Huaneng Group in the study and practice activities, a profound understanding of the new situation of the power enterprise development law, clearly put forward the "electricity as the core, coal as the basis, financial support, science and technology, industrial synergies, Huaneng to build a comprehensive energy group with international competitiveness. "Huaneng has further increased the development of renewable energy and clean energy, accelerated the development of coal power bases, and made new achievements in "going out". Huaneng utilized overseas resources to build the largest hydropower station in Myanmar - Shweli River Level 1 Hydropower Station in BOT mode, and 80% of the electricity was sent back to China, which accumulated experience for Chinese enterprises to "go out" for the development of resource sites. Xi'an Institute of Thermal Engineering and Future Fuel signed a license agreement for the use of coal gasification technology for IGCC projects, which is the first time that dry pulverized coal pressurized gasification technology, a key technology for clean coal power generation with independent intellectual property rights in China, enters the western developed countries and the international energy market. On June 14, Huaneng Haimen Power Plant Unit 1, the largest ultra-supercritical energy-saving and environmentally friendly unit in China with the largest single-unit capacity invested by Huaneng, was successfully connected to the grid. This is another exploration and practice of Huaneng Group to implement the scientific outlook on development and build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society after the successful completion of Huaneng Yuhuan Power Plant, the first one-million-kilowatt ultra-supercritical coal-fired unit power plant in China.
Reform and Innovation, Building New Advantages in Institutional Mechanisms
In terms of institutional innovation, Huaneng Group has actively explored and achieved initial results. First, it has improved the three-level management system of the Group, regional companies (industrial companies) and grass-roots enterprises. It has formulated and issued the Implementation Plan for Strengthening the Group Company's Headquarters Construction and the Work Program, and the efficiency and management capacity of the headquarters are being gradually improved, and the headquarters construction has achieved initial results. The construction of grass-roots enterprises and the construction of workgroups were further strengthened, and the activities of "Double Struggle and Double Excellence" and the shaping of " Learning-type, Team-type, Safety-type, Management-type and Innovation-type" workgroups were comprehensively carried out in the grass-roots enterprises of the whole system. Second, the performance management mechanism is further rationalized. Guided by development strategy and centered on economic benefits, the company has improved the incentive and constraint mechanism of the "trinity" of indicators, assessment and remuneration, mobilized the enthusiasm of enterprise leaders and cadres and employees, and enhanced the concern of employees for enterprise development. Thirdly, we will strengthen the construction and management of informationization. Vigorously promote the "Huaneng Group Company Informationization Planning", to better play the role of information work risk warning, decision-making support and other aspects of service management.
Solidifying the foundation, building new advantages in corporate management
After the learning and practice activity entered the second phase, Huaneng Group Company has brainstormed and completed the Analysis and Inspection Report with high quality, and has made the following efforts in building new advantages in management: Firstly, it has strengthened the management of strategic planning. The outline of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" of Huaneng Group has been basically completed, and the draft of "Huaneng Group's Going Global" Strategy has been formulated. Secondly, it further strengthened system construction. The company cleaned up and revised its systems, and studied and formulated the System Planning. Thirdly, it comprehensively carried out benchmarking management, accelerated the establishment of a benchmarking management system and a long-term mechanism for benchmarking, and introduced a performance appraisal management system to form a pressure transfer mechanism. Fourthly, we have strengthened safety production management, significantly improved equipment health, significantly reduced the number of unit non-stopping, and further reduced energy consumption indicators. Fifth, increase energy saving and emission reduction monthly analysis and benchmarking efforts to carry out energy-saving special rectification activities, energy consumption indicators to a new low.
