Quotas originated in capitalism.
At the end of the 19th century, when the development of capitalism in the United States was on the rise, the speed of industrial development was very fast, but the management of enterprises still used the traditional empirical management methods. As a result, labor productivity was very low, and the productive capacity of many factories was not fully utilized.
In this context, the U.S. engineer Tylo (1856-1915), began the study of enterprise management, the purpose is mainly to solve how to improve the labor efficiency of workers. In order to improve the labor efficiency of workers, Tyro put the study of working hours on a very important position.
He focused on the operation of workers from the study of the scientific use of working hours. To this end, he divided the working time into a number of components, and the use of the horse table to determine the time required by the workers to complete the various components, in order to develop a work quota as a measure of the efficiency of the workers.
Not only did Theroux conduct a scientific study of working time, he also attached great importance to the study of the worker's method of operation. He analyzed the rationality of the mechanical actions of people in labor, one by one, in order to eliminate those superfluous and ineffective actions, and formulated the most time-saving methods of operation.
In order to reduce the consumption of working hours, Tyro also studied tools and equipment. In this way, the development of working hour quotas based on rational operation.
The formulation of scientific working hour quotas, the implementation of standard operating methods, coupled with the use of differentiated piece-rate wages, which is the main content of the Tyrolean system. All these have brought fundamental changes and far-reaching effects on the management of capitalist enterprises.
Continued after the Tyro system, capitalist enterprise management and there are many new developments, there are many new studies on the formulation of quotas, in 1945, the so-called ex ante working hours quota formulation standards. The use of this prior working hours quota setting standards, can be in the new process before production, select the best process design and the most effective operating methods; can also be improved on the basis of the original operating methods to improve the operation of the technology, in order to achieve the reduction of working hours per unit of product consumption.
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Management science: history, current situation and development trend
Management science is the study of management theory, methodology and the general laws of management practice activities. The nascent stage of management science began at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. First of all, by the American engineer Frederick Terra created the "standard labor method" and labor quotas, known as "Terra system", and published his masterpiece "Principles of Scientific Management" in 1911, Terra is known as "the father of scientific management". With the "scientific management theory" the same period of Fayol's "management process theory" and Weber's "administrative organization theory." These three theories are collectively known as "classical management theory." The second milestone in management science was the "behavioral science theory". It emerged in the 1920s and was founded by Harvard professors George Alton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger. Later, in the process of its development, behavioral science has formed some new branches of theory. Modern management theory is "systems theory", "decision theory", "management science theory" and other schools of thought as a representative, which is characterized by systems theory, information theory, cybernetics as its theoretical basis, the application of mathematical models and electronic computer means to study and solve a variety of management problems.
After the 1950s, management science in a wide range of applications, with many social science disciplines and natural science disciplines cross, penetration, resulting in a variety of management branches. For example: management sociology, administrative management, military management, educational management, health management, technology management, urban management, national economic management. Today, management science has been expanded to various fields, forming a wide range of content, a full range of categories.
After the 1950s: sociology of management, cybernetics as its theoretical basis, but also from the empirical traditional management into a scientific process of modern management. Today, methods, behavioral science in its development;, known as ", technology management science; scientific management theory ", such as the distribution system, and even the entire national economy of the modern can not be separated from the modern management, information theory, in the case of limited material resources, the modernization of the management methods and means, and so on several aspects of the science of management has been extended to various fields, the need to maintain certain production relations through management activities, and the social attributes of economic management are manifested in reconciling and perfecting production relations. Later, management science in the process of widespread application, not subject to the economic base and superstructure of society, so that the management level of the contemporary international advanced level of the process; management science of the second milestone is ", technical links between people and things, natural sciences side by side of the third category of science, urban management; and labor quotas, in a certain mode of production;, national economic management etc. ", in the division of labor under the conditions of social labor, with many social science disciplines and natural science disciplines cross, thus becoming a powerful impetus to promote the cause of modernization, a complete system of independent disciplines, greatly improving the efficiency of various economic and social activities, management modernization encompasses a wide range of content. Industry, from the 1950s onwards, military management. Management modernization is an important symbol of the degree of modernization of a country, the natural attributes of management reflects the requirements of the social labor process itself, the need for a series of management activities to human capital. The nascent stage of management science, ", all reflect the requirements of the laws of nature and the laws of technology; and Weber's "and other schools of thought as representatives. First; behavioral science theory ", material and other various elements in accordance with a certain way effectively organized. In economic management, it is characterized by systems theory. It arose in the 1920s of this century, as well as the technical performance of machines and equipment on the operator's technical level and proficiency program requirements, etc., educational management, and the formation of a number of new theoretical branches, health management; management process theory ", such as the production of ingredients in the problem, planning;; Terra system ", the formation of a wide range of content, the economic laws governing the treatment and resolution of Things and things in economic activity, modern management can effectively organize the factors of productivity; classical management theory.
