2. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified the north and south.
3. From 605, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty opened a Grand Canal running north-south.
4. The Sui Dynasty Grand Canal, centered in Luoyang, reaching Zhuo County in the north and Yuhang in the south, was more than 2,000 kilometers long, making it the longest canal in the ancient world.
5. The Sui Dynasty Grand Canal was divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Generali Canal, Jiangnan River and five major rivers: Haihe, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
6. In 618, Emperor Yang was killed by his generals in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty fell.
7. In 618, Li Yuan rose against Sui at Taiyuan and entered Chang'an to establish the Tang Dynasty.
8. The only female emperor in China's history was Wu Zetian, who claimed the title of emperor in her later years and changed the country's name to Zhou.
9. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty emphasized the development of production and the reduction of taxes and labor for farmers; he also emphasized the role of virtuous talents and was open to advice. He appointed Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhi as prime ministers, known as "Fang Mou Du Jian". He reused Wei Zheng, who was an outspoken person, as a famous counselor
10. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the politics were relatively clear, the economy developed faster, and the power of the state was gradually strengthened. History refers to this period as the "Rule of Zhenguan" (贞观之治).
11, the Tang Dynasty, the world's first tea monograph, "Tea Classic", the author Lu Yu is known as the "God of Tea".
12, by Wu Zetian promotion, was appointed by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty as prime minister of the famous minister is Yao Chong.
13, ceramics industry in the Tang Dynasty had an important development, Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang three colors are the most famous. Tang three-color is the world's treasures of craftsmanship.
14. During the Tang Dynasty, the metropolises of the country were Chang'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou, and Chengdu.
15, Chang'an city is divided into workshops and cities, visit is the residential area, the city is a prosperous commercial area.
16. Chang'an was both a center of interaction among the various ethnic groups of the time and an international metropolis.
17The reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty entered a period of prosperity, known in history as the "Golden Age of the Yuan Dynasty".
18, the method of selecting officials by divisional examinations began when Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang formally set up in the first section, according to the examination results of the selection of talents.
19, the Tang Dynasty imperial examination system permanent examination subjects, in order to enter and Mingjing two of the most important.
20, the Tang Dynasty period to improve the imperial examination system characters are Tang Taizong, Tang Xuanzong and Wu Zetian.
21, the imperial examination system in China's feudal society continued for more than 1,300 years, until the end of the Qing Dynasty was abolished.
22、During the Tang Dynasty, Tang Taizong and Wu Zetian, the government successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions governing the western regions in the present-day Xinjiang region.
23. In the early 7th century, the outstanding Songtsen Gampo of the Tubo Dynasty unified the Tibetan plateau and set his capital at Logos.
24. During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Tang Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songtsen Gampo, which led to closer economic and cultural exchanges between the Tang and the Tibetans and enhanced the friendly relations between them.
25. In the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty has become "and the same as a family".
26. Before the middle of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named the leader of Huihe as Huairen Khan, and Emperor Xuanzong named the leader of Bohai as the king of Bohai County. Emperor Xuanzong made the leader of Nanzhao the king of Yunnan. Asia
27, the Sui and Tang dynasties are more active in foreign exchanges, and Asia to Africa, Europe, a number of countries, there are exchanges.
28, Tang Dynasty China and Tianzhu frequent exchanges, the most outstanding emissary is the monk Xuanzang. He specialized in translating Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote the "Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty".
29, Xuanzong time, Jianzhen should be invited by Japanese monks, east to Japan, to the sixth time before success. Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty was when was the largest city in the world.
30, many Silla merchants came to China to do business, Silla specialties in the Tang Dynasty imports for the first time.
31、The Zhaozhou Bridge, designed and built by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman of the Sui Dynasty, is the world's oldest surviving stone arch bridge.
32. The Diamond Sutra, printed in the Tang Dynasty, is the world's earliest surviving engraved print marked with an exact date.
33, the Tang Dynasty's outstanding medical doctor Sun Simiao, his life's work to write the "Thousand Gold Formula", was later honored as "King of Medicine"
34, the art of the caves in the Sui and Tang dynasties developed greatly, the most famous is located in today's western Gansu Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes.