Improving independent innovation capability, building new advantages in science and technology leadership
For a long time, Huaneng Group has been unremittingly improving its independent innovation capability, and in the study and practice activities, it has made building new advantages in science and technology leadership the top priority. First, accelerate the construction of enterprise innovation system, integration of scientific and technological resources. The second is to improve the technological innovation system, revise the science and technology development plan from 2010 to 2025, and do a good job in the pilot work of national innovative enterprises. Third, we will actively promote the research and application of cutting-edge power generation technologies. We will accelerate the construction of green coal power and high-temperature gas-cooled reactor power generation demonstration projects, and build and operate a large-scale coal-fired power plant CO2 capture and treatment demonstration device with a capture capacity of 100,000 tons/year. Fourthly, we will actively carry out energy saving and consumption reduction of existing units and design optimization of newly-built units, and study and construct demonstration projects of ultra-high parameter and ultra-large capacity high-efficiency generating units, so as to make the technological and economic indexes of generating units always stay ahead of the industry.
People-oriented, creating new advantages in team building and party building work
Huaneng Group took the study and practice activities as an opportunity to widely carry out the theme of "Party Members' Demonstration Actions". Party members of Huaneng Group's headquarters, secondary units and grass-roots enterprises have respectively taken "My Contribution to the Construction of the Headquarters", "Strengthening Quality by Carrying on from the Top to the Bottom" and "Three One" activities as the themes to implement the learning and practicing activities to the grass-roots level and reflect the learning and practicing activities to the grass-roots level. The learning and practicing activities were implemented at the grassroots level, embodied in the workgroups and demonstrated at the posts. Huaneng Group took the activity of creating "four good" leadership teams as a carrier, and the normalization of leadership team assessment and the dynamic management of reserve cadres were successfully promoted, and the first open recruitment of deputy director-level cadres for the headquarter department was conducted for the company's system. The joint training of nuclear power professionals between Huaneng and Xi'an Jiaotong University proceeded smoothly. Huaneng Group has taken the solution of medical aid for major diseases as a breakthrough, and is studying the further establishment of a sound medical protection system for the Huaneng system. Huaneng Group has also incorporated the construction of corporate culture into its corporate development strategy, vigorously integrated corporate culture resources, and promoted the in-depth integration of the "three-color company" culture in the company's system, which has vigorously promoted the scientific development of the company. China's manufacturing industry in the advantages and disadvantages of industry analysis According to the calculation of the net export value of China's manufacturing industry in various industries in recent years, China's manufacturing industry's comparative advantage is mainly reflected in some of the following industries:
Clothing industry, textile industry, the food industry, stationery and sporting goods, leather and furniture manufacturing and other light industry, rubber and plastic products industry, metal products industry.
Comparative disadvantages are concentrated in the following industries:
General machinery manufacturing, iron and steel industry, transportation equipment manufacturing, electronics industry, paper and paper products industry, petroleum and petrochemical industry, instrumentation and other industries.
First, China's manufacturing industry's comparative advantages and disadvantages
Analyze China's manufacturing industry's comparative advantages or disadvantages, can be found with these characteristics.
First, the comparative advantage of the industry are labor-intensive industries, are some of the processing degree is relatively shallow, the technical level and value-added industries are not too high. The reason for the formation of such an industrial pattern is that China's abundant human resources and low labor costs. These comparative advantages of the industry's biggest advantage in the cost advantage, but in foreign marketing and product branding advantage is relatively weak, therefore, the existing industrial comparative advantage of the play on the cultivation of China's competitive advantage of enterprise effect is not yet very obvious.
Second, the comparative disadvantage of the industry in addition to the shortage of resources due to the paper industry, the rest are higher value-added technology-intensive or capital-intensive industries, and some of China's pillar industries are also comparative disadvantage of the industry. From the current situation of China's manufacturing industry, capital-intensive or technology-intensive industries, both in China's current industrial advantage (accounting for a large proportion of the manufacturing industry), but also government-supported industries, such as the pillar industries and high-tech industries, etc., but these industries do not have a comparative advantage in the international arena, and after joining the wto bear the brunt of the impact, which will be the country's manufacturing industry is facing a very serious challenge. This will be a very serious challenge to China's manufacturing industry.
