As we all know, science and technology is an important foundation for human survival and development. Without science and technology, there can be no human today. In fact, measurement itself is an important part of science and technology. Any science and technology, are to explore, analyze, study, master and use the objective law of things; and all things are composed of a certain "amount", and through the "amount" to reflect. In order to recognize the quantity and obtain its value exactly, only through measurement. For example, Copernicus's doctrine on the operation of celestial bodies was put forward on the basis of repeated observations, and was established after Galileo made further observations with astronomical telescopes; the famous law of gravity was revealed by Newton's keen observation and confirmed by Cavendish's precision test more than a hundred years later; Einstein's theory of relativity was also based on the precision measurement of frequency and got certain verification; Li Zhengdao, Yang Zhendao and Einstein's theory of relativity is also based on precision measurement of frequency. verification; Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenyu's theory on the non-conservation of the U.S.S.R. under the weak interaction was also verified only after a specialized test conducted by Wu Jianxiong and others at the U.S.S.R. (Gold Standard Institute of Technology). In short, from classical Newtonian mechanics to modern quantum mechanics, various laws and theorems are revealed, recognized and established only after observation, analysis, research, reasoning and practical verification. Measurement is precisely the essential technical basis for the above process.
The three major technological revolutions in history have fully relied on metrology, and at the same time promoted the development of metrology.
The first technological revolution, marked by the widespread use of the steam engine, led to machine-based factories to replace the manual-based workshops, so that productivity can be rapidly increased, and then established the capitalist mode of production. At that time, classical mechanics and thermodynamics were the important theoretical basis for the development of social science and technology. In the process of the development and application of steam engines, it is necessary to carry out a large number of metrological tests on steam pressure, coefficient of thermal expansion, combustion efficiency of fuels, conversion of energy and so on. Mechanical metrology and thermal metrology, is in this case the development of. In addition, the rise of the mechanical industry, so that the measurement of geometric quantities has been further developed.
The second technological revolution, which was basically marked by the creation and application of electricity, gave more impetus to the development of society. Ohm's law, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, as well as Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, etc., for the in-depth study of electromagnetic phenomena and the wide range of applications, electromagnetic measurement and radio measurement, provides an important theoretical basis. For example, in 1821, West Baker discovered the thermoelectric effect, laid the theoretical foundation for the birth of thermocouples; and the successful development of a variety of thermocouples, temperature measurement, electrical measurement, as well as radio measurement, etc. provides an important means to promote the development of the corresponding science and technology. In order to actually measure the relative rate of the earth's movement, Michaelson and others use the achievements of physics, developed the Michaelson interferometer, thus providing an important method for length measurement. 1892, Michaelson pickaxe light (monochromatic red light) as the interferometer's light source, measured the length of platinum-iridium alloy benchmark meter scale preserved in Paris, and obtained a fairly accurate results (equal to 1 553) 163.5 wavelengths of red light). Until today, more than a hundred years later, the use of a variety of interferometers to measure the length of precision, is still an important method of geometric measurement. Planck's quantization hypothesis about energy states, pointing out that when an object radiates and absorbs energy, its charged linear harmonic oscillator can exchange energy with the surrounding electromagnetic field so that it can leap from one energy level to another, and the energy of the energizer is ?E=hυ (in which h - Planck's constant, υ -- frequency). Einstein, on the basis of Planck's hypothesis, proposed that light is not only fluctuating, but also particulate, i.e., light is a stream of particles (photons) moving with speed c, and the energy of its unit (photon) is ?E = hυ, thus indicating that photons of different frequencies have different energies. The above theory successfully explained the photoelectric effect, which became the theoretical basis for thermal radiation metrology, and at the same time enabled metrology to begin to move from the macroscopic into the microscopic realm. With the creation and development of quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, ionizing radiation metrology is gradually taking shape.
The development and application of nuclear energy and chemical industry led to the third technological revolution. In this period, science and technology and socio-economic development more rapidly. Atomic energy, chemical industry, semiconductors, electronic computers, superconductivity, lasers, remote sensing, astronautics and other new technologies are widely used, so that the measurement is increasingly modernized, the measurement of the macro-physical benchmarks gradually to the transition to quantum (natural) benchmarks. The establishment of the atomic frequency scale and the formation of a new definition of the meter are of considerable significance. The precision measurement of frequency and length has contributed to the development of modern science and technology. For example, the determination of the speed of light, the detection of the ultra-fine structure of atomic spectra and many other fields of science and technology such as navigation, spaceflight, remote sensing, lasers, microelectronics and so on, are based on the precision measurement of frequency and length as an important foundation.