35. At the beginning of the 10th century, A Baoji, the leader of the Khitan, unified the Khitan ministries and established the Khitan state, with its capital at Shangjing.
36, the first half of the 11th century, Danghang leader Yuan Hao called the emperor of the Great Xia State, with its capital in Xingqing, known as Western Xia.
37. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Later Zhou Dynasty, staged a mutiny at Chenqiaoyi and established the Song Dynasty with its capital in Tokyo, known as the Northern Song Dynasty.
38. In 1127, Zhao Jiu ascended to the throne and set up the capital at Lin'an, known as the Southern Song Dynasty.
39. Yue Fei, a famous general of the Southern Song Dynasty who fought against the Jin Dynasty, defeated the Jin army in Weicheng and recovered many lost territories.
40, Song Dynasty shipbuilding industry in the world. Guangzhou and Quanzhou on the southeastern coast had a well-developed shipbuilding industry.
41, the Tang Dynasty introduced from Vietnam's excellent varieties of Chamchung rice, quickly popularized in the south of the Yangtze River. Rice jumped to the top of grain production in the Song Dynasty, with the main production area in the south. Cotton cultivation, by the two Guangzhou, Fujian extended to the Yangtze River Basin. Tea was cultivated in the hilly areas of Jiangnan.
42, the Northern Song Dynasty, Shu silk fabrics "No. Kou world". Jiangzhe silk production is high, the court with the silk, there are many from Jiangzhe.
43, the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan region has become the center of gravity of China's porcelain industry. Zhejiang Brother Kiln fired ice crack porcelain, giving people a chic beauty. Jingdezhen, which emerged in the Northern Song Dynasty, later developed into a famous porcelain capital.
44, the largest commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty was Lin'an, which was far more prosperous than Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.
45, the Song Dynasty overseas trade became an important country in the world at that time engaged in overseas trade, Guangzhou, Quanzhou is known as the world's largest commercial port.
46. The government of the Yuan Dynasty encouraged overseas trade and set up the City Hublot Department in major ports to manage it.
47. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the Jiaotzu, the world's earliest paper currency, appeared in the Sichuan area. The creation of paper money was conducive to commercial development.
48、In the early Northern Song Dynasty, ordinary people could only wear black and white. As a result of the promotion of the scholarly men, the bad habit of women's foot-binding.
49、Sheep were the most popular meat in the Northern Song Dynasty; the Southern Song Dynasty ate a lot of fish. During the Song Dynasty, noodles were the main food in the north and rice in the south.
50, today's traditional festivals, like the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc., in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty called the Spring Festival the New Year's Day, which was the most important.
51, 1206, Mongolian nobles such as the opening of the General Assembly, elected Temujin as the Great Khan, honored him as Genghis Khan, the establishment of the Mongolian state.
52, 1271, Kublai set the state name of Yuan, 1272, the capital of Metropolitan City. 1276, the Yuan army occupied Lin'an, the Southern Song Dynasty fell.
53, Yuan dynasty metropolis is both a political center and a world-famous commercial metropolis. Italian traveler Marko Polo's book "Marko. Chronicle of Polo's Travels". describes the bustling scene in Dadu.
54. In order to exercise effective rule over the whole country, the Yuan Dynasty set up a centralized Zhongshu Province and local Xingzhong Provinces, or "provinces" for short. The Yuan government strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet, which became an official administrative region of the Yuan dynasty; it also strengthened its jurisdiction over the Ryukyus.
55. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Bisheng invented movable-type printing, which greatly facilitated the spread of culture; movable-type printing appeared only in Europe in the 15th century, about four hundred years later than in China.
56. The compass is a great invention of our people, as early as in the Warring States period, people made "Sinan", which is the world's earliest guiding instrument. Northern Song Dynasty, made the compass, and began to be used for navigation. In the Southern Song Dynasty, overseas trade was developed, and the compass was widely used in navigation.
57, gunpowder is China's ancient alchemists invented, the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in military, Song and Yuan period, gunpowder weapons are widely used in war, mainly in the sudden gunfire, rockets, artillery and so on.
