1373 set up a royal pharmacy, which is supervised by the supervisor and supervisor. There are no fixed number of medical officers, and they take turns to take charge of the royal bait in two shifts. The level is similar to that of medical staff in Taiyuan Hospital.
In the fifteenth year of Jiajing (1536), the Imperial Pharmacy Bureau was changed to Shengjitang, and the Imperial Pharmacy Bureau was set up, and the imperial doctors took turns to be on duty. In the third year of Wanli (1575), the seal of Shengji Temple was built for the imperial medicine storehouse, and the eunuch of the prefect took over the collection. At the end of the year, the medicinal materials and the remaining quantity will be collected, recorded and checked by the gift-giving department. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), the East Palace set up six bureaus: Canon Seal, Canon Medicine, Canon Diet, Canon Clothes, Canon Soldiers and Canon Multiplication. Each bureau has 1 staff, 1 staff,1staff. The crown prince's medical care is in the charge of the crown prince.
In the capital, two people were appointed to be in charge of medicine under the Ministry of Health to take charge of the medical work of relatives. Jianwenjian (1399 ~ 1403). The Forbidden City in Shi Jing has increased by 1 person. In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), there were six harems, of which Shang Shitong was in charge of medicine, two were in charge of prescriptions and medicines, two were in charge of standard medicines, and two were in charge of medicines, all female officials. During the Yongle period (1403 ~ 1424) and thereafter, these positions were transferred to eunuchs.
The queen and her husband were ill, and most of them were treated by medical staff in the hospital. There is an easy hall in the harem, which is specially designed for the empresses to recuperate; Intrauterine pregnancy has a moon ovary. There are 3 medical doctors, 36 medical doctors and 10 stable women, nurses and doctors in the harem. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were differences between Manchu and Han in various official ranks. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), because the political power had been consolidated, in order to eliminate the hatred of the Han people, the so-called "integration of Manchu and Han people" was advertised, and the official system was changed to unification, so all the officials of Taiji Hospital had the same positions. However, in the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), there was still a management office with full staff, which was the top manager of Thai hospitals until the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong (1793). Since then, all the officials of Taiyuan Institute have been filled by Han people, and sometimes a few Manchu people have been appointed. The staff in the hospital are as follows: the hospital has one person as the administrative and medical officer in charge of the hospital, one judge in the left hospital, one judge in the right hospital as the deputy director of the hospital, and there are doctors 10- 15, clerks 10-30, doctors 20-40, and grain doctors (or grain doctors) Although the above posts increased or decreased in the Qing Dynasty, on the whole, the system remained unchanged. The medical officers in this hospital are generally called imperial doctors or imperial doctors.
In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), it was stipulated that there were five court envoys, six judges in the left and right courts, eight doctors and nine officials. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), it was stipulated that all doctors should have seven products and six products with Pin Guan. The clothing of medical officials in past dynasties has also changed. According to the old system of Ming Dynasty, there are eleven types of Thai hospitals in the early Qing Dynasty, namely: big pulse, small pulse, typhoid fever, gynecology, ulceration, acupuncture, ophthalmology, stomatology, orthopedics, laryngology and vaccinia. In the second year of Jiaqing (1797), the mouth and teeth of the throat, acne rash and small veins were combined into one family, and then nine families were formed. In the sixth year of Jiaqing (180 1 year), orthopedics was placed in the upper yuan. In the second year of Daoguang (1822), acupuncture was abolished because it was considered that acupuncture and fire moxibustion were not suitable for you. After five years of tongzhi (1866), the original two departments of typhoid fever and gynecology were included in the big room pulse, and together with the small room pulse, surgery, ophthalmology and stomatology, * * * became five departments. Guangxu dynasty remains the same and has not changed.
Imperial envoys, court judges, doctors, officials and healers entered the palace according to their own specialties and took turns to wait on them. The things in the palace are called "public"; In the outer court, it is called "six straights". The pharmacy in the palace and all classes outside the palace; Six straight outside straight inside straight serve. When the Qing emperor was stationed in Yuanmingyuan, Gong Zhi worked in Yuanmingyuan pharmacy. Herry Liu is waiting in a straight room outside Yuanmingyuan. In the 13th year of Guangxu (1887), it was agreed that two officials from Taichi Hospital would stay in Xiyuan (now Zhongnanhai and Beihai) Shoushou Pharmacy and the library's handbooks, pens and stickers every day. In case of any trouble, you should summon him; Clean the official royal pharmacy, and every day, Tai Yuan, Da Mai and Xiao Mai each keep a straight number, which is the royal office.
