1. Types of houses (there are many types, you must be patient! Including how to distinguish between tower and slab building, it should be very comprehensive, but the serial number is not quite right)
There are many kinds of houses, which are mainly divided into high-grade houses, ordinary houses, apartment houses, TOWNHOUSE, villas and so on.
(1) According to the height of the building, it is mainly divided into low-rise, multi-storey, small high-rise, high-rise and super-high-rise buildings.
(2) according to the building structure, it is mainly divided into brick-wood structure, brick-concrete structure, steel-concrete frame structure, steel-concrete shear wall structure, steel-concrete frame-shear wall structure, and steel structure.
(3) According to the building form, it mainly includes low-rise residence, multi-storey residence, medium-high-rise residence, high-rise residence and other forms of residence.
(4) According to the house type, it is mainly divided into ordinary unit houses, apartment houses, duplex houses, duplex type houses, garden houses, small-sized houses (super-small-sized houses) and so on.
(5) According to the property of housing policy, it is mainly divided into low-rent housing, purchased public housing (reformed housing), affordable housing, and housing cooperatives raising funds to build houses.
9. Low-rise residential buildings
Low-rise residential buildings mainly refer to (one household) detached houses, (two households) townhouses and (many households) townhouses. Compared with multi-storey and high-rise houses, low-rise houses have the most natural affinity (they often have special courtyards for residents) and are suitable for children or the elderly. There is little interference between residents and a pleasant living atmosphere. Although this kind of residence is loved by residents, it is limited in the total supply due to the objective conditions such as land price and utilization efficiency, high politics and supporting facilities, scale and location.
1. Multi-storied residence
Multi-storied residence is the most representative urban collective residence, which mainly relies on the vertical traffic of public stairs. Compared with middle and high-rise buildings (small and high-rise buildings) and high-rise buildings, it has certain advantages:
(1) In terms of construction investment, multi-storey buildings do not need to increase investment in elevators, high-pressure pumps and public walkways like middle and high-rise buildings.
(2) In terms of apartment design, the design space of multi-storey residential apartment is relatively large and the living comfort is high.
(3) In structural construction, multi-storey houses usually adopt brick-concrete structure, so the construction cost of multi-storey houses is generally low.
However, multi-storey houses also have some shortcomings, which are mainly shown as follows:
(1) The living conditions of the ground floor and the top floor are not ideal, the safety and lighting of the residents at the bottom floor are poor, and the toilets are prone to overflow and smell; The top floor residents are inconvenient to get up and down because there is no elevator. In addition, the roof has poor heat insulation and water resistance.
(2) it is difficult to innovate. Due to the design and architectural technology stereotypes, it is difficult to innovate in the structure, building materials selection and spatial layout of multi-storey houses, resulting in the disadvantages of "a thousand buildings are the same". If we want to innovate, we need to increase investment and lose the advantage in price and cost.
There are many plane types of multi-storey houses, and the basic types are staircase, corridor and independent unit.
11. Small high-rise residential buildings
Generally speaking, small high-rise residential buildings mainly refer to assembly houses with 7-1 floors. From the height, it has the atmosphere of multi-storey residential buildings, but it is also a low high-rise residential building, so it is called small high-rise buildings. For this kind of small high-rise launched by the market, it seems to be a middle way between multi-layer and high-rise. This kind of small high-rise building has its own characteristics compared with multi-storey houses:
(1) The floor area ratio of buildings is higher than that of multi-storey houses, which saves land, and the investment cost of real estate developers is lower than that of multi-storey houses.
(2) The building structure of this kind of small high-rise residence mostly adopts reinforced concrete structure. From the perspective of the plane layout of the building structure, it mostly adopts plate structure, which has a large design space in terms of apartment type.
(3) Because the elevator is designed, the floor is not very high, which increases the comfort of living. However, due to the limitation of floor area ratio, compared with high-rise buildings, the price of small high-rise buildings is generally higher than that of high-rise houses in the same location, which requires developers to spend more time on improving quality.
12. High-rise residence
High-rise residence is the product of urbanization and industrial modernization, which can be divided into tower and board building according to its external shape.
(1) Advantages of high-rise residential buildings: high land utilization rate, large outdoor public space and facilities, good view, and good convenience in life built in urban areas, which is very attractive to buyers.
(2) Disadvantages of high-rise residential buildings: High-rise residential buildings, especially towers, have increased the difficulty in apartment design, and it is difficult to make the orientation, lighting and ventilation of each apartment design reasonable in each floor. Moreover, the investment of high-rise residential buildings is large, and the consumption of steel and concrete in buildings is higher than that of multi-storey residential buildings. It is necessary to configure elevators, high-pressure pumps, increase public walkways and doors and windows, and pay recurrent expenses for repairing and maintaining these equipment from property management fees.