58, China's Northern Song Dynasty scientists Shen Kuo's scientific achievements are "Mengxi Bianan", the creation of "twelve gas calendar". China's Yuan Dynasty, the famous astronomer and water expert Guo Shoujing's scientific achievements are "time calendar" to determine the year for 365.2425 days, and now the calendar of the Gregorian calendar is basically the same, but earlier than the establishment of the current calendar about three hundred years.
59. Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty was a famous historian in ancient China, who wrote "Ziji Tongjian", a chronicle of the history of the Five Dynasties from the Warring States period.
60, the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painter Guo Xi, Li Gonglin known as the "Song painting first", Zhang Zeduan's work "Qingming Shanghe Tu", the Yuan dynasty's most famous painter is Zhao Meng's work "drinking horses in the suburbs of the autumn" is known as "God's work"
61, known as "Song painting first", Zhang Zeduan's work "Qingming Shanghe Tu", Yuan dynasty's most famous painter is Zhao Meng's work "Drinking Horses in the Autumn Countryside" is known as "God's work. >61, known as the "Four Families of Song" refers to Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi (fu), Cai Xiang.
Chapter VI Asia
1, Asia's geographic location: located in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, northeast of the Bering Strait and South America as a border, northwest of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the Turkish Straits and the border with Europe, the southwest and the Suez Canal and the border with Africa, the south of the sea across the ocean and Oceania.
2, Asia is the world's first continent: the largest area, across the widest latitude, the longest east-west distance.
3, people according to the geographical location of Asia is divided into: East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia; China is located in East Asia, East Asia's countries are: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia.
4, layered color topographic map: (the middle (dark brown - pink) higher elevation, surrounded by the color gradually from light yellow to light green color - gradually lower elevation) - -The characteristics of Asian terrain: high in the middle, surrounded by low.
5, can find the following place names in the map, say these geographic things are expressed: the Himalayas, Mount Everest (small black triangle), Tibetan Plateau (dark brown area), the West Siberian Plain (green area), the Caspian Sea, Lake Beyhurst, the Dead Sea (closed light blue), the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago, the North China Plain, the Indus River Plain, the Deccan Plateau, Pamir Plateau, Iranian Plateau.
6, the distribution of rivers: originated in the central, radial flow in all directions. The main rivers are: the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Mekong River, the Ganges River, the Indus River, the Obi River, the Yenisei River.
7, Asia's climate characteristics: complex and diverse climate types, monsoon climate, continental climate is widely distributed. Methods of analyzing the climate characteristics of other continents: the distribution pattern of climate types and the most widely distributed type of climate. Characteristics of monsoon climate: high temperature in summer, low temperature in winter, seasonal changes in precipitation, concentrated in the summer and fall seasons, rain and heat at the same time.
8, in order of population: Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, Oceania; in order of natural population growth rate: Africa, South America, Asia, Oceania, North America, Europe.
10, the country's industrial structure is an important indicator of a country's economic development, the higher the per capita GNP of the country, the more economically developed, the tertiary industry is large, the per capita GNP from the low countries, the more economically backward, the greater the proportion of primary industry.
Asia's economic differences: the eastern seaboard economic note developed, the western inland economy is more backward, different land and sea location economic development is different, different socio-historical conditions of economic development is different.
Chapter 7: our neighboring countries and regions
1, geographic location: sea and land location (northwestern Pacific Ocean), continental location (eastern Asia), latitudinal location (latitude and longitude spanning a wide range) 23 ° N - 46 ° N, 122 ° E - -148 ° E, Japan's north and south of the country is narrow and long, and with the meridian diagonal, making Japan's geography more complex and diverse, across the widest latitude, the temperature difference between the north and south will be large, across the longitude of a wide range of east and west of the time difference between the places will be large.
2, topographic features: typical island country, with four major islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu four islands) and more than 3900 small islands; land area of 377,000 square kilometers; zigzagging coastline, more than fine ports (such as Kobe, Yokohama), the terrain is dominated by mountainous terrain, the plains area is narrow, more volcanoes, earthquakes (Japan is located in the Pacific Plate and the Asian-European plate of the junction of the crust, frequent activity, unstable) (Japan is located at the intersection of the Pacific Plate and the Asian-European Plate, the crust of the earth is frequent and unstable)
3, developed processing and trade-based economy: Japan is a world economic power, is a processing and trade-based economy, heavily dependent on foreign countries, to import raw materials from abroad, and export manufactured goods.
