What is avian influenza?
The name bird flu may be a little strange to ordinary people. Because it was called chicken plague for a long time in the past, it was first reported in 1878 Italy. 190 1 year confirmed that the pathogen was a viral pathogen, and 1955 confirmed that the pathogen was a member of influenza A virus. Later, it was found that there were similar diseases in birds, called Newcastle disease. The two are often confused.
In order to distinguish the two, the former is called avian influenza or true chicken plague, European chicken plague, and the latter is called Newcastle disease or pseudo chicken plague and Asian chicken plague. Therefore, avian influenza is an acute infectious disease caused by influenza A virus.
According to different pathogenicity, avian influenza viruses can be divided into three categories: high pathogenicity, low pathogenicity and non-pathogenicity. Highly pathogenic avian influenza has been listed as a kind of animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health because of its rapid spread and great harm, and it is listed as a kind of animal disease in China.
2. What is the relationship between avian influenza virus and influenza virus?
What we usually call influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza A (A), B (B) and C (C) viruses. Type A and B, especially type A, can cause human influenza epidemic, while type C only causes sporadic cases. Avian influenza is caused by influenza A virus.
Influenza A virus has two surface antigens, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which can be further subdivided. H can be divided into H 1 ~ H 15, and n can be divided into N 1 ~ N9. Different hemagglutinins and different neuraminidase will form influenza viruses with different antigenicity and pathogenicity, which are called influenza virus subtypes in technical terms.
There are 145 subtypes of influenza A virus, among which H 1 ~ H3 is the main type that can cause human influenza, and H 1N 1, H2N2 and H3N2 have caused human influenza epidemic. The natural hosts of most other subtypes are birds, pigs, horses and other animals, especially waterfowl. All antigens of H 1 ~ H 15 and N 1 ~ N9 subtypes can be isolated from animals.
3. What factors determine whether influenza will become an epidemic?
The biggest feature of influenza virus is antigen variability, which can cause changes in transmission. Among them, type A antigen has the strongest variability, and small variation often occurs, which is called "antigen drift". The degree of influenza virus variation is different, and the degree of epidemic is also different. When the influenza virus has a large variation or subtype transformation, it is called "antigen transfer", which may cause a worldwide influenza epidemic. Comparatively speaking, the variability of type B is weak, which will only cause outbreaks and epidemics in local areas; Type C is relatively stable and only causes sporadic cases. Therefore, influenza A virus is the focus of human research, prevention and control.
4. What is the drug resistance of avian influenza virus?
Avian influenza virus can survive for several months to more than one year in low temperature, dryness and glycerol. In dry dust, the virus can survive for 14 days. At low temperature, the virus survived in contaminated feces for at least 3 months. In water, it can survive for 4 days at 22℃ and for more than 30 days at 0℃. It can survive in frozen poultry meat and bone marrow for 10 month. Avian influenza virus is afraid of sunlight, heat and common disinfectants. Under direct sunlight, it can be inactivated in 40-48 hours. The virus can be killed by heating (60℃ for 30min, 100℃ 1 min) or common disinfectants (formalin, complex iodine, etc.). ).
5. Why is human avian influenza a new infectious disease?
Although bird flu has been prevalent in birds and other animals for more than 100 years, there has never been a report of human infection before. During the period of 1997, there were 18 cases of avian influenza in Hong Kong, among which 6 people died. The virus strains of this human avian influenza epidemic are consistent with those of Hong Kong poultry at that time, both of which are H5N 1 type. This is the first time that bird flu has infected humans. Therefore, avian influenza is a newly discovered infectious disease.
Transmission characteristics of avian influenza
6. What is the source of infection of avian influenza?
The source of infection refers to animals and people who have pathogens living and reproducing in their bodies and can excrete pathogens. The main sources of infection of avian influenza are sick birds and infected birds, including waterfowl and flying birds. Studies have shown that for highly pathogenic avian influenza, the virus content in 1 g contaminated feces can cause 1 10,000 birds to be infected. At present, people cannot be considered as the source of infection of avian influenza.
