Mosquitoes are common, so bring some mosquito repellents - anemone, cool oil, and so on. The anti-diarrhea medicine also bring some, to prevent discomfort;
I do not know the specific place you go, anyway, the north security better, the south because of the civil war reason is more chaotic. Don't go out privately if you're not doing anything, it's best if multiple people drive or rent a car to go out. You can buy general necessities - they are all Chinese.
Bring a computer, spare time is very boring, can be entertained to relieve boredom, Khartoum near the wireless network is not bad, QQ video basic problem.
Lastly, ivory products do not buy or buy less, love wildlife, and then the domestic airport check is also relatively strict, confiscation is not negotiable, I have a lot of colleagues of the ivory bracelets, necklaces, carvings and so on was not a lot of that heartache ah! You can buy some black wood carvings as a souvenir. I lost my pocket money in a Swiss Army Knife store near Afra supermarket (the biggest supermarket in Khartoum), the knives and watches are good, you can go and take a look!
Wish you a safe and happy work and travel!
Overview
Sudan, the largest country in Africa, is located in the north of the continent and is characterized by several distinct topographical zones: the Libyan Desert and the Nubian Desert, which is a low rainfall, wasteland across the north; a banded and rocky semi-desert zone, located in the center of the country, which runs from the border with Chad eastward and encompasses the arid mountainous regions of the Red Sea coast up to the border of Eritrea/Ethiopia; and the region located in the southern half of Sudan, consisting of savannahs and swamps, is subtropical and shares borders with Zaire and Uganda. The White Nile and the Blue Nile flow through these different regions and join to form the main stem of the Nile in Khartoum.
Khartoum is usually hot and the air is dusty.During May and June, daytime temperatures are about 120 °F (49 °C) and there are frequent Habu dust storms.The weather in July, August, and part of September is less hot, and although heavy rains are rare, they are very heavy (an average of 8 inches-20 centimeters per year) and there are persistent Habu dust storms. From November through April, daytime temperatures are about 95°F (35°C); nighttime temperatures are a comfortable 70°F (21°C). In extremely dry areas, woolen shirts and blankets are still required at night.
Hygiene precautions
General notes
Recent physical and dental examinations indicate that travelers are in good health. Travelers are advised to carry appropriate documentation of health and accident insurance, as well as photocopies of some important medical visits. Carry an adequate amount of all prescription and other medications, as well as some necessary personal hygiene items, including a spare pair of eyeglasses or contact lenses.
It is recommended to drink only bottled beverages (including water) or beverages made from boiled water. Do not use ice or consume raw seafood, partially cooked meats or dairy products. Consume cooked food while it is still hot and eat fruits that are not contaminated and can be peeled. Do not patronize roadside stalls and street vendors.
It is recommended to swim only in well-maintained, chlorinated swimming pools or unpolluted seawater, and not in freshwater lakes, creeks and streams. Wear clothing to minimize exposed skin, and apply insect repellent containing insecticide to any skin that is still exposed. Sleep in well-sheltered rooms. Take anti-malarial medication. Sunglasses, broad-brimmed hats, sunscreen lotion and lip balm are recommended to minimize illnesses caused by sun exposure.
Health advice
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is active in Sudan (south of the 12th parallel). It is recommended that all travelers are vaccinated against yellow fever. Sudan is located in a yellow fever endemic area. Residents of the country need a valid certificate of vaccination to travel to other countries.
Cholera
There is cholera activity in Sudan, but no official cases have been reported. While travelers directly from the United States or Canada do not formally require cholera vaccination upon entry to Sudan, cholera vaccination is informally required, as well as travelers from cholera-infected areas or to other countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, or Asia. Travelers should consider receiving the cholera vaccine (one-time dose) or have written proof of exemption from the cholera vaccine from a physician.
Malaria
The country is at risk for malaria year-round, including urban areas. From June through October, after the rainy season, the risk of malaria increases, especially in southern Sudan. The risk of malaria is minimal in the desert areas of the far north and far northwest of Sudan. Nearly 84% of these cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, with the others caused by Plasmodium intertrigo (9%-20%) and Plasmodium trichiura (7%), and very rarely by Plasmodium ovale. Resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine has been reported in Sudan. Prophylactic administration of mefloquine or doxycycline is currently recommended for travelers to malaria-endemic areas.
