrels of leftovers. Reporters at lunch time to see, many students will be half a bowl of ramen, half of the steamed buns thrown into the slop bucket; and cafeteria window written above the "thrift and frugality are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.
However, after the country vigorously advocated the idea of a frugal society, college students began to reflect on their wasteful behavior. There are three computers in a four-person boys' dormitory at Beihang University. Gao, one of the owners, said that the dormitory's monthly electricity consumption amounted to about 120 degrees, while the dormitory, in addition to computers, lights and a few other electrical equipment, there is nothing else. And such electricity consumption is entirely due to the fact that some people leave their computers on for too long.
College students cited excessive waste of behavior: frequent replacement of cell phones, mp3 and other electronic products, each other compared to the level of consumption; some girls are obsessed with brand-name clothing, cosmetics, at the expense of throwing money to seek the surface of the vanity; some students will be the valuable time and money spent on online games, often all night long, during the daytime class, but doze off.
8. Xinhua Beijing, July 29 (Sun Xiaosheng Li Yi) "Every year, Beijing city spends up to 1 billion yuan to deal with garbage, and 200 million yuan can be saved if unnecessary and excessive packaging is reduced." Wang Weiping, a senior engineer of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Municipal Administration, has said this when talking about the packaging garbage in Beijing.
It is generally believed that if the cost of packaging exceeds 15 percent of the ex-factory price of a product, it is considered "excessive packaging". And most of the packaging materials and ordinary household garbage together into the garbage collection channels, by the sanitation department for transportation, processing, increasing the amount of urban household garbage disposal and processing costs. In addition, excessive packaging also caused a huge waste of resources.
Statistics from the Ministry of Construction show that about 600,000 tons of over-packaged goods become garbage in Beijing every year, and over-packaging has caused a lot of waste while increasing the value of goods. Reporters in a large shopping mall in Beijing, the supermarket health care products area to see, nutritional solution with a free coffee, American ginseng with a full set of wine, and beautifully packaged, the grade is not low. The reporter casually picked up a box of "health tea", a large wooden box, the product only accounted for the middle 1/3 of the area around a circle of transparent glass cups, so a box of tea is priced at more than 400 yuan.
Gu Lairu, director of the office of the Beijing Chaoyang District Harmless Waste Treatment Center, told reporters: "In recent years, the proportion of packaging in the city's domestic waste is getting bigger and bigger?
'Packaging garbage' has accounted for more than 35 percent of Beijing residents' living garbage."
Wang Weiping said the city's "packaging garbage" has shown a clear upward trend in recent years. Moreover, according to the current situation of the comprehensive consideration of all factors, the treatment of 1 ton of garbage requires about 150 yuan, which costs more than the value of 1 gram of gold.
9. It is reported that from 2001 to 2004, Harbin City, an average of 100,000 tons of waste paper will be produced each year, of which, about 60,000 tons of waste paper shells, and almost all of these paper shells from excessive packaging. Relevant people image of a comparison - if the car with a capacity of 5 tons of transport these waste paper shells, need to load 12,000 cars, according to the length of a car about 5 meters, will form about 60 kilometers of the car long line.
10. "Recycling 1 ton of waste paper can produce 0.8 tons of good paper, which can cut down 17 fewer large trees and save 3 cubic meters of landfill space, as well as save more than half of the paper-making resources and reduce water pollution by 35 percent." In the Standing Committee meeting, Feng Pei'en Standing Committee talked about the topic of building a conservation-oriented society when calculating the account: "If the country's annual 14 million tons of waste paper can be recycled, you can produce 11.2 million tons of good paper, cut 238 million trees, saving 42 million cubic meters of landfill space; if the country's annual 5 million tons of scrap steel, more than 200,000 tons of scrap metal and a large number of waste plastics, the waste paper can be recycled. non-ferrous metals and a large number of waste plastics, waste glass, etc. can be recycled, and how many resources can be saved, how much pollution can be reduced?"