Third, the industrial comparative advantage or disadvantage of China's manufacturing industry and the competitive advantage of enterprises to look at the combination of China's large-scale industrial distribution of enterprises, in addition to the textile and garment industry, most of them are concentrated in China's comparative disadvantage of the industry, mainly oil and petrochemical industry, iron and steel industry, the automobile industry, as well as the electric power industry. From the point of view of developed countries, most of the transnational corporations with obvious competitive advantages in international competition are concentrated in some oligopolistic or monopolistic competitive industries, and the imperfectly competitive industry or market environment is the main source of their creation. However, at present, these industries in China are still at a comparative disadvantage, therefore, China's enterprises in the international competition to form the ability to match the international multinational corporations still have a difficult road to go.
Two, the textile and garment industry: the biggest beneficiary of manufacturing
China's textile and garment industry's production capacity of the world's first, is the domestic development of one of the most mature industries, but also the domestic manufacturing industry is the most comparative advantage of the industry. Accession to wto on China's textile and garment industry in general is more favorable than unfavorable, and in the long run is even more so.
After joining wto, China's textile exports will increase. In recent years, China's textile and clothing exports using quotas accounted for the proportion of total exports is not very high, can not form a significant impact on the textile and clothing industry. In addition, our country to the United States, the European Union to our country to implement the export quota of textiles and clothing exports, according to its bilateral agreements, the implementation of the growth rate is low. Therefore, it is expected that the accession to wto on China's textile and garment industry can not have an immediate impact.
Accession to wto on China's textile and apparel industry's favorable impact on the long term. First of all, China's textile and clothing in the international market has a strong competitive advantage, the product grade is also improving. In the labor-intensive industries in the international competition, competitiveness depends on the level of science and technology, the cost of raw materials, to a large extent also depends on the wage cost of labor and labor quality. At present, labeled "made in China" clothing has been among the international market for medium and high-end clothing. Secondly, accession to the wto so that we have obtained a participation in the discussion of the formulation of world trade rules of the ticket, is conducive to reducing the developed countries on China's textile and clothing exports of discrimination. Such as the developed countries to use anti-dumping means to restrict my textile and clothing exports will be constrained; can be partially offset by the North American Free Trade Agreement on our textile and clothing exports to the U.S. market adverse effects; can also reduce the European Union regional trade liberalization of our textile and clothing exports to the European market adverse effects.
Three, the iron and steel industry: more challenges than opportunities
The overall level of China's iron and steel industry and the world's advanced level compared to the existence of a large gap, although it is a "big country of iron and steel", but not "iron and steel power". In the international trade of steel products, China has been a net importer of steel. From 1984 onwards, China's steel imports have been more than 10 million tons, imports are mainly high-performance, high value-added varieties, exports are mainly ordinary steel.
Compared with the international steel enterprises, China's iron and steel enterprises, the number of small-scale, low degree of specialized production, industrial concentration is low, the quality of enterprises is not high, the number of plates and varieties can not meet the needs of the domestic market, high-quality, high-value-added varieties of steel self-sufficiency rate is low. From the point of view of the current varieties of China's iron and steel industry structure, the current market shortage of steel varieties, mainly hot-rolled sheet, cold-rolled sheet, galvanized sheet, tin plate, stainless steel plate, cold-rolled silicon steel, plate and so on.
The impact of joining wto on China's iron and steel industry in general, the challenge is greater than the opportunity. After joining wto, tariffs will gradually decline, and more importantly, to abolish import restrictions, steel trade barriers will no longer exist, which will produce high value-added products to the steel enterprises will have a greater impact. Due to the world's steel production capacity is in serious surplus, the international steel market prices have been close to the international steel production costs, ordinary steel will face the price, quality, service and other aspects of the competitive pressure. At the same time, China's shortage of products, high technology content, high value-added products, such as tin-plated plates, oil well tubes, automotive cold-rolled sheet, color coated sheet and special steel will be a serious challenge to market competition. Of course, accession to wto for China's iron and steel industry at the same time is also a new development opportunity, after accession to the WTO, China should enjoy the tariff concessions on imports of raw materials, improve the quality of China's iron ore is not a high situation, and improve the competitiveness of the product; and at the same time to enhance the international exchange of science and technology, personnel exchanges and cooperation, the transformation or elimination of outdated production equipment, including capital, equipment, manpower, raw materials and so on. Utilization rate. After joining wto, the domestic and foreign steel market will be fully integrated, all types of steel prices will tend to be consistent with the international market, due to China's iron and steel industry production costs are high, and thus the industry's economic efficiency will be affected by a greater impact.