As for the so-called fourth technological revolution, which is widely talked about and concerned about, it will give rise to major changes in science and technology, economy and society, and mankind will enter the "super-industrial society" or "information society". At that time, non-renewable fossil fuel energy will be replaced by renewable solar energy, tidal wave power generation and other new energy sources, steel, machinery, rubber and other traditional industries will be conquered by the electronics industry, aerospace engineering, marine engineering, genetic engineering and other emerging industries, and so on. The precursor of this technological revolution is microelectronics and computers, and integrated circuits can be said to be the core of the precursor. The development of integrated circuits is inconceivable without corresponding measurement guarantees. For example, the geometric parameters of silicon single crystal, physical properties, ultrapure water, ultrapure gas purity, chemical reagents, photoresist performance, film thickness, layer misalignment, ion implantation depth, concentration, uniformity, as well as process monitoring and testing of graphics and other determination and control, are precision measurement. Currently, China's integrated circuit development is still relatively backward, measurement work can not keep up is one of the reasons.
In short, the development of science and technology, especially the achievements of physics, for the development of measurement to create an important prerequisite, but also put forward higher requirements for measurement, promoting the development of measurement; and measurement of achievements, and promote the development of science and technology. As Mendeleev said: "Without measurement, there is no science". Comrade Nie Rongzhen has also clearly pointed out that: "science and technology to develop, measurement must be the first"; "no measurement, it is difficult to move". Measurement of the role and significance of industrial production is very obvious. Socialized mass production itself requires a high degree of measurement to ensure. The development of production can be roughly divided into three stages, namely, the experience-based stage, semi-experience, semi-scientific stage and scientific stage. Measurement is the technical basis of scientific production. From the screening of raw materials to quota feeding, from process monitoring to product quality inspection, are inseparable from the measurement. For example, an ordinary heavy-duty car has more than 9,000 parts, produced by hundreds of factories, if there is no certain measurement to ensure that the assembly can not be successful. A local medium-sized steel mill rolling plate oil consumption, the original is more than 300 kilograms per ton, and later due to the exhaust gas, the amount of air, combustion heat supply and temperature metering monitoring, as a result of energy consumption down to 40 kilograms per ton. Originally, a steel mill's metallurgical furnace, the heavy oil fuel used by artificial experience control, no measurement; in order to fire, always more material, the results of incomplete combustion, black smoke rolling, both more oil consumption, and pollution of the environment, so that the loss for years. Later, the installation of measuring instruments, fuel monitoring, so that the amount of fuel to maintain the optimal value, not only save fuel, but also reduce pollution, but also improve the efficiency of steelmaking, the results soon appeared to turn the new situation into a profit. A horse steel plant is China's production of horse steel products of the first factory. In the past, energy consumption has been high, is the key local energy-consuming households. In order to find out the reason, the plant of more than ten kinds of major equipment for the heat balance test, and obtained a large amount of data, so as to calculate the heat balance of the equipment and energy consumption of the basic relationship between the initial grasp of the law of energy utilization, to find out the main reason for the serious energy consumption and accordingly installed the monitoring instrument. For example, the thermal efficiency of the annealing kiln was about 8%, after monitoring and control is increased to more than 12%, annealing time from 60 hours down to 35 hours, a year to save nearly 2,000 tons of coal, electricity savings of more than 26,000 kilowatt hours (degrees). As a result, the water consumption of the whole plant dropped by 21% in a year, saving about 600,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity, the comprehensive energy consumption dropped by about 10%, and the output value increased by 22%.
In recent years, foreign economically developed countries, high-quality raw materials, advanced technology and equipment and modern measurement and testing means, as the three pillars of modern production. In fact, the preparation and screening of high-quality raw materials, advanced process equipment and process monitoring, but also inseparable from the measurement test. For example, advanced production lines abroad, high quality products, defective, scrap less or almost no, which is an important factor is to take full advantage of the online measurement and monitoring technology. As for the so-called flexible production (manufacturing) system, more need for modern measurement and testing means of technical assurance.