7. What are the susceptible animals of avian influenza?
Animals that are infectious to infectious diseases are called susceptible animals. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails, pheasants, partridges, ostriches, pigeons and peacocks are all susceptible to avian influenza. Chickens and turkeys are the most sensitive, and waterfowl such as ducks and geese are mostly recessive infections. Co-raising waterfowl and dry birds in the same site will cause cross-infection, and the virus can easily spread between chickens or ducks raised on a large scale. Wild and farmed waterfowl can spread in the same water body by using * * *.
Besides infecting birds, bird flu can also infect pigs.
8. How does bird flu spread among birds?
Avian influenza is mainly transmitted through contact with infected birds and their secretions and excretions, contaminated feed, water, egg plates (boxes), padding, eggs, chicken embryos and semen. , through respiratory and digestive tract infections, but also through air-borne media.
In nature, birds carry the widest range of viruses, so migratory birds, wild birds and waterfowl with a wide range of migration play an important role in the spread of diseases. It is not clear whether the parasitic insects on the surface of poultry are also toxic, and biting people can also be infected.
9. How did the avian influenza virus spread to humans?
Avian influenza virus can enter the human body through the digestive tract and respiratory tract and infect people. If you come into direct contact with articles with a considerable amount of viruses, such as poultry droppings, feathers, respiratory secretions, blood, etc. It can also cause infection through conjunctiva and broken skin.
10. Who are the high-risk groups of avian influenza?
Veterinarians and people who have been engaged in raising, selling and slaughtering chickens, ducks, geese and pigs for a long time.
1 1. Will bird flu spread from person to person?
At present, only human-to-human cases transmitted by poultry have been found, and no human-to-human cases have been found. In other words, there is no evidence that people can infect each other. However, WHO warns that theoretically, if the virus mutates, it may spread from person to person.
12. How is bird flu spread in some areas?
Bird flu can easily spread from one farm to another. Bird droppings can contain a large number of viruses, causing dust and soil pollution, and then spread among birds through the air. The virus spreads from one farm to another by polluting equipment, means of transport, feed, cages, clothes and especially shoes. Viruses can also spread through the feet and bodies of animals (such as rodents). Live birds are traded in crowded markets, and the sanitary conditions are poor, which is also a mode of transmission. At present, the ability of flies to spread this virus has not been confirmed.
13. How does bird flu spread over a long distance?
Bird flu can spread from one country to another through the international trade of live birds. Migratory birds, including wild waterfowl, seabirds and shorebirds, can carry viruses over long distances. Wild ducks are the most striking natural hosts of avian influenza virus, and they have strong resistance to virus infection, sometimes with mild and non-fatal symptoms, but they can carry the virus from a long distance and excrete the virus through feces. People raise ducks, turkeys, geese and other poultry for commercial and domestic use, which will lead to fatal infections. Free movement of poultry, use of water with wild birds or use of water contaminated by feces of infected wild birds are the most dangerous.
14. Will eating cooked poultry and eggs get infected?
The main route of human infection with avian influenza virus is contact infection. After the poultry meat is cooked, the virus can be killed and the possibility of transmission is very small. At present, no cases of infection caused by eating poultry meat and eggs have been found. However, if sick birds are not cooked and eaten thoroughly, the virus may enter the human body. Therefore, if you eat poultry that have not been quarantined or come from epidemic areas, you will not rule out the risk of illness.
15. Is it contagious to buy live chickens home?
If it is a healthy live chicken, it is basically safe. If it is a sick chicken, it is dangerous. WHO warns that no matter what kind of sick chickens people come into contact with, they are equally dangerous. A few infected poultry can survive, but they will excrete virus-containing feces for at least 10 days. In addition, the chicken wings may contain avian influenza virus, so the virus may be released when the chicken wings flap.
16. Will down products spread avian influenza?
Down products are usually treated by disinfection and high temperature, so the probability of spreading the virus should be very small.