4, Japan's major industrial zones: Keihin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Setouchi Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone, Kitakyushu Industrial Zone; distribution characteristics: Japan's industry is highly concentrated, mainly in the Seto Inland Sea coast and the Pacific coast.
5, East and West compatible culture: traditional colors and modern atmosphere coexist, China and Japan have a long history of cultural exchanges.
6, Japan's investment measures: expanding overseas investment, the establishment of overseas production and sales bases, mainly to the United States, Western Europe and Southeast Asia; Overseas investment in the establishment of factories to Japan's benefits: the use of cheap labor in developing countries; reduce the input costs of industrial production; to join the international economic and technological cooperation and competition in the international market; the protection of the country's natural resources, slowing down the depletion of resources. Protecting the environment of the country and reducing the investment in transportation costs. Impact of Japan's investment in building factories overseas on other countries: Japan's move of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in the quality of the environment; Japan has a strong sense of protecting its own resources in its own national interests, but the import of large quantities of timber or overfishing in distant oceans will lead to the serious destruction of resources in other parts of the world or in other countries, which will lead to the dislocation of the global ecological environment.
7, the scope of Southeast Asia: including the Central and Southern Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago; countries (*** 11 countries): Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (the country of a thousand islands, the world's largest archipelago countries), Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, East Timor. Geographic location: latitude (10°S - 25°N) is mainly located in the tropics; land and sea location: west of the Indian Ocean, east of the Pacific Ocean, most of the countries are coastal countries and island countries, by the ocean influence; transportation location: located in the north and south of the two continents (Asia and Oceania), east and west of the two oceans (the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean) between the "crossroads," in the "crossroads" of the world. It is at the "crossroads". Strait of Malacca: located between the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia's Sumatra Island, from Europe to the east to Southeast Asia, East Asia, the shortest route of the ports must pass through, is the edge of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean is an important sea passage.
Climate type Distribution Climate characteristics of the impact on agriculture
Tropical rainforest climate Southern Malay Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago, high temperatures throughout the year and rainy crops can be sown at any time, all seasons are harvested
Tropical monsoon climate Central and South China Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, as well as the northern part of the Philippine Islands, the year-round high temperatures, with a dry and rainy seasons rainy season, the harvest of the dry season
2, Southeast Asia's food crops why rice-based: rice is a staple food crops, but its production requires a large number of labor inputs, and requires high temperatures and rainy conditions, Southeast Asia's densely populated, less cultivated into the high temperatures and heavy rainfall, rice as a major food crop is due to the system's inevitable conditions of the appropriate. Distribution of tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar is the world's major rice exporters; Thailand is the world's largest rubber producer; the Philippines is the world's largest banana hemp producer and coconut exporter; Malaysia is the world's largest producer of palm oil; Indonesia is the world's largest coconut producer.3, most of the rivers in Southeast Asia originated in China's Tibetan Plateau region, such as the Mekong River (Lancang), Salween (Nujiang), river characteristics: north-south column, mountains and rivers, the river on the continent through the mountainous areas, both sides of the mountains, fast-flowing, rich in hydroelectric resources, the lower continent of the river valley spread wide, the water flow is slow, sediment deposition, the riverbanks on both sides of the formation of alluvial plains, forming a sea inlet. River channels, low and fertile estuarine delta.
4, why the distribution of cities along the rivers and estuaries and deltas: because these places are fertile, flat, easy to irrigate, convenient transportation, is densely populated in Southeast Asia, agriculture is developed in the important agricultural areas, but also for the development of the city to provide favorable conditions, such as our country's Chongqing, Wujiang, Shanghai.
5, India's geographic location: is located in the southwest of China, is one of the four ancient civilizations, India's neighbors are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka across the sea, India's topography can be he for the three major topographic regions: the north of the southern side of the West Malaya mountainous terrain, the middle of the Ganges River flat source, the south of the Deccan Plateau.
