1 Existing Problems
The coal enterprise safety production guarantee mechanism refers to the various guarantee factors and interconnections and mutual constraints affecting the safety production activities of coal enterprises, so as to play the function of coal mine safety production guarantee operation mechanism. It is a multi-factor, multi-link, dynamic, complex operating system. To fundamentally reverse the passive situation of safety production in coal enterprises, it is not only necessary to pay attention to the research and development of safety technology and equipment, but also, more importantly, to carry out research on safety production guarantee. In recent years, the state has promulgated and implemented the Work Safety Law and other laws and regulations, reformed and adjusted the supervisory and management system of work safety, and through the Decision on Further Strengthening of Safety Work, clarified the safety license system, raised the access standards of the coal industry, explicitly proposed the establishment of a system of indicators for the control of work safety, and proposed to promote work safety by economic policies. Especially in June 2004 held a "China Liability Insurance Forum" on the insurance industry should be combined with the coal production safety work to achieve positive interaction *** with the development. However, how to play the role of the government, the insurance industry and the coal industry, the role of the three, to ensure the safe operation of the production system of coal enterprises, the realization of the government, the insurance industry, the coal industry and the coal industry and the production safety of systematic, constraints and interaction of an effective combination of the problem is worth in-depth discussion.
The traditional system of the coal industry is "state supervision, industry management, enterprise responsibility, public supervision", a kind of enterprise-based, industry management as a supplement to the production safety guarantee mode. In this mode, currently exposed many shortcomings:
1) From a practical point of view, the safety evaluation is not a conscious behavior of coal enterprises, but under the constraints of certain laws and regulations must be carried out, therefore, the coal enterprises are very easy to safety evaluation is simply understood as a "safety license", evaluation, evaluation, and then relax after the completion of the safety license. After the completion of the safety license, the continuous improvement of safety production is relaxed.
2) After obtaining the safety license, coal enterprises may lose focus on safety investment. China established the State Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau in 2000, and the State Council passed the Regulations on Coal Mine Safety Supervision of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China in November 2000. Over the past few years, the supervision of the Safety Supervision Bureau has been gradually improved, but it has not been truly combined organically with the safeguard function in the safety production system of the coal enterprises, and the optimization of the safety system of the coal enterprises has not been carried out.
3) Before the occurrence of safety accidents in coal enterprises, due to the lack of substantial constraining effect of safety evaluation and safety supervision, the enterprises can not see the output effect of safety investment, therefore, the safety investment of coal enterprises is generally less, increasing the hidden danger of safety accidents.
4) Coal enterprises are basically excluded from the social insurance co-ordination system, and in the event of work-related accidents, they can only be compensated and paid by the enterprises in accordance with the regulations, and the amount of compensation is very small; moreover, at present, the coal enterprises have not realized the importance of commercial insurance or are unwilling to bear the cost of insurance premium expenditure, and every time a safety accident occurs, most of the compensation is given by the state for the sake of stabilizing the people's mind. which makes the coal enterprises lose the incentive to invest.
5) State-owned key, state-owned local, township coal mines in the safety investment, the safety situation is very different, but the state's tax and tons of coal safety cost extraction rate is the same, no regulation and fluctuation, a serious setback to the enthusiasm of the enterprise to invest in safety.
6) coal enterprises (except for private enterprises) legal persons to implement the appointment and appointment system, resulting in corporate legal persons in their term of office safety investment is small, and the existence of a sense of fluke.
In short, all of the above aspects have a negative impact on the production safety of coal enterprises, and most importantly, the various safety management means and measures taken at present do not form a systematic and substantial constraints, and do not really establish a security mechanism that gives full play to the role of constraints and promotion, and do not really improve and optimize the safety production system of coal enterprises.
2 Establishment of multi-constraint coal production safety guarantee mechanism
The composition of the coal production safety guarantee mechanism involves many aspects, such as coal mine safety production and management of various laws and regulations, coal mine safety evaluation methods, commercial insurance, workers' compensation insurance premiums based on the formulation of the system, the safety supervision system and system, the safety management system of the coal enterprise itself, etc.
3 The coal production safety guarantee mechanism has been established by the government of the People's Republic of China.
Coal mine safety evaluation methods
The establishment of the production safety guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises is to organically link certain laws and regulations, policies, methods, strategies and means according to the needs of the overall safety of the enterprise, to effectively organize the production activities of coal enterprises, to apply the method of combining quantitative and qualitative analysis and computer simulation technology, to analyze, plan, design, adjust, and dynamically optimize the production safety guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises, so as to achieve the goal of achieving the goal of safety production safety. The analysis, planning, design, adjustment and dynamic optimization of the safety production guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises are carried out by applying a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis methods and computer simulation technology, so as to achieve the optimal purpose, in order to give full play to the potentials of manpower, material and financial resources, and to make all kinds of relationships in the safety system of coal enterprises coordinate and cooperate with one another through a variety of effective measures to ultimately realize the comprehensive optimization of the whole safety system of coal enterprises. In this way of thinking, the core of the safety guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises is the safe production of coal enterprises, and in addition to the role of the management behavior of coal enterprises themselves, external factors such as the government, insurance companies and coal industry associations should also be used to influence the safety production behavior of coal enterprises, so as to realize the dynamic overall optimization of the safety system of coal enterprises. The government, insurance companies and coal industry associations have different focuses on the role of coal production safety.