Four, the automobile industry: opening up the field of investment and far-reaching
WTO accession to bring the most direct impact is the tariff concessions, downward adjustment is a gradual process, the existing domestic automobile is mostly low-grade, its current price will be affected but the impact will not be very serious, the domestic manufacturers can be adjusted downward to maintain a certain price advantage. In the long run, the more far-reaching impact on China's automobile industry is the opening of the field of investment, opening up the field of investment means that foreign capital can penetrate into the core of China's automobile industry, in a market-oriented environment, such as labor and other aspects of the advantages of domestic enterprises, foreign capital can be as quickly as possible to obtain, while domestic enterprises in technology, financing, management and other aspects of the vulnerability of the difficult to change in a short period of time, foreign investors may thus The "erosion" of China's automobile industry, including production, research and development of core competitiveness. wto member states of the obligations and rights assumed between the reciprocal, China's enterprises can be in the market of other countries to obtain the same rights, but on the current situation, the impact of the impact of the foreign market is obviously more common than to benefit from more, more prominent.
As different sub-sectors, different enterprises have different characteristics and circumstances, the degree and direction of the impact is very different. In general, China's automobile industry, whether overall or single in scale, technology and other aspects are at a disadvantage, only now we are in the cost of labor, distribution network, some of the products of the market applicability and other aspects of the remaining weak advantage. Therefore, it is expected that large capital investment, high technology content products will be hit by the impact will be larger, mainly including medium and high-end cars, light buses, some parts (such as automatic transmission and other electronic components) and other sub-sectors, large and medium-sized buses, trucks, and some of the parts and components by the impact will be smaller, and may even be benefited from a more open international market, some of the absolute price of the lower economy car, if we can Some of the lower absolute price of economy cars, if you can expand the scale of production and marketing as soon as possible, reduce costs, is also expected to reduce the impact to maintain the development.
It should be noted that, regardless of which industry may be affected by the impact and benefits of the enterprise, in a more open and free market, the loss of all kinds of "protection", the system, internal management and other "internal" on business performance will show more significant role.
China's automobile industry is a major player in the market.
China's auto industry is in the transition from the introduction period to the growth period, which is characterized by a higher development speed on the basis of a larger total volume. If domestic enterprises can maintain the existing competitive market position in the development of good prospects.
WTO accession may bring favorable factors to domestic enterprises in two aspects: ① to provide domestic enterprises with a more economical use of global resources to improve their opportunities. Import tariffs, especially tariffs on imported parts and components of a substantial decline in domestic enterprises through the globalization of procurement of some of the core components, in order to maintain or even lower costs in the case of improving product quality, enhance market competitiveness. At the present stage, for domestic enterprises, market share is perhaps the most important; ② industry marketization in-depth for domestic enterprises to carry out real integration provides the conditions. The government in the industry, enterprise management in the fade out, so that in accordance with economic principles of industry reorganization is possible, the cost of reorganization will be much smaller, which will be conducive to the concentration of resources, and quickly improve the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. Relative to the last point, this change may be more long-term significance to the development of China's automobile industry.
Fifth, the pharmaceutical industry: facing a greater impact in the short term
China is a large producer of chemical raw materials, raw materials has long been the export pillar of the pharmaceutical industry, WTO accession will further promote China's chemical raw materials exports as a whole. China's imports of medicines to the preparation of the main, the current average tariff of imported drugs for 12%, after WTO accession to gradually decline, which will form a certain adverse impact on the production of domestic drugs, semi-synthetic antibiotics and cephalosporin series of raw materials and intermediates related to the impact of the larger. The inherent quality of Chinese herbal medicines is not stable, Chinese medicine products in pharmacology, dosage form, standardization, standardization and other aspects of the problem, the degree of modernization of Chinese medicine is not high, hindering the promotion of the international market. From January to July this year, the total value of China's exports of traditional Chinese medicine was 302 million U.S. dollars, a decrease of 2.2% over the same period last year. Among them, the export to Japan, South Korea appeared to recover substantial growth, but the Americas, Europe, Oceania exports continue to fall, the Americas exports fell as high as 33.9%, exports to Europe fell 11.7%, exports to Oceania fell 28.3%. Therefore, if the fundamental problem of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine is not solved, it is difficult to show the benefits of WTO accession. At present, China's medical equipment products are mainly concentrated in low-grade medical equipment, while the production of high-grade products is relatively small, and the technical level is backward. After the reduction of tariffs on conventional equipment exports have a role in promoting the impact of non-conventional medical equipment, such as b ultrasound.