For the convenience of straightening, there are no offices or "tatami" in the imperial palace and the imperial court in the garden (Wen Qing Shu Hui interpreted it as "going out to stay", that is, resting place). There is an office in an acre of farmland in the southeast of Yuanmingyuan, with more than 80 original rooms, and there is also an office under the east wall of the Forbidden City, north of the upper courtyard and east of the south. The body is long gone. The training of medical officers in Qing dynasty was divided into two types: internal education and foreign education. Internal teaching practice is to teach medical students in internal prisons, while external teaching practice is to teach medical students among ordinary civilians and children of medical officials. The practice of internal teaching is that Thai hospital appoints a knowledgeable medical officer to undertake the teaching work, and the teaching is located in the East Pharmacy. Professor of internal medicine, kitchen service, meals provided by Guanglu Temple. The selection and training of foreign teachers are extremely strict. According to the regulations: "First-time doctors, take official seals from fellow villagers and report them to the hospital (Taiyuan). After being audited by our head office, take doctors, medical officers, hall officials (hospital ambassadors, hospital judges, etc.) from our hospital. ) will face-to-face exam. Those who can receive medical training are allowed to wait for the exam in the hospital and make up for it every time [1] ". Only those who have passed numerous examinations and are truly "proficient in medical skills and have never committed a crime" can enter a foreign church to study. He teaches doctors, and he also selects doctors. Those who are excellent in character and knowledge in the eyes of officials are appointed. The courses studied are mainly medical classics and related professional books. In the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), Janice and others compiled the Golden Mirror of Medical Records, which was published in the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749) and was used as a medical textbook until the end of Qing Dynasty. Drop-outs who go abroad to teach will take the exam once every three years in addition to one quarter every year, and those who pass the exam are called doctors. Those who are not accepted by the school are still allowed to drop out of school as usual and wait for the next exam. The Imperial Hospital also stipulates that those who have dropped out of school for more than one year and ranked first in the three quarterly examinations can make up for the lack of food doctors after reporting to the Ministry of Rites. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), ten food doctors were added and renamed as Enliangsheng. From then on, you don't have to take the exam, you can get the supplement as long as you report to the department of rites from the hospital.
After the Opium War, the capital of Tai Hospital was insufficient, and the teaching and examination system was increasingly relaxed, so was the teaching hall. During the Tongzhi period, suggestion Hu Qingyuan called for the reorganization of medical officers in order to take appropriate medicine, so in the six years of Tongzhi (1867), the church was changed into a medical hall, and the Imperial Academy sent three teachers to take charge of the medical hall. Doctoral students, virtuous students and dropouts are tested in spring and autumn, and then ranked and filled in. Every six years, Thai Hospital, together with the officials in charge of the Department of Ritual, conducts a comprehensive assessment of the medical officers serving in Thai Hospital. This kind of examination, except the court ambassador, the court judge and the imperial doctor waiting in the court, was told that the emperor could not take it, and other officials, doctors and students had to take it. ,
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), yiguang was newly established. Basically, according to the rules of schools in various provinces, two medical officers were appointed as teaching staff, and another inspector, inspector, general manager and secretary were appointed to take charge of related affairs. Except for the management, everyone else must work in the hospital. Twenty students are selected from the old school, and the study period is set at four years. Although the personnel training and selection system of Taiyuan Hospital was increasingly relaxed in the late Qing Dynasty, it was still very serious in the education and assessment of medical officers because of its important tasks. When the imperial palace summoned the medical officer working in the imperial palace hospital to see a doctor in ouchi, he must be led by the eunuch in the imperial palace pharmacy. To diagnose and treat the emperor's diseases, the internal medicine should be combined with eunuchs, and their names must be stamped on the prescriptions. Subsequently, the medicinal properties and treatment methods of this prescription were listed, and the medical officer and eunuch signed their names on a certain day of the month and presented them to the emperor for reading. Once the book is played, it will be registered and the eunuch will take it back for the exam. Imperial medicine was boiled, and officials of the imperial court and eunuchs supervised it together. Take two medicines and one dose. Pour two cups after frying. A cup is tasted by the attending medical officer first, and then by the court judge and eunuch in turn; The other cup was taken away by the emperor. If you don't prepare the medicine according to the original prescription, don't know the taste and weight of the medicine name, or take it open, it will be considered as "disrespect" After five years of Qianlong (1740), all medicines were cooked by the minister of the interior, and the medical officer no longer cooperated with the pharmacy. Puyi said in "My First Half Life": "According to the rules, when the emperor is ill, he should copy the prescription prescribed by the doctor too much to every minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs every day. If he is seriously ill, he should copy it to every minister of the military aircraft." In the existing archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Military Department, we can also see this copied prescription for treating Taixu. It seems that the above statement is true. Because of its important nature, the Imperial Pharmacy Hall has always been a forbidden place in the Imperial Palace, and its prevention is extremely strict. According to the History of the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty, "since the ancestors, no one dared not enjoy a private pharmacy, and it was extremely confidential." Although the situation of imperial pharmacy is not clearly written, its strictness can be imagined. However, in the late Qing dynasty, for convenience and other reasons, there were pharmacies in various palaces, and even the emperor no longer decocted in the royal pharmacy. Puyi said in "My First Half Life": "Every time I get sick, I am fried by the pharmacy in Yonghe Palace. Yonghe Palace is the place where Dafei Duankang (Princess Guangxu) lives. Her pharmacy is better than other pharmacies in Taifei Palace, and she has inherited the mantle of Queen Jade Dragon. "
The names of the empress dowager, toffee, queen, imperial concubine, princess, concubines, nobles, regular attendants, diseases promised to be treated, prescription drugs, relatives in the palace and medical officers to be treated should be registered in the register for future reference according to regulations. Such as eunuchs, maids and so on.