6, India's total population has exceeded 1 billion, is the world's second most populous country, 50 years India's population grew nearly three times, India's population problems are mainly characterized by: population growth rate is too fast. From the 1970s the Indian government has taken the population control policy and incentive programs, but the majority of rural India's traditional concepts are still very strong, in a fairly long period of time, India's annual net population increase will be more and more large. India due to overpopulation, so that India both per capita natural resource holdings, or per capita food production and steel production compared with the world average, there is a large gap. This shows that excessive population growth can have serious negative impacts on a country's resources, environment as well as economic development.
7, most of India in the tropics and subtropics, to the tropical monsoon climate is dominated by tropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate is mainly characterized by: high temperatures throughout the year, rainy and dry seasons. Rainy season (June - September) winds from the ocean to the land (southwest wind), dry season (October - May) winds from the mainland to the sea (northeast wind). The monsoon makes frequent floods and droughts in India, such that when the monsoon comes early and recedes late and the winds are strong, floods are formed, and when the monsoon comes late and recedes early and the winds are weak, droughts are formed.
8, India's rapid growth of food breakthrough in the implementation of the "Green Revolution". Rice and wheat are India's main food crops, both of which are among the world's top producers. Rice is mainly distributed in sufficient precipitation, flat terrain on the Ganges Plain and coastal plains; and wheat is mainly distributed in the less precipitation, light enough upstream of the Ganges River and the Deccan Plateau in the northwest. This also shows that the relationship between agricultural production and natural conditions is extremely close.
9, India's industry, the British rule, the main development of the textile industry and mining, which is due to the British out of the needs of their own economic development, the strict control of India's industry, India at that time the level of science and technology is quite backward, after independence, India has actively introduced foreign investment and advanced technology, attach importance to training scientific and technological talent, and strive to develop their own industries, mainly: iron and steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and the cotton and linen textile industry, and in the atomic energy industry, India's economy is still in the process of development. Cotton and linen textile industry, but also in the atomic energy, aerospace, computer software and other high-tech fields have certain achievements.
10, Russia's natural profile: ① terrain: relatively flat, mainly plains, west of the Ural Mountains for the plains, east of the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plain, East Siberia with the same place. Is the world's largest country, east-west length of 10,000 square kilometers, north-south width of about 4,000 kilometers, an area of more than 17 million square kilometers; ② climate: temperate continental climate. There are large differences, the northern part of the year-round cold polar climate, the southern part of the Mediterranean climate and temperate steppe climate, the eastern part of the temperate monsoon climate. Russian period of climate livestock: long and cold winters, short and warm summers; ③ rivers and lakes: the Volga is Europe's longest river, rich in water power, the most important inland waterways. Obi, Yenisei, and Lega Rivers, rich in hydroelectric energy, long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world; ④ Rich in natural resources. There are many kinds of natural resources, large reserves, uneven regional distribution, more in the east and less in the west. The main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals, etc., and the main places of production are the Kursk Iron Ore Mine, the Kuzbass Coal Mine and the Tyumen Oil Field.
11, the four major industrial zones: Moscow as the center of industrial Asia, distributed in the European part of Russia, this is the most developed region of Russian industry, mainly steel, automobiles, airplanes, rockets and electronics and other industrial sectors; St. Petersburg as the center of the industrial zones, distributed in the European part of Russia's Baltic Sea coast. Petrochemicals, shipbuilding, electronics, paper and aerospace industries are well developed here. It is also the most developed area of Russia's food and textile industries; the Ural Industrial Zone, in the Ural Mountains, is located on the Asian-European divide. Here the main production of oil, steel and machinery and other products; Kuzbass as the center of the Siberian industrial zone: here the main production of coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, iron and steel and other heavy industrial products and military industrial products.
12, the Great Trans-Asian Railway along the southern mountain construction: the primary reason is that the southern mountainous areas are rich in mineral resources, and secondly, the northern region of Russia due to high latitude, cold all year round, low temperatures, there is a very deep permafrost, and the construction of railroads on the permafrost, the difficulty of, and the safety coefficient is low. Pipeline transportation is a new type of transportation that combines lines and carriers into one and mainly transports oil and gas. The two main modes of transportation: highway and railroad; the two main modes of freight transportation: pipeline and railroad.