Wang Weiping said, in recent years, the city's "packaging waste" showed a clear upward trend. And, according to the current situation of the comprehensive consideration of all factors, the treatment of 1 ton of garbage requires about 150 yuan, which costs more than the value of 1 gram of gold.
9. It is reported that from 2001 to 2004, Harbin City, an average of 100,000 tons of waste paper will be produced each year, of which, about 60,000 tons of waste paper shells, and almost all of these paper shells from excessive packaging. Relevant people image of a comparison - if the car with a capacity of 5 tons of transport these waste paper shells, need to load 12,000 cars, according to the length of a car about 5 meters, will form about 60 kilometers of the car long line.
10. "Recycling 1 ton of waste paper can produce 0.8 tons of good paper, which can cut down 17 fewer large trees and save 3 cubic meters of landfill space, as well as save more than half of the paper-making resources and reduce water pollution by 35 percent." At the Standing Committee meeting, Feng Pei'en Standing Committee on the topic of building a conservation-oriented society counted: "If the country's annual 14 million tons of waste paper can be recycled, you can produce 11.2 million tons of good paper, cut 238 million trees, saving 42 million cubic meters of landfill space; if the country's annual 5 million tons of scrap iron and steel, more than 200,000 tons of waste non-ferrous metals and a large number of waste plastics, waste glass, etc. can be recycled, and how many resources can be saved, how much pollution can be reduced?"
11. With the rapid development of the national economy, China's energy problems are becoming increasingly concerned. 2005, the national demand for electricity is expected to reach a growth rate of about 13%, electricity consumption will reach about 24,560 billion kilowatt-hours, an increase of 282.5 billion kilowatt-hours compared with 2004. Although the country's new installed power generation capacity is expected to reach 70 million kilowatts in 2005, it will still not be able to solve the power shortage problem. Experts estimate that China's energy production capacity is far from being able to meet the goal of quadrupling GDP in 2020 compared with 2000, and that the energy shortage problem will persist for a long time.
Three, essay requirements
1. Please use about 150 words to summarize the main content of the given material. (20 points)
2. not more than 350 words on the problems reflected in the given material to propose solutions to the problem. (30 points)
3. In about 1500 words, discuss the problems reflected in the given materials from an angle of your choice. Requirements for the center is clear, informative, profound and persuasive. (50 marks)
Mock Test Paper 1 Reference Answers
1.Answer Hints
China is a large country with a large population and a relative lack of resources. Coupled with the high speed of recent years, the rough economic growth and people's consumption level, making China's energy problems face a rather severe test, saving has become a major problem in front of the whole * national people, energy problems can not be solved, China's economic and social development will be lost on the basis of the existence of the foundation of the establishment of a conservation-oriented society is of great significance.
2. Answer Hints
Strengthening macro-guidance and planning, the establishment of a conservation-oriented national economic system. To build a conservation-oriented society, it is necessary to form a production pattern, consumption pattern and urban construction pattern that is conducive to the conservation of resources.
Relying on * scientific and technological progress and innovation, build a technical support system for resource conservation?
Deepen the reform and establish an institutional and policy system to conserve resources. To give full play to the role of the market mechanism and economic levers, focusing on the use of price, fiscal and financial means to promote the conservation and effective use of resources.
Strengthen supervision and management, and resolutely stop all wasteful behavior of resources.
Strengthen the legal system and improve the legal and regulatory system of resource conservation.
3. Answer Hints
The construction of a conservation-oriented society is the only way out
To embark on the road of sustainable development in all countries of the world, the construction of a conservation-oriented society should be the same direction as that of the ****, and conservation should be a virtue for all mankind. But for China, this is especially important and urgent.