As for agricultural production, especially the modernization of agricultural production, but also must have measurement guarantee. For example, in order to scientific planting, it is necessary to measure to grasp the soil pH, salinity, moisture, organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content and temperature. In the salt water seed selection, warm soup or agent seed dipping, the right temperature germination and centrifugal dehydration process, also rely on a certain measurement to ensure. Ionizing radiation breeding is an important yield increase measure developed in recent years. China has used this method to breed a number of new varieties of crops, of which Lu cotton one can make the large area of cotton doubled. The use of ionizing radiation to achieve preservation of agricultural products and food preservation, is also an important aspect of the emerging radiation processing industry. All of these, need the corresponding measurement guarantee, otherwise not only fail to achieve the desired results, and will cause undue losses. In addition, in the field management, but also inseparable from the measurement. For example, both reasonable dense planting, but also intercropping sets of seeds, which requires the plant photosynthesis of illumination and other necessary measurement.
Facts fully demonstrate that scientific production and technological innovation, are inseparable from the measurement test. Measurement of the significance of people's lives is quite obvious. The measurement of the production process can not be ignored, the measurement of life should be more concerned. It directly touches people's personal interests, and sometimes very sensitive. For example, daily trading in the measuring instruments are accurate, household electric meter, gas meter and water meter is qualified, to public **** transportation moment is accurate, etc., will have a certain impact on people's lives.
Food is the only thing that matters to people. Food is a necessity of life, no one can do without it. The quality of food is directly related to people's health. In the process of food production, fertilizer can increase production, sprinkle pesticides can eliminate insects. However, most of the fertilizers and pesticides are harmful to the human body and must be controlled within a certain dosage, otherwise it will lead to cumulative poisoning, resulting in serious consequences. Certain pesticides, such as hexachloroethylene, many countries, including China, has been expressly prohibited. In recent years, some developed countries are actively exploring a new type of agriculture that does not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides at all, the so-called "eco-agriculture", which is worthy of attention. If it is successful and popularized, it will have a far-reaching impact on the survival and development of mankind.
The preservation of food is a matter of growing concern. The medical profession has proved that food and its products, mold and deterioration will produce aflatoxin, which is easily carcinogenic to human and animal consumption. In addition, food in the process, often to add some additives, such as pigments, flavors, preservatives, etc., should be necessary to carry out its measurement and testing to control the dosage, otherwise it will lead to adverse consequences, endangering people's health. Therefore, the production, storage and processing of food and its products, are inseparable from the measurement.
Side food, especially aquatic products, meat, eggs and vegetables frozen fresh, people have been commonly used. In this regard, the temperature control is very important, the temperature will be too low on the food color, aroma, taste and even nutritional damage; temperature is too high is not easy to save. This can only be guaranteed by the corresponding measurement.
In recent years, a variety of urban pollution is becoming increasingly serious, almost a public health hazard that is difficult to eradicate. Countries around the world, especially the more developed countries, pay considerable attention to environmental protection. One of the key links is to carry out effective measurement monitoring and control, such as the atmosphere, water quality and noise. As for the importance of water and air to life, it is self-evident. Social surveys have shown that people in areas with good water quality and fresh air, especially in mountainous areas, have a longer average life expectancy; on the contrary, in areas with bad water quality and serious air pollution, people have a higher morbidity rate and a generally lower life expectancy. In recent years, through the measurement test of air, it is found that when the concentration of negative ions in the air is larger, the air will feel extra fresh, which has a certain effect on people's health care. This is also often rest homes, sanatoriums, health centers, etc. built in the mountains, forests or seaside, lakeside, one of the reasons.
In health care, the role of measurement and testing is becoming more and more obvious. Modern medicine on the prevention of disease, diagnosis and treatment, are inseparable from the measurement test. For example, the measurement of temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram and various laboratory tests are common measurement tests. People are concerned about cancer, which has one of the highest mortality rates. According to the estimation of American experts, about one quarter of the total population may suffer from various types of cancer during their lifetime. Of course the onset and extent of the disease varies. Today, there are countries with more than a million cancer patients. Of these, about 70% are treated with radiation, but only about 40% are cured. Here, the dose of radiation to which the tumor site is exposed is required to be accurate to ±5%. Because, a small dose is not enough to inhibit and kill cancer cells; a large dose will cause undue damage to the patient. This can only be guaranteed by measurement. Measurement and domestic trade, the previous has been slightly involved and generally also have feelings; the following will only talk about measurement and international trade.