In 1992, China promulgated the "Regulations on the Administrative Protection of Drugs", which stipulates that during the period of January 1, 1986 - January 1, 1993, the applicant obtained a patent in the country where it is located, but before the date of application has not yet been in the Chinese territory of the legal channels of circulation of medicines, you can apply for administrative protection of the administrative department of the production and operation of medicines, after approval of the period of protection for 7 years and 6 months, and during this period of sales in the Chinese market without applying for a patent, and not applying for a patent. During this period, those who are sold on the Chinese market and have not applied for patents will not be protected; new drugs after January 1, 1993 will be protected by China's Patent Law. After the accession to WTO, the original protection regulations will be automatically invalidated, but the patent period of many drugs will also expire. The patents of many recombinant drugs, such as recombinant erythropoietin (epo), α-2b recombinant interferon, recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, etc., will be terminated before 2005. Therefore, accession to WTO will have little effect on many existing recombinant drugs. In addition, the protection of intellectual property rights will be stricter after the accession to WTO. Because the vast majority of chemical drugs produced in China come from imitation of foreign drugs, China's clinical treatment needs of patented drugs mainly rely on imports, after accession to the WTO will make the imitation of new drugs as the main means of development of the domestic chemical and pharmaceutical industry suffered a blow to the situation of the lack of new products. In the future, we can only imitate the drugs whose patent period has expired, and the competition is fierce and the profit is very thin. Favorable is, accession to the WTO will accelerate China's pharmaceutical industry to copy the main process of independent development.
In the long run, accession to the WTO is conducive to the development of China's pharmaceutical industry. In favor of China's pharmaceutical management system and international standards; in favor of China's pharmaceutical enterprises to transform the business mechanism and institutional innovation; in favor of pharmaceutical research and development of new products and intellectual property rights protection; in favor of China's comparative advantage of chemical raw materials, traditional Chinese medicine, conventional medical equipment products to further expand the international market share.
VI, petroleum and petrochemical industry: facing great pressure
The world's petroleum and petrochemical industry has gone through a period of rapid growth and maturity, after the 1990s, the world's petroleum and petrochemical production capacity and production growth is too fast, the market oversupply, especially by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the global petrochemical industry into the doldrums. At this time, the world's major petroleum and petrochemical enterprises in order to enhance competitiveness, set off a new round of mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and restructuring wave, in the industrial structure of the reorganization and scale on the more advantageous. Although China also in 1998 to start the petroleum and petrochemical integration of institutional restructuring, but the integration of internal business needs to be further in-depth, so after China's accession to the wto, China's petroleum and petrochemical enterprises will be y felt from the global petroleum and petrochemical giants of the competitive pressure. From the development history of China's petrochemical industry, its rapid development has been protected and supported by the policy, before the reform of petroleum and petrochemical integration, the policy of low crude oil prices to ensure that the petrochemical industry has a considerable profit to support the development of China's petrochemical industry. At the same time, the petrochemical industry in the domestic market through the quota system, licensing system, as well as high tariff barriers and market access system and other means to limit the amount of crude oil and refined products imports, and foreign oil developers in onshore oil exploration and exploitation, while the wholesale and retail business of crude oil and refined products, the restrictions are even more stringent. China's domestic market has not been fully open to foreign petroleum and petrochemical manufacturers, wto after China's petroleum and petrochemical enterprises will be from foreign competitors business penetration.