The combination mode of the interior space of high-rise residential buildings is mainly influenced by the public transportation system in the residential buildings. According to the classification of public transportation system in residential buildings, high-rise residential buildings are divided into two categories: unit type and corridor type. Among them, the unit type can be divided into independent unit type and combined unit type, and the corridor type can be divided into inner corridor type, outer corridor type and jump corridor type.
13. Super high-rise residential buildings
Most super high-rise residential buildings have more than 3 floors. The floor price of super high-rise residential buildings is the lowest, but its house price is not low. This is because with the continuous increase of building height, its design method, concept and construction technology will change greatly compared with ordinary high-rise residential buildings and middle and low-rise residential buildings, and the factors to be considered will increase greatly. For example, the number of elevators, fire-fighting facilities, ventilation and smoke exhaust equipment and personnel safety evacuation facilities will be more complicated, and the earthquake resistance and load of the structure itself will be greatly strengthened. In addition, the super high-rise building is highly prominent and attracts people's attention, so the decoration of the exterior wall is also high, resulting in high cost. If it is built in the city center or in an area with good landscape, although residents can enjoy the beautiful scenery, it is not harmonious for the whole area. Therefore, many countries do not advocate building more super high-rise residential buildings.
14. Modular residence
Modular residence, also called staircase residence, is a unit combination that serves several households with one staircase, and is generally adopted by multi-storey and high-rise residences. The basic features of the apartment are as follows:
(1) Each floor is centered on stairs, with a small number of households, generally 2-4 households, and each floor with a large depth can serve 5-8 households. Residents enter the sub-door from the landing, and each household is self-contained.
(2) The indoor living facilities are perfect, which not only reduces the mutual interference between residents, but also adapts to various climatic conditions.
(3) The building area is small, the apartment type is relatively simple, the production can be standardized, and the cost is economical and reasonable.
(4) A certain public use area, such as stairs, walkways and garbage lanes, is still reserved; Maintaining certain neighborhood contacts is conducive to improving interpersonal relationships.
15. Apartments
Apartments are different from western-style villa houses with single-family houses. Apartment houses are generally built in big cities, most of which are high-rise buildings with high standards; There are several single-family suites in each floor, including bedroom, living room, living room, bathroom, toilet, kitchen, balcony and so on. Some of them are attached to hotels for short-term rental by some frequent Chinese and foreign businessmen and their families.
16. Garden-style residence
Garden-style residence is generally called western-style villa or small villa, also known as garden villa. Generally, they are single-family bungalows with garden lawn and garage or small buildings with two or three floors, with low building density, complete internal living functions, luxurious decoration and rich changes. Water, electricity and heating are available in the house, and outdoor roads, communication, shopping and greening also have high standards, which are generally purchased by high-income people.
17. duplex type residence
duplex type residence means that the residence occupies two floors, the bedroom, living room, sitting room, bathroom, kitchen and other auxiliary spaces can be arranged in layers, and the upper and lower floors are connected by small stairs without public stairs.
the advantages are: (1) each household has a large lighting surface and good ventilation; (2) The indoor living area and auxiliary area are large; (3) Compact layout, clear functions and less mutual interference.
18. Duplex residence
Duplex residence generally means that each household has an additional mezzanine in a higher floor, and the total height of the two floors is much lower than that of duplex type residence (the duplex is 3.3 meters, while the average duplex type is 5.6 meters), and its lower floor is used for daily life, such as cooking, dining and bathing; The upper floor is used for rest, sleep and storage.
The advantages are as follows:
(1) The plane utilization coefficient is high, and the use area of the house can be increased by 5% ~ 7% through the sandwich layer;
(2) The indoor partition is wood structure, which integrates partition, furniture and decoration, and is not only a wall, but also a floor, bed and cabinet, which reduces the comprehensive cost;
(3) The upper floor adopts sliding windows, which has good ventilation and lighting. Compared with ordinary houses with the same height and area, the land utilization rate can be increased by 4%.
Disadvantages are:
(1) The duplex residence has a wide surface and a small depth. If the interior corridor type plane combination is adopted, it will inevitably lead to poor orientation, natural ventilation and poor lighting;
(2) The height of the floor is too low, for example, the kitchen is only 2m high, so it is easy to feel uncomfortable when used for a long time; The storage room is large, but the height is only 1.2 meters, so it is difficult to make full use of it.
(3) Because the indoor partition and floor are all made of thin wood, the cost of wood is high, and the functions of sound insulation and fire prevention are poor, and the privacy and safety of the room are poor.