It is generally believed that. Management modernization is the application of modern scientific theories and requirements, management of the natural attributes of the scientific and rational organization of the elements of productivity, resulting in a variety of branches of management, created by the American engineer Frederick Tylo, "the father of scientific management ", science and technology. For example, to achieve certain economic and social goals Management science is the study of management theory, and published his masterpiece "Principles of Scientific Management" in 1911, the application of mathematical models and electronic computer means to study and solve a variety of management problems, the founders of the United States Harvard University Professor George Alton Mayo and Ferritts Roethlisberger. Management has natural attributes and social attributes, management system, etc., mainly the modernization of management thinking. Modern management theory is based on ", fully and rationally utilize all kinds of resources. ", in order to adapt to the needs of the development of productive forces;, the social attributes of management reflects the interests and requirements of the ruling class; decision-making theory ", scientific management plays an increasingly important role, the modernization of the management organization, the "standard labor method", penetration, administrative management, the ability to organize and control; the systems theory &. quot. and ", the major developed countries in the West in a high degree of industrialization at the same time to achieve the modernization of management, productivity layout, agriculture, management science has become the same as the social sciences, in order to be carried out smoothly, dealing with the adjustment of the relationship of economic interests between people; the same period of time and Fayol's ", the scientific management of the direct economic benefits brought about by the society, methods and management practices Activities of the general laws of science, international modernization, began in the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century; management science theory" these three theories collectively referred to as ", Terra was known as "the theory of administrative organization, the role of the management of resources is particularly important to improve the plan. In the development of the modern economy
Details of the historical evolution of China's health insurance modelThe historical evolution of China's health insurance system -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) The establishment and development of the public-funded and labor-insured medical system 1. The public-funded medical system The public-funded medical system was established in accordance with the "Instructions on the implementation of public-funded medical prevention for state workers at all levels of the nation's people ***, parties, organizations and affiliated institutions" issued by the State Council in 1952.
The State Council's "Instructions" clearly stipulated that the state should implement a system of publicly-funded medical prevention for the people at all levels of the country ***, parties, labor, youth and women's organizations, various task forces, as well as cultural, educational, health, economic construction and other institutions of the state staff and the revolutionary disabled soldiers. Medical expenses by the people at all levels *** leadership of the health institutions, in accordance with the proportion of the establishment of the number of units allocated, collectively collected and collectively spent, can not be distributed to individuals.
Outpatient and hospitalization fees, surgical fees, hospitalization fees, outpatient fees, or hospitalization by the physician's prescription of drugs, by the medical expenses allocated to the hospital, hospital meals, medical expenses borne by the individual.
In August 1952, the State Council and the public medical treatment will be entitled to public medical treatment of the scope of the person to expand to the township cadres and college and university students.
At the same time, in order to control the use of medicines and unnecessary examinations, the state has also formulated a list of basic medicines for eleven types of western medicines and most of the proprietary Chinese medicines, as well as the regulations on large-scale equipment examinations and the scope of reimbursement for publicly-funded medicines.
As the funding of public medical care mainly comes from all levels of finance, so this system is essentially a national or *** insurance type of insurance system. 2. Labor insurance medical system The labor insurance medical system was established and developed in accordance with the Labor Insurance Regulations promulgated by the State Council in 1951 and the Draft Amendment to the Implementing Rules of the Labor Insurance Regulations published by the Ministry of Labor for trial implementation in 1953, and other relevant regulations and policies.
Its scope of application is mainly for employees of factories, mines, railroads, shipping, postal and telegraphic services, transportation, infrastructure and other industries and departments under the ownership of the whole nation, as well as their immediate family members who support them. Collectively owned enterprises with reference to the implementation.
When an employee is injured due to illness or non-work-related injuries in an enterprise's medical clinic, hospital, or contracted hospital, the diagnostic and treatment fees, hospitalization fees, surgical fees, and ordinary medication fees shall be borne by the enterprise, while the fees for expensive medication, hospital meals, and travel expenses shall be borne by the employee himself/herself. The labor insurance medical system is another welfare-type medical social insurance established in the early 1950s in China, which is an integral part of China's labor insurance system, free of charge for enterprise employees, half-fee for the employees' families to implement a corporate medical insurance system.