From China's accession to wto on the petroleum and petrochemical industry policy impact, the future market environment changes are mainly reflected in the following three points; (1) crude oil, refined oil and petrochemical products imported quota system, licensing will be phased out within a certain period of time; (2) in the next period of time, and gradually liberalize the overseas manufacturers to operate in the domestic wholesale and retail business of oil products; (3) a gradual decline in tariff levels. level. Therefore, it can be assumed that China's petroleum and petrochemical industry will face even more severe challenges under the environment of slowing down of the global petrochemical industry.
The oil refining industry is probably the petroleum and petrochemical sub-industry most affected by the accession to WTO, and its most direct competitors come from the large refineries in the Asia-Pacific region. Due to the long history of the refining industry's price tilt policy, the domestic refineries are generally small, high processing costs, processing load is light, the proportion of low-cost oil in the feedstock is low, the proportion of diesel and gasoline in the product structure can not be suitable for the market demand and so on, and the quality of the business urgently needs to be improved, and the industrial structure urgently needs to be adjusted. Therefore, from the current situation of China's oil refining industry, in the face of competition from overseas manufacturers, the domestic oil refining through technological innovation, increase processing load and improve the raw material structure, improve the commodity rate and the ratio of diesel-vapor; at the same time, it is necessary to shut down some of the small refineries, or to give policy guidance on the adjustment of its product structure, to improve the overall quality of the industry.
Accession to wto on the petrochemical industry is also quite large. In the production of ethylene, the current national annual production capacity of only about 4.5 million tons, a single set of devices from 15-600,000 tons. And the world has a competitive advantage in the economic scale of ethylene, has reached 80-90 million tons / year, the scale of diseconomies so that most of the domestic ethylene producers to 15-30% higher costs, but because in the next five years or so the domestic demand for ethylene will maintain a relatively high growth rate, and some of the joint-venture projects are also stepping up the construction, so although there is an impact, but the impact is not great in the short term. In the field of synthetic resins, a few years ago, imports are actually low tariffs, while there is no tariff barriers, so tariffs on synthetic resins of the global impact is not great, but synthetic resins due to the quality and performance issues, affecting the popularization and application of domestic synthetic resin. In synthetic fibers, synthetic fiber raw materials will not have a substantial impact due to tariff concessions, but the cancellation of the quota will bring a great threat, if the domestic synthetic fibers and synthetic fiber raw materials manufacturers do not improve their competitiveness in a timely manner, most of the polyester filament and acrylic enterprises will be difficult to survive. In synthetic rubber, the domestic market share of domestic styrene-butadiene rubber is higher, but the price is still slightly higher than the CIF price of the product; butyl rubber has a strong price advantage, tariff concessions have little impact; domestic synthetic rubber will be due to varieties of quality gaps, the current situation is very difficult. Therefore, has been at a disadvantage in part of the petrochemical field, after China's accession to wto will face a serious situation.
Seven, the machinery industry: some products by the impact of the larger
At present, the overall level of China's machinery industry and the international advanced level of the gap is very obvious, after joining the wto, the lowering of trade barriers, foreign products will be easier
into the Chinese market, most of the domestic machinery products and enterprises are inevitably affected by the impact. But for different products and enterprises, the degree of impact is very different, generally speaking, the following industries are hit by the impact of the more obvious: high-tech products, finishing, deep processing industry, no scale advantage of the industry, such as CNC machine tools, machining centers, decentralized control systems, large-scale precision scientific research instruments, multi-color offset printing machines, large-scale turbine compressors, high-precision special bearings, high-pressure oil pumps, high-pressure hydraulic valves, high-grade Seals, hydraulic excavators and so on belong to this category. Some other products by the impact will not be very obvious and may even benefit, such as the production scale has been formed with a clear cost advantage of the industry, the absolute price is low in line with the current domestic consumer demand for products, such as engineering lifting machinery, power tools, bearings, chains, motorcycles, agricultural vehicles, tractors, electric fans, sewing equipment and so on.
The impact of the machinery industry is obvious, but at the same time is not without a little benefit. First of all, accession to wto is conducive to the industry to further open up and market-oriented (including industrial management), and promote the complete transformation of the business management mechanism, enhance vitality. Secondly, the export environment will be improved and the diversification of export markets will be promoted, which will be conducive to the stabilization and expansion of export trade. In addition, the introduction of foreign capital and advanced technology is conducive to industrial upgrading.