Foreign trade in the need to measure many examples. For example, in the past, China's exports of apples, only by observing the appearance or direct tasting, and did not take the measurement of means. Some foreigners will use to make things difficult, arbitrary price cuts. In fact, the measurement of the maturity of the apple is very simple, as long as the corresponding hardness value with the maturity, with an ordinary hardness tester can be measured. Another example, China's exports of crude oil, in the past due to the lack of accurate and reliable measurement equipment in the port, often take more oil rather loaded to avoid claims, and even more oil to the shipowner, but the shipowner to overweight as the reason for the claim of regret. At present, the annual output of crude oil in China has exceeded 140 million tons, and a considerable amount of crude oil is exported every year. The measurement accuracy of crude oil in general ports is about 0.5%. If the accuracy is improved, even if only 0.1% or less, a year can be less loss of a large amount of crude oil, not only to obtain obvious pseudo-economic benefits, but also reflects the level of China's measurement.
As for China's imports of goods, insufficient quantity, quality does not match the situation, from time to time. For example, not long ago, Tianjin imported from a foreign country worth millions of dollars of silicon steel sheet, measured by the test, found that the quality is not qualified, it will be to foreign investors to make a claim. As a result, in front of accurate measurement data, foreigners had to admit fault, and compensation. Our country imported a batch of fertilizer, the measurement test found that the portion is obviously insufficient, even more than the bag on the nominal weight less than more than ten percent.
People increasingly recognize that measurement is to ensure the quality of products, improve the competitiveness of goods in the market an important measure.
In international trade, measurement is to eliminate trade, measurement is to eliminate technical barriers to trade is an important means. Measurement of national defense, especially the importance of cutting-edge technology, especially prominent. Defense sophisticated system is huge and complex, involving a wide range of scientific and technological fields, high technical difficulties, requiring measurement of many parameters, high precision, large range, wide bandwidth. For example, due to the increasing distance between the aircraft and the ground, higher requirements for communication, tracking, orbit measurement and positioning have been put forward accordingly. In terms of satellites; military communications synchronous satellites up to 35,800 km from the ground, and nuclear explosion detection satellites up to 112,280 km from the ground, with radio contact, there must be a high-power transmitter and high-sensitivity receiver, and therefore must be a high-power, low-noise, large attenuation and small voltage and other major parameters of the corresponding measurement test. This is not only to study the test methods and equipment, but also to establish the corresponding measurement standards. At present, the average power of the ground equipment can be up to tens of kilowatts, the receiver noise temperature can be lower than 15 K. In order to improve the control of the aircraft, tracking, positioning, speed and other precision requirements are becoming more and more high, not only on the electronic parameters, but also on the processing of equipment and servo control components also put forward more stringent requirements. In the continuous wave measurement system, in order to ensure that the accuracy of speed measurement reaches a few centimeters per second, the short-term stability of the ground frequency scale should be more than 10. In the aerospace system, the connection between the ground equipment, the ground to the space vehicle detection, control, all to high-speed transmission and processing of large amounts of data. Therefore, the frequency band of the transmitted signal is required to be very wide and highly accurate. International communication and broadcasting satellites will generally use 11GHz~14GHz, 20GHz~40GHz or higher frequency bands, and continuously move towards millimeter wave and submillimeter wave. This must develop new components, parts and even the whole machine, and thus the measurement of the test will inevitably put forward the corresponding new requirements.
The cutting-edge technology systems for national defense, the working environment is more special, often in the field to carry out effective measurement test, more difficult. For example, the vehicle in the transportation, launch, operation, recovery and other processes, to experience a series of such as vibration, shock, high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, strong radiation and other harsh environments. When the warhead enters the atmosphere, it has to withstand ultra-high temperatures of more than a few thousand degrees; key components to improve the sensitivity of the receiver generally have to work under the ultra-low temperature of liquid helium; the thrust of the main engine can reach tens of megabulls, while the thrust of the attitude control engine is only a few centigrade bulls. Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and other nuclear weapons development and explosive power experiments, the measurement have special requirements, must be dynamic pressure, dynamic temperature, pulse flow, as well as nuclear radiation and a series of measurement tests.