In addition to the above main tasks, the royal pharmacy has some other errands. First of all, every summer, together with Imperial Hospital, we are responsible for installing "Elsholtzia soup" for heatstroke prevention in Ganqingmen and Yuanmingyuan Palace. On New Year's Eve every year, we burn Atractylodes lancea in various palaces and manage the production of Dabaling in the chanting hall. Secondly, the application of drugs. In the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654), three pharmacies were built outside the East Gate of Bauhinia, which were given by medical officials for the benefit of Manchu and Han soldiers and civilians. In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), there were fifteen pharmaceutical factories in Wucheng, each with a medical officer and a doctor, who treated the people of Beijing free of charge. In the twenty-first year of Kangxi (1682), four factories were set up in the east, west, north and south, and it became routine to send money and medical officers to apply medicine until the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749). People say "cure too much", not only refers to the medical officer who works in the hospital, but also includes the famous doctors who are recommended by those places to go to Beijing to sacrifice to heaven. They waited on the king and treated the "Supreme". Once serious problems occur, they attract the attention of the government and the public, and their responsibilities are extremely important. But the empresses of the emperor have always been pampered, and every meal will be rich and varied. Living like this is naturally harmful to health. Your weakness lies in your health. If you are sick, it will be difficult to cure. Instead, you blame the doctor for his incompetence. Cure too much work in the palace, and sometimes pay bribes to officials and eunuchs in the inner government. Otherwise, they will get in the way and set obstacles everywhere. Therefore, even those doctors who are good at distinguishing yellow are difficult to show their skills because of many constraints. Some people are lucky by accident and see success in the cure. Although they get more and more rewards, their glory is abnormal. It seems that they can rise to the top, but they may not. Even gifts are not enough to pay bribes. In addition, the palace is intrigued and intrigued, and the political situation is unpredictable. Sometimes, it is difficult to escape because it is the first to cure too much. If you take a drug by mistake, life and death depend on it. If an accident happens, it will be fatal. Therefore, some famous doctors regard calling into the palace as a dangerous way, and even run away when they hear the news, hoping to escape. There are only a handful of people who are really prosperous. There is a saying in the world that "it is difficult to cure too much", which is not empty talk, and the suffering is not known to everyone.
Let's look at the following example. You can also know a thing or two about the difficulty of doctors treating diseases. As for those doctors who are respected by their relatives because of certain opportunities, their situation is not completely satisfactory. Xue, who treated Empress Dowager Cixi, is an example. Xue is from Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. His medical skills are brilliant and he is famous in the north and south. Cixi was ill and was called to Beijing. After careful treatment, the effect is quite good. After Cixi recovered from her illness, she wrote a four-word plaque on "Cultivating Self-cultivation" and gave it to Xue. He should have returned to China with a reputation after his medical success, but Galeries Lafayette did not allow him to leave Beijing immediately, because after "the new illness of Cixi was cured" [4], he had to "twitch the old diseases one by one to report peace". This is called "Please take the pulse and have to stay in Beijing. Unexpectedly, during the treatment of Cixi, Xue's hometown disease was prevalent, and all his family members fell ill, followed by his daughter's death. In a letter to Shen, Xue's brother lamented, "Xue saved his brother's life and his family got sick. The so-called carpenter is not a person who can't take care of himself because of lack of bed. " It is conceivable that Xue's grief and pain at that time must be unspeakable. After accepting Cixi's kindness, Xue did not feel blessed, but was worried and fidgety. His younger brother was afraid of him, and said in the letter, "I learned about Fu Xiong's recent situation, and gradually bowed my head after seeing a doctor a little smoothly and having poor skills." He also said, "This matter is a huge burden. I don't know when it will be ready! " Xue said in a letter to a friend. Medical affairs are full of twists and turns. "What I did this time pardoned the great sin, but I actually offended the doctor too much and offended all the famous doctors in the world" [5]. These words truly exposed Xue's jittery and extremely contradictory mood at that time.
There is a saying that "accompanying a king like a tiger", the doctors around the queen mother and the emperor are not like this. This experience of Xue is proof. As for the darkness in the imperial court of the feudal dynasty, such as mutual jealousy, mutual exclusion, collusion and nepotism, it is even more difficult to describe. Of course, most of the imperial doctors in the Qing Dynasty were skilled, experienced and unique doctors, who once added luster to the treasure house of Chinese medicine. They have made some contributions in eliminating Stan, treating both the symptoms and the root causes, using classical prescriptions flexibly and making good use of drugs. These achievements are undeniable.