In any industry, there may be very different from the industry's development situation, the full marketization of the environment, the role of the enterprise's own business capacity is much larger than the planned economic environment, much more important. In the same environment, some enterprises may be able to seize the opportunity to make full use of the favorable conditions to strengthen themselves, while some enterprises that are still good today may be eliminated "without thinking about progress". Therefore, when judging a company now, the examination of its internal management mechanism should be given greater importance than in the past.
Eight, communications equipment manufacturing: both the impact and advantages
Competition in the high-end market is more of a technical strength of the competition. National communications equipment manufacturers due to the late start and financial strength is not enough, the focus of its R & D has been commercialized in most of the international equipment, while the trial production of communications equipment to commercial generally take one to two years. This is the main reason why the national communication equipment manufacturers are unable to synchronize with the world trend and occupy the high-end market. At the same time, after joining wto, the protection of intellectual property rights is more strict. According to the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), it is a serious violation of TRIPS to imitate foreign products by purchasing similar products from foreign companies and relying on reverse engineering. The infringed company can file a lawsuit, and the infringing company must bear the burden of proof to prove that it is not at fault. This will obviously deal a blow to the usual R&D methods used by many national communications equipment manufacturers. National communications manufacturers can only either start a new stove, from basic research and development; or buy foreign manufacturers of patented technology. The result will lead to a lag in the introduction of new equipment and rising costs for national communications equipment manufacturers. In the long run, with the improvement of China's intellectual property protection, more and more foreign manufacturers will also bring the latest technology to China, and gradually set up R & D centers in China, which will give domestic manufacturers more opportunities to learn and improve.
The competition in the low-end product market is mainly price and service competition. National communications equipment manufacturers have lower production costs and employee salary costs, and have a sales and after-sales service team familiar with the Chinese market, so the competition in the low-end products have a greater advantage. Take the access network market in 2000 for example, Huawei's market share reached 46.1%, ZTE 23.1%, while utstar.com only 4.6%, Lucent only 2.3%. After joining wto, the cost of importing communication chips and components from abroad will be reduced, and the cost advantage of low-end products will be more prominent. At the same time, due to the wto member countries are reciprocal development, Chinese manufacturers to develop foreign markets, the cost will be greatly reduced, thus effectively promoting the export of low-end products.
Nine, computer manufacturing: technology-intensive products by the impact
After joining the wto, China will implement the international information technology agreements, information products tariffs will gradually decline. Domestic manufacturers to pc-centered low-end computer hardware products are not affected. Low-end computer products in the domestic market competition is very fierce, profits are very thin, foreigners in this does not have much advantage. On the contrary, domestic manufacturers of low-end servers, low-end routers and other products in the domestic market share is on the rise. Because of China's low labor costs, low-end servers, low-end routers and other products in the international market competition will reflect a certain degree of advantage.
In the high-end products, such as high-end servers, domestic and foreign manufacturers of technology level gap is large, after joining the wto, foreign manufacturers of its intellectual property rights to protect the ability to strengthen the domestic manufacturers of technology is a challenge. Domestic component manufacturers are more affected, after joining the wto, China's foreign-funded enterprises "local content requirements" policy canceled, foreign-funded enterprises can be more flexible in the world to choose the procurement of components. In terms of key technologies, such as cpu, memory and other large-scale integrated circuits, after joining the wto, due to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) on the protection of proprietary technology constraints, the future development of domestic manufacturers difficult road.
The manufacture of computer hardware products, due to the low value-added technology, profits are very thin, the price is relatively low, multinational corporations in general practice is to control the lucrative R & D and sales links, will be lower profit margins of the manufacturing process to transfer to developing countries with low labor costs. China's low labor costs, large market capacity, has attracted many foreign computer hardware manufacturers to invest in China's manufacturing industry. After joining wto, China's foreign business in the domestic investment policy barriers will be canceled, the attraction of foreign investment will be further strengthened. <br <= p=><br <= p=>