As a result of measurement tests provide the required data to ensure that the components, subsystems and the reliability of the entire system; at the same time, it can also shorten the development cycle, saving manpower, material resources and time. For example, a U.S. aviation jet engine company, in the development of a new type of engine in the process, the need for a series of measurement tests. When the measurement instrument error of 0.75 σ, the need for 200 experiments, costing $ 20 million; when the measurement error of the instrument is reduced to 0.5 σ, only need to carry out 28 experiments, costing only $ 2.8 million.
In the 1991 Gulf War, Patriot missiles were able to successfully intercept Scud missiles, and accurate measurement testing was one of the key reasons.
See, in the national defense construction, measurement test is extremely important technical basis, has the obvious role of technical support, not only can save money; fight for time, improve combat capability, but also for the commander's judgment and decision-making to provide a reliable basis.
From some of the above examples, it can already be seen, measurement is the scientific and technological progress, economic and social development of the important technical basis. On the other hand, with the development of the situation, the measurement of the requirements are also more and more high, especially on the accuracy and reliability of the requirements of the particularly prominent, thus stimulating the measurement of the development of itself. Nowadays, it is not an exaggeration to say that any science, any sector, any industry and any activity, directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally, need measurement. The level of metrology has become one of the most important symbols for measuring the degree of scientific, technological, economic and social development of a country. Measurement is an important guarantee of the market economy
Measurement of science and technology to establish and maintain the socialist market economic system plays a very important role. This is because the "quantity" is the expression of all objective things and their movement, which reflects the intrinsic nature of objective things, interconnectedness and the laws of motion. With the development of human society, the continuous improvement of the market economic system, a variety of activities are increasingly socialized, especially in trade, scientific and technological exchanges and other activities, the same "quantity" should be relatively consistent measurement results, which need to rely on the unity of the unit of measurement and measurement of accurate and reliable, that is to say, to rely on the measurement of the guarantee, otherwise the social and economic order will be chaotic, production, production and marketing. Economic order will be chaotic, production, circulation can not be normal, scientific experiments, high-tech research and development will also encounter difficulties, foreign economic trade and scientific and cultural exchanges can not be carried out. As Marshal Nie Rongzhen said, "the development of science and technology today, it can be said that no measurement inch by inch." "Science and technology to develop, measurement needs to be the first", in the socialist market economy, measurement is indispensable technical basis. China has promulgated the "Chinese People's **** and State Measurement Law", "Chinese People's **** and State mandatory testing of the work of measuring instruments management measures", "retail commodity weighing measurement supervision regulations", "quantitative packaging commodity measurement supervision regulations", "the amount of commodities measurement of violations of laws and regulations," etc., are reflected in the measurement of the important role in the market economy.
Measurement is an important means of scientific research
In the development of natural sciences, measurement is an indispensable means for people to correctly understand the natural phenomena, grasp the laws of nature, and verify scientific foresight. For example, the Chinese-American Dr. Wu Jianxiong is through precision measurements, experimental methods in the National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratory to verify the world-renowned physicists, Nobel Prize winners Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning, two doctors put forward by the weak interaction of the theory of the Ucronyism is not conserved. Precision metrology testing is required in the research of life phenomena, gravitational waves, earth science, material science, informatics and so on. In industrial production, not only the processing and installation of general parts and components require metrological testing means. In the information superhighway, high-rise buildings, high-speed elevator construction, in the production of optical fiber, laser device manufacturing and geodesy and the production of large-scale integrated circuits, geometric quantities, refractive index distribution, bandwidth, and other parameters of the measurement of test uncertainty is also constantly improving requirements. In healthcare, inaccurate metrology often results in personal accidents. Radiation treatment of tumors, X-rays and γ-rays of the dose size and the therapeutic effect has a close relationship.
If the ray dose exceeds the standard, the patient's good tissues will be burned or damaged, if the ray dose is insufficient, the therapeutic effect can not be achieved. Inaccurate spectrophotometers can cause unreliable results in the analysis of liver function and so on. Computer industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical industry, new energy, environmental science and technology development and production, national defense construction, etc. need to measure science and technology. Measurement is not only involved in various economic fields, but also closely related to people's lives and security. In aerospace, aviation, navigation, navigation, mining, seismic, electric power, petrochemical, textile, transportation, meteorology, communications, etc., measurement plays an important role in ensuring.