Traveler's diarrhea
The risk of traveler's-type diarrhea is high in Sudan. Local water sources are often untreated and may be contaminated with bacteria. Travelers should take safety precautions with all food and beverages. Treatment for acute diarrhea suggests a quinolone antibiotic. If the diarrhea does not respond to antibiotic treatment, or if it is chronic, it may be a parasitic disease such as Giardia, amoebiasis, or cryptosporidiosis. Amoebiasis is common, with up to 69% of Giardia carriers reported in children. Rotavirus is a common cause of diarrhea in children.
Hepatitis
The risk of hepatitis is high in Sudan. Prophylactic immunoglobulin or hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for all susceptible travelers. Hepatitis B virus carriers are estimated to make up as much as 12-19% of the country's population. Travelers are recommended to be vaccinated against hepatitis B. Outbreaks of hepatitis E have been reported in Khartoum and elsewhere.
Dengue Fever
Transmitted by mosquitoes. It is reported to occur mainly in coastal areas. Other arboviral infections include whitefly fever (widely distributed), Rift Valley fever, Crimean Peninsula-Congo hemorrhagic fever (tick-borne), and West Nile fever.
Leishmaniasis
Endemic visceral leishmaniasis (black fever) affects the Nuer and Dinka tribes of southern Sudan. Leishmaniasis has been reported in the Upper Blue Nile, Blue Nile, Kassala Province, Eastern Equatoria, Darfur, and Kordofan. Outbreaks of leishmaniasis have also been reported along the Nile north of Khartoum.
Skin-type leishmaniasis
The risk of developing skin-type leishmaniasis is widely distributed. Endemic areas include Darfur, Kordofan, and other states in central Sudan, as well as along the Nile River north of Khartoum. Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis (black fever) also occurs, especially in Southern Sudan. Travelers to all of these areas should take steps to prevent insect (whitefly) bites.
Schistosomiasis
The risk of schistosomiasis is widely distributed, especially in the major irrigation systems in the Jezirah Governorate area between the Blue and White Nile Rivers. Travelers should avoid swimming, bathing or wading in freshwater lakes, ponds or streams.
Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)
The Gambian type of trypanosomiasis occurs in southern Sudan, mainly in Western and Equatoria provinces. While the Rhodesian type sleeping sickness occurs in areas close to Ethiopia and close to Uganda. The risk of developing trypanosomiasis is higher during the dry season. Travelers should take steps to prevent the bite of tsetse flies.
Meningitis
Sudan is located in a high risk area for meningitis in the Semi-Sahara Desert. The risk of meningitis is higher in central and southern Sudan. Meningitis vaccination is recommended for travelers who have close and prolonged contact with the local population.
Rabies
There is a risk of dog-borne rabies in Khartoum and other areas, including rural areas. Rabies vaccination is recommended for travelers on extended tours (more than 4 weeks) in Sudan.
Other diseases/hazards
Low prevalence of AIDS, African tick-borne typhus, brucellosis, dracunculiasis, Ebola-Marburg Virus Disease (risk of this disease is higher in the south), bursariasis (high prevalence in the south), filariasis (mosquito-borne, in Kurdufan Province (mosquito-borne, occurs in the Nuba Mountains region near Kadogli), filariasis (transmitted by deer flies, occurrence restricted to tropical rainforests and near the savannahs of Western Equatoria in the south-west), leprosy (in the Nuba Mountains region, Southern Darfur, Bahr el Ghazal, Western Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria), fine leptospirosis, onchocerciasis (high prevalence in south-western Sudan, along the riverbanks), regression fever (lice-borne and tick-borne), anaplasmosis, tuberculosis (a major local health problem), trachoma, typhoid fever, typhus fever (flea-borne and louse-borne), and intestinal worm infestation (intestinal worms, which are very common). Animal hazards include snakes (vipers and cobras), centipedes, scorpions and black widow spiders.
Special Concerns
Cases of AIDS have occurred in Sudan. This may be due to inadequate screening of blood products and/or the unavailability of single-use hypodermic needles and syringes. Whenever possible, travelers are advised to delay medical treatment until a safe medical facility can be found.