2.1 The government carries out safety evaluation to determine the safety level of coal enterprises
The government (e.g., the State Administration of Coal Mine Safety) mainly commissions safety evaluation intermediary organizations to carry out grading evaluation of the safety production and management status of the coal enterprises in accordance with the requirements of laws and regulations, such as the Work Safety Law, and determines the safety level, and then verifies and grades the safety status of the coal enterprises. After verification, the governmental departments will classify the safety status of the coal enterprises and issue safety licenses. The coal mine safety supervision department also conducts regular inspections and determines the responsibility for accidents in enterprises that have obtained safety licenses and have been graded, and decides whether to reduce or cancel the safety licenses. In order to obtain a safety license and a more desirable safety level, coal enterprises will invest in safety engineering construction, safety facilities, safety equipment and instruments according to the requirements of the evaluation indexes, which determines the basis of material guarantee for the safety production of coal enterprises, i.e., the "hardware basis". It increases the enthusiasm of coal enterprises to invest in safety, lays the basic material foundation of safety production, and also determines the level of investment and cost of coal enterprise safety. Therefore, coal enterprises should weigh the safety investment and safety costs, the reasonable proportion between the two to make the safety system in an optimal state.
2.2 Compulsory commercial insurance for coal enterprises, and the implementation of floating rate system
The government with a mandatory policy, commissioned commercial insurance companies to use the commercial insurance operation mechanism, according to the government departments to determine the safety level of the coal enterprises, to take the form of a floating rate to collect insurance premiums as one of the conditions of access to the coal industry. Enterprises with a high safety level have low insurance rates; enterprises with a low safety level have high insurance rates; and if a safety accident occurs, the commercial insurance company has to pay out according to certain standards. The safety level of coal enterprises determines the degree of burden of commercial insurance premiums of coal enterprises, and also determines the level of safety costs of coal enterprises. Through the study of the relationship between commercial insurance premium rates and the safety status of enterprises, as well as the role of differential insurance premium rates on the promotion of coal enterprises, so that the role of coal enterprise safety production guarantee mechanism can be fully realized.
2.3 Establishment of the Coal Industry Workers' Compensation Insurance Foundation
The Coal Industry Association mainly establishes the Coal Industry Workers' Compensation Insurance Foundation through the policy of legal effect given by the state, and all the coal enterprises have to extract the safety fund according to a certain standard, and hand it over to the Coal Industry Workers' Compensation Insurance Foundation, which forms the Coal Industry Workers' Compensation Insurance Fund. In China's Trial Measures for Work-Related Injury Insurance for Enterprise Employees, it is clearly stipulated that work-related injury insurance should be combined with accident prevention. The Coal Industry Association's Peer Occupational Injury Insurance Foundation is guided by the State Administration of Work Safety Supervision and focuses on accident prevention, in addition to regular safety inspections with the coal mine safety supervision department; it has the right to make recommendations to the government to reevaluate the level of coal enterprises, has the right to impose mandatory shutdowns of coal enterprises with significant safety hazards, and is able to work with insurance companies to appraise the liability for safety accidents and to determine the compensation standards for coal enterprises and supervise the implementation of compensation; and to realize the three-in-one workers' compensation insurance mechanism of accident prevention, medical rehabilitation and compensation for work-related injuries. And the Coal Industry Association's inter-industry industrial injury insurance fund system, so that the payment of the insurance fund constitutes the content of the cost of coal mine safety, at the same time, most of the industrial injury insurance fund is mainly used for the prevention of safety accidents in each coal enterprise, so that the enterprise strengthens the safety training, education, and publicity of the safety culture, and establishes the "software basis" of the safety guarantee mechanism of the coal enterprise This enables the enterprises to strengthen safety training and education, publicize safety culture, establish the "software foundation" of the safety guarantee mechanism of the coal enterprises, reduce the possibility of safety accidents occurring in the coal enterprises, and raise the level of compensation for safety accidents after the accidents, thus protecting the interests of the employees. Coal industry workers' compensation insurance foundation, in fact, through the use of the fund constantly on the coal enterprise safety production system for dynamic optimization, give full play to the role of safety production security mechanism.