Clinical manifestations of avian influenza
17. How long is the incubation period of avian influenza?
The incubation period refers to the period from the invasion of pathogens into the body to the appearance of initial symptoms. The incubation period of avian influenza in poultry ranges from several hours to several days, and the longest incubation period can reach 2 1 day. After human infection with avian influenza, the incubation period usually does not exceed 7 days.
18. What are the manifestations of avian influenza infection in poultry?
There are two forms of post-infection diseases in poultry:
Low-pathogenic avian influenza only causes mild symptoms, and sometimes it only manifests as wrinkled feathers, disorder and decreased egg production.
Birds suffering from highly pathogenic avian influenza can suddenly die, with high mortality rate, and the consumption of feed and drinking water and the amount of eggs dropped sharply. Sick chickens are extremely depressed, head and face edema, cockscomb cyanosis, foot scale bleeding and nervous disorder. Waterfowl such as ducks and geese have obvious neurological and diarrhea symptoms, which can cause corneal inflammation and even blindness.
Once the above symptoms are found in poultry farms, it can be suspected to be highly pathogenic avian influenza.
19. What are the symptoms of human suffering from avian influenza?
After human suffering from avian influenza, the early symptoms are very similar to severe influenza, such as high fever, runny nose, stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, headache and general malaise. Some patients may have digestive tract symptoms, such as nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea and watery stools. Some patients can see eye infections such as conjunctivitis, and their body temperature is above 39℃. Some patients will have unilateral or bilateral pneumonia on chest radiograph, and a few patients will have pleural effusion. Some patients may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other serious life-threatening syndromes. The mortality rate of human suffering from avian influenza is as high as over 30%.
Diagnosis and treatment of avian influenza
20. How to diagnose poultry avian influenza in the laboratory?
When collecting live poultry samples, cloacal swabs and tracheal swabs can be used for sampling. When collecting dead bird samples, tissues and organs such as trachea, spleen, lung, liver, kidney and brain should be collected. For small rare birds, fresh feces should be collected.
Laboratory examination includes etiological diagnosis and serological examination. Etiological examination includes pathogen isolation, gene identification and virulence determination. Serological diagnosis mainly includes agar gel immunodiffusion test (not suitable for waterfowl) and hemagglutination inhibition test (H 1).
2 1. How to confirm avian influenza in poultry?
According to the Emergency Notice on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza issued by the Ministry of Agriculture on June 28, 2004, the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza in China was confirmed according to the following procedures:
① After receiving the epidemic report, the provincial animal husbandry and veterinary department sent more than 2 avian influenza experts to the scene for clinical diagnosis. If the clinical symptoms are obvious, it can be suspected that it is a highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic.
② When the epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza is suspected, collect samples in time and send them to provincial laboratories for serological testing. If the diagnosis result is positive, it can be identified as a suspected case of highly pathogenic avian influenza.
③ Suspected cases should be sent to the National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory for further identification, and specimens should not be mailed.
The National Reference Laboratory of Avian Influenza conducts pathogen isolation and identification on the sick materials reported by all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and reports the conclusions to the Ministry of Agriculture.
22. What is the diagnostic basis of human avian influenza?
The diagnostic principle of human avian influenza is comprehensive analysis and diagnosis based on epidemiology, clinical symptoms and laboratory examination. Referring to the Diagnostic Criteria and Prevention Guidelines for New and Recurrent Infectious Diseases edited by Enshi, the diagnosis basis is as follows:
(1) Epidemiological history: Avian influenza occurred before, that is, a large number of birds (chickens, ducks, geese, etc.) appeared in a poultry farm. ) developed bird flu-like symptoms in a certain area and died; There is an epidemic or outbreak of avian influenza in the vicinity or surrounding areas.
② Clinical manifestations include sudden onset, fever (above 38℃), cough, sore throat, headache, dizziness, general aches, fatigue and other poisoning symptoms, accompanied by respiratory symptoms such as dry cough, runny nose and tears. A few cases have anorexia, accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, abdominal distension and vomiting.
③ Laboratory examination isolated influenza virus from nasopharyngeal or tracheal secretions of patients; The titer of anti-influenza virus antibody in serum of convalescent patients is more than 