The lack of toilet facilities and substandard hygiene standards for the refrigeration and handling of food make it necessary for travelers to be extremely careful, preferably preparing their own food and choosing food carefully when eating.
Immunization
These recommendations below are not absolute and should not be applied to all travelers. The final decision regarding immunization depends on the traveler's medical history, planned travel route, length of stay, and destination of travel.
Hepatitis A
It is recommended that all susceptible travelers consider active immunization with hepatitis A vaccine or passive immunization with immune globulin. The option of active immunization should especially be considered by those planning to stay in Sudan for an extended period of time or those who travel frequently to areas with a high prevalence of hepatitis A. The longer one stays in Sudan, the more important hepatitis A prevention becomes. Active immunization is particularly important for travelers who live in and visit rural areas, consume or drink food and beverages with poor or unreliable levels of hygiene, or travelers who come into close contact with local people, especially younger children.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for health care workers, travelers who have direct contact with local blood or sexual contact with local people, and travelers planning to stay in Sudan for six months or longer (especially those who have used local health care facilities, stayed in rural areas, or had close contact with local people).
Meningitis
Travelers are advised to get vaccinated against meningococcal meningitis, especially during the dry season of December-June, when the incidence of meningitis is high. The longer you stay in Sudan and/or the longer you are in contact with crowded people, the more important it is to be vaccinated. Pregnant women are a relative contraindication to vaccination. Meningococcal vaccine is less protective in infants and children aged 3-23 months than in those aged 2 years and older.
Polio
A one-time booster immunization is recommended for travelers who have previously received regular polio immunization. Travelers who have not been vaccinated or who have received incomplete immunization can be immunized according to CDC standards. Pregnant women are a relative contraindication to vaccination; however, if protection is needed, inactivated polio vaccine or live oral polio vaccine may be given, the choice of which depends on personal preference and timing.
Rabies
Rabies vaccination should be considered for travelers staying in Sudan for more than 30 days who have been bitten by tame and/or wild animals (especially dogs), or for those who are engaged in highly hazardous work such as caving or taming animals. Travelers who may be going to rural areas and who will not find adequate medical facilities once there need to be vaccinated against rabies.
Typhoid fever
The vaccination should be considered by travelers staying in Sudan for more than three weeks, adventurous foodies, and travelers venturing off the beaten track to small cities, villages, and rural areas. Vaccination is extremely important due to the limited availability of formal local medical facilities. Contraindications depend on the subtype of the vaccine.
Yellow fever
Vaccination is recommended for travelers older than 9 months of age who are traveling outside of urban areas.
Note: As a good health practice unrelated to travel, all routine vaccines (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis 3-in-1 or DPT2 vaccine, influenza B vaccine, measles, rubella, mumps 3-in-1 vaccine, polio vaccine, chickenpox vaccine, influenza vaccine, and pneumococcal vaccine) should be up to date. Summary of Disease Risks.
Insect-borne diseases
are a major cause of illness. Many diseases, including yellow fever, are endemic, and although only sporadic cases have been reported, from time to time there are more widespread outbreaks of the disease.
-Dengue fever-occurrence
-Filariasis-endemic
-Leishmaniasis-occurrence (both cutaneous and visceral forms have been found, especially in drier areas)
-Malaria-endemic
-Onchocerciasis (blindness)-endemic
-Return fever-occurrence
-Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)-occurrence (human trypanosomiasis has been reported, mainly in small, relatively isolated areas of southern Sudan)
-Typhus fever -Occurrence (lice, flea and tick-borne types of cases occur)
Food-borne and water-borne diseases
It is endemic and has a high incidence. Dysentery, diarrhea, Giardia, typhoid fever and viral hepatitis are common. Echinococcosis (worm disease) is common in pastoral areas.
- Guinea worm disease-occurrence
- Intestinal worm (parasitic) infections-endemic
- Schistosomiasis-universal (except in the fast-flowing Blue Nile basin near Khartoum)
Other hazards
-Diseases Measles and diphtheria, for example, are often reported. Cases of polio also continue to occur with regularity.
- There is a year-round risk of influenza.
-Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis-occurs (the risk of the disease is highest during the dry season from December-June, which may also be the time when the disease is most prevalent)
-Rabies-occurs
-Trachoma -endemic