2.4 Implementation of safety management target responsibility system
The coal enterprise safety management target responsibility system is an integral part of the coal enterprise safety production guarantee mechanism. Through the establishment of the safety management target responsibility system, effective safety performance assessment, and through the benign interaction mechanism with the Coal Mine Safety Production Supervision Bureau, commercial insurance companies, and the coal industry workers' compensation insurance foundation, the role of internal and external influencing factors are integrated to achieve the optimization goal of the safety system of the coal enterprise, and ultimately, through the safe production, to achieve good economic and social benefits, and to establish a good corporate reputation The The overall idea of establishing the production safety guarantee mechanism of coal enterprises is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Relationship diagram of coal enterprise production safety guarantee mechanism
3 Significance of implementing multi-constraint coal enterprise production safety guarantee mechanism
3.1 Prompting coal enterprises to increase safety investment, effectively curbing accidents
Indeed, there are many reasons for the occurrence of safety accidents in coal mines, and the insufficient safety investment is one of them. By the end of 2003, the state-owned key coal enterprises for the safety of 16.4 billion yuan in arrears. Practice shows that: good safety conditions of enterprises, safety investment are reasonable in place. In order to realize the ultimate goal of overall safety of coal enterprises, coal enterprises should pay attention to safety investment when they start to enter this industry. Because the level of safety investment, determines whether the coal enterprise can obtain a safety license, whether to achieve the desired safety level; and safety level affects the rate of payment of commercial insurance premiums, as well as the proportion of payment of workers' compensation insurance fund; the implementation of the enterprise internal safety management target responsibility system, can also improve the importance of the enterprise for the safety of the investment. Therefore, through the establishment of the coal enterprise safety production guarantee mechanism, prompting coal enterprises to increase investment, so as to ultimately effectively curb the occurrence of safety accidents, so that the coal industry has become a safe industry.
3.2 Beneficial to the formation of benign interaction mechanism, to achieve "mutual win-win"
Coal enterprises to carry out the operation of the production safety guarantee mechanism at the same time, with the government, insurance companies and industry associations to form a benign interaction mechanism. Government departments have restricted and improved industry access conditions, effectively stopping unqualified enterprises that cannot meet safety evaluation standards from entering the coal industry, which fundamentally protects coal resources and reduces the risk level of the entire industry. At the same time, through unremitting long-term safety supervision, the pressure on coal enterprises' safety production has been increased so that there cannot be any slackness in safety management, so that the state safety production supervision department can effectively play its functional role. With the help of various kinds of commercial insurance, the insurance company not only expands its business type and scope and achieves good economic benefits, but also forms a special form of supervision on the safety production of coal enterprises through accident investigation after an accident. The establishment of the Coal Industry Workers' Compensation Insurance Foundation is a way to establish a kind of workers' compensation insurance system with Chinese characteristics, which highlights the importance of accident prevention, protects the interests of employees, and reduces the burden of the state and enterprises. Due to the introduction of the insurance mechanism, it greatly reduces the large amount of ex post facto work carried out by all levels of government after the occurrence of coal mine accidents in the past, frees the government from the tiresome handling of accidents, and improves the efficiency of work.
3.3 Apply the concept of dynamic optimization of the safety and security system to continuously improve the safety level of coal enterprises
Changes in internal and external factors affecting the safety situation of coal enterprises make it necessary for coal enterprises to continuously make adjustments to the safety system. For example, with the progress of coal mining, the adoption of mining technology, changes in the geological conditions of coal seams and other internal factors, coal enterprises to achieve the overall safety optimization, but also need to constantly optimize the security system of safety production. External influences such as problems found during coal mine safety inspections, rationalization suggestions made by the Coal Industry Workers' Compensation Insurance Foundation, and supervision by insurance companies also make it necessary for enterprises to continuously improve production safety. It is this dynamic optimization concept, prompting coal enterprises to achieve the ultimate goal of production safety, and constantly improve the level of safety management of coal enterprises, and constantly improve the security mechanism of coal enterprise safety production.
3.4 Beneficial to coal enterprises to establish a scientific concept of safety development
Coal enterprises have an excellent cost-saving concept, whether from the mine design, equipment purchases and configuration of instrumentation, as well as the expenditure of safety management costs, etc., from the cost-saving point of view, especially in the first few years of the whole industry development of the coal atrophied, but it is more so, but it must be recognized that the cost-saving also has its inevitable. Cost saving also has its inevitable negative effects, reduce the safety investment, buried security risks, the consequences of accidents far more than the cost savings, and the opportunity cost of safety accidents is difficult to estimate. The establishment of coal enterprise safety production security mechanism, and through the dynamic adjustment of various influencing factors, is to weigh between safety input and safety output, under the premise of ensuring safe production, improve the level of safety input at the same time, to make the benefits of safety input over the costs incurred by the safety input to establish a scientific concept of safety development.