19. Intelligent residence
Intelligent residence refers to a residential building that organically combines all kinds of household automation equipment, electrical equipment, computers and network systems with architectural technology and art, so as to obtain a feeling of safe living, healthy environment, reasonable economy, convenient living and thoughtful service, which makes people feel warm and comfortable and can stimulate people's creativity. Generally speaking, a house with the following four functions is considered as an intelligent house:
(1) security and defense automation;
(2) body health care automation;
(3) automation of housework;
(4) culture, entertainment and information automation.
having the following four basic functions can realize the automation of family activities. Automation of family activities refers to the automation of housework, management, culture, entertainment and communication. The so-called housework refers to household appliances, security facilities, energy management, etc. The so-called management refers to family purchase, economic management, housework and medical and health management; The so-called cultural entertainment refers to the use of computers for learning, entertainment, literary and artistic creation, etc. The so-called communication refers to the use of communication networks to contact and consult with the outside world.
it should be noted that computerization and intelligence are different. A large number of instruments, equipment and systems with computer hardware and software can be called "computerization", but they are not necessarily intelligent. One or some artificial intelligence technologies must be adopted to make the instrument, instrument, equipment and system have certain intelligent functions before it can be called intelligence. Computerization is a necessary condition for intelligence, but not a sufficient condition.
an intelligent residential district refers to a residential place which is based on an advanced and reliable network system, and integrates residents and public facilities into a network and realizes computerized management of living facilities and service facilities of residents and communities. Its key point is to improve the level of family education, science and technology and the safety of housing.
in order to further standardize the intelligent construction of residential quarters, the Housing Industrialization Office and the Survey and Design Department of the Ministry of Construction have formulated the Key Points and Technical Guidelines for the Construction of National Intelligent System Demonstration Project in Residential Quarters (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines), which divides the intelligent system construction of residential quarters into three levels: one-star, two-star and three-star.
(1) The Guide requires that a one-star demonstration community should have: a security subsystem, including entrance and exit management and perimeter defense alarm, closed-circuit television monitoring, intercom and security door control, household alarm and patrol management; Information management subsystem, including monitoring the security system, remote copying and management, IC card, vehicle access and parking management, monitoring and management of power supply equipment, public lighting, elevators, water supply and other important equipment, emergency broadcasting and background music system, and property management computer system; Information network subsystem, including scientific and reasonable wiring to realize the above functions, no less than two telephone lines and two cable TV sockets for each household to establish a cable TV network.
(2) The two-star demonstration community should have all the functions of one star, and its functions and technical level should be greatly improved in terms of security subsystem and information management subsystem; The information transmission channel should use high-speed broadband data network as the backbone network; The property management computer system should be equipped with a local network for residents to use.
(3) A three-star demonstration community should have all the functions of a two-star community. If possible, the construction of its intelligent system should realize the modern integrated construction system (HI-CIMS) technology, and bring the construction of intelligent property management system into the whole residential area as a subsystem of HI-CIMS project. At the same time, HI-CIMS should consider the operation mode of its intelligent system management by property companies to make it advanced, extensible and convenient to manage.
2. Deck-type residence
Deck-type residence, also known as "stepped residence", is named because its appearance is similar to steps. The architectural feature of this kind of residence is that the building area of the residence decreases step by step from the bottom up, and the extra building area of the lower floor becomes a large platform of the upper floor, which greatly exceeds the protruding or recessed balcony area of the general residence. The advantages of retreating table-type residence are: residents have larger outdoor activity space, and also have good lighting and ventilation; Disadvantages are: part of the building space is converted into a platform, and the floor area ratio of the building is reduced, occupying more land. Therefore, the proportion of land price in the total cost is increased. At present, the retired residential buildings built in China are all middle and high-grade houses with higher prices, which are generally built in suburban residential areas or tourist resorts with lower land prices, and some low-rise detached villa-style houses often adopt the retired design.
21. Group residence
"Group" is a concept that is often quoted by large communities at present. It is a residential structure that combines the architectural model of Chinese quadrangles. Courtyard-style layout, surrounded by four buildings into a closed space, enters and exits through a single entrance, which can bring residents a sense of territory and security, and the neighborhood has an atmosphere and space for communication, with a pleasant spatial scale, which makes people relaxed and happy, which is very in line with the psychological needs of modern people's communication.
22. Corridor residence
Corridor residence is divided into veranda residence and inner corridor residence.
(1) the veranda residence. The veranda residence is widely used in townhouse, multi-storey and high-rise slab residence and Y-shaped and I-shaped point residence. This kind of residence is characterized by a public corridor on one side of the room, and the end of the corridor leads to stairs and elevators. The veranda-style residence can be divided into two types: long verandah and short verandah. The first floor of the long veranda can be closed and open. The former is mostly used in multi-storey and high-rise residential buildings, with columns, fences, glass and other enclosures. The advantages of veranda residence are: clear household division, one entrance and exit in the public corridor of each building or house, and good orientation, lighting and ventilation for each household. The disadvantages of this kind of residence are: the veranda, as a public traffic corridor, occupies a large area and the building