China is facing a serious shortage of resources, China is a large number of people and things not Bo. Now the level of development is still very low, per capita gdp is only one tenth of the developed countries, still need to vigorously and rapidly development. China's population has reached 1.3 billion, accounting for 1/5 of the world, the peak will reach 1.6 billion or more, and the main resources of arable land, water, energy, all kinds of minerals per capita, are listed in the world after the column. For example, per capita arable land is only more than 1 acre, 1/3 of the world average, and it is still decreasing, so it is extremely difficult to feed oneself. If 1/10 of the food to be imported, will overwhelm the world's food market and such as oil, for the world average of 1/10, if China according to the United States standards of consumption, the need for more than 5 billion tons per year, the world's production of oil are given to China is not enough. Others, such as water and important mineral resources, are now facing a crisis, and without foresight, the future is very dangerous. In addition, China's environment will not allow such depletion.
This is the first time that China's economy has been in a state of crisis, and the country's environment is not ready for this kind of depletion. The reality is that we are not going to be able to sunglasses the way we want to. The only way out is to build a conservation-oriented society.
Industrial restructuring is the biggest savings, according to China's national conditions and the spirit of **, China's industrialization process must have some for some, some development and some control, the transfer of low-grade industries to China and not to be rejected, the more the better. Those who pay for land, water, energy, minerals at the expense of a little economic benefits or foreign exchange industry can not be. Must speed up the pace of industrial structure upgrading, accelerate the transformation from traditional industries to new industries. The state should announce, at the expense of resources and the environment at the expense of economic development of the period has ended, the future to basically stop the development of high consumption, high pollution, low efficiency, low output industries, all walks of life in all provinces and regions in accordance with the spirit of the ** and the specific circumstances of the industrial system for planning, restructuring, reorganization, the introduction of the development of traditional and new industries and the development of new industries and the replacement of the process. Can no longer engage in those epitaxial, crude, low value-added production. The eastern region, in particular, should be the first. Adjustment and upgrading of the structure of the industrial system is the biggest savings, no matter how many difficulties must rise to the occasion to do.
This transformation can not be based on * market behavior automatically completed, here, the government's macro-control is important. That is to say, the government should plan, guide, regulate, the use of policy, legal and economic means to guide and even force enterprises to embark on the right path.
The development of science and technology to build a conservation-oriented society, to achieve a new type of industrialization, information technology to drive industrialization, from traditional industries to knowledge-based industries, as well as to improve production efficiency, reduce production consumption, the development of conservation products ...... all need to rely on * scientific and technological innovation and development. China must have a strong scientific and technological innovation capacity and invention results, scientific and technological innovation and development is China's realization of the road to a new type of industrialization of the driving force and support force. The state and society must greatly increase r&d investment, investment must be mainly used for developmental, applied and applied basic research, there must be inventions and patents into productive channels and guarantee, must be committed to the cultivation of talents and human resources development, otherwise all are empty words.
Let's take a look at the pharmaceutical industry, such a large country, there are not a few with independent intellectual property rights of the important special drugs and medical equipment, all to buy other people's patents, the cost of a few pennies a grain of medicine to be sold for a few dollars. China's pharmaceuticals seem to be only able to produce this calcium and that pill health care products, I feel pain and shame, when will we have our own pharmaceutical industry ah?
To carry out education for all, to establish the concept of saving is a priority, the construction of a conservation-oriented society is the whole *, the whole country *** with the task, we must have *** with the same understanding, together, in order to achieve the goal. According to the current situation, to carry out education for all, set up the concept of saving, is really a matter of urgency.
As the people of a socialist country, there must be some ideals, a direction, some contribution to society and the country, the pursuit of a way of life has a criterion. The criterion is the overall interests of the country and its people and the long-term plan. Nowadays, many people, especially the younger generation, are not as aware of this as they should be. In order to carry out education for all people, first of all, we should carry out national education and situation education, so that everyone knows whether the country can be revitalized or not, and that it is now a strategic and critical period; and we should fully understand that we are faced with the grim reality of an overall shortage of resources. We must carry forward the traditional virtues of hard work and simplicity, diligence and thrift, and spurn the style of luxury and waste, so that the whole society will rise in positive spirit and fall in the evil wind. We must choose the right mode of development, the right way of life, the construction of civilization, saving, clean, harmonious society.