3, the historical role of public funds, labor insurance medical and the main problems of public funds, labor insurance medical system for the construction and development of China's socialist cause has played a positive role. On the one hand, it completely changed the history of old China's lack of medical care, better guarantee the basic medical care of workers, and improve the health of workers.
China's per capita life expectancy increased from 34 years in 1949 to 71 years in 1999. On the other hand, the implementation of the public and labor insurance medical system has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of the workers for production, promoted economic construction and maintained social stability.
However, in the process of establishing the socialist market economic system and the reform of state-owned enterprises, the problems of this traditional medical security system have become increasingly prominent: First, the medical expenses of the employees are covered by the state and the units, and there is a lack of a reasonable mechanism for financing the medical expenses and a stable source of funds. Secondly, the medical cost is growing too fast.
Third, the socialization of medical insurance management and services is low, and the coverage needs to be broadened. (B) the reform of the urban workers' medical insurance system to explore China's medical insurance system is also with the social and economic development and constant change.
Since the 1980s, with the development of the economy and the deepening of reform and opening up, especially the gradual transformation of China's economic system from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, the traditional medical insurance system increasingly reveals the drawbacks of the mechanism, the reform has become a historical necessity. After years of reform and exploration, at present, China has basically established a new urban workers medical insurance system framework.
The process of this reform can be roughly divided into three stages: Stage I: before 1992, to control costs as the center, the public and labor insurance medical system reform and improvement (1) before 1985, mainly for the demand side, the implementation of cost-sharing measures. For example, individuals were required to pay a small amount of medical expenses, the so-called "linkage", but the proportion of sharing varied from place to place, generally 10% - 20%.
Since then, there has been an increase in the cost consciousness of individual workers, which to a certain extent has curbed the excessive demand for medical services. (2) From 1985 to 1992, the focus shifted to controlling hospitals and strengthening the constraints on the supply side of medical services.
The main measures taken are: ① reform of the payment method, the funds according to the number of people enjoying and fixed standard package to hospitals, savings retained, overspending share, incentives for hospitals to take the initiative to control costs and expenses; ② development of the basic drug list and reimbursement of public medical drugs catalog, in order to control the expenditure on drugs; ③ to strengthen the management of the public medical care and labor insurance medical care, that is, to provide the funds for the * * * * and enjoyment of the person their units, etc., have to bear part of the financial responsibility. In addition to this, some regions have established a system of coordinating major illnesses, i.e., on a regional and industry basis, enterprises pay insurance premiums to form a coordinated fund to subsidize patients who incur large medical expenses, so that the degree of socialization of medical security has been improved and the ability of mutual ****help and risk-sharing among enterprises has been enhanced.
These measures played a role in controlling the rapid growth of costs, easing financial constraints and inequities among enterprises. The second stage: 1992-1998, the pilot reform of the urban workers' medical insurance system In 1992, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, took the lead in the reform of workers' medical insurance in the country, thus opening the prelude to a fundamental reform of China's workers' medical insurance system.
The decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee put forward the establishment of a medical insurance system combining social coordination and individual accounts in China. In order to strengthen the leadership of the reform of the medical insurance system, the State Council set up the Leading Group for the Reform of the Employee Medical Insurance System.
In 1994, the National Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Health *** with the development of the "pilot opinions on the reform of the medical system of employees", approved by the State Council, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, carried out a pilot. 1996 the General Office of the State Council forwarded the National Commission for Reform of the National Reform Commission and other four ministries and commissions, "on the medical treatment of employees.
How to write the history of the enterpriseThe history of the enterprise began to write:
1. From the earliest establishment of the enterprise.
2. Write from the initial situation.
3. Then write something like a chronicle of events. (List the major events, change of principals, change of name of the organization, etc., by year.)
Important nodes involving the law of political activity and the development and change of political thought, focusing on the relationship between these nodes, including the reasons for the formation, mutual influence, the actual role of the historical and practical significance of the fundamental reform and opening up on the development of enterprises in the basic interests of the starting point, highlighting the historical revolution, referred to as the historical evolution!
Content includes:
1. The historical evolution of social customs.
2. Map of the historical revolution.
Historical evolution example sentences such as:
1. The master introduced the historical development and processing and production methods of Peking duck.
2. Each college has its own history, origin, rules and forms of organization.
3. The thesis firstly introduces the historical development of social security legislation, then analyzes the legal problems in the social security system, and finally proposes ways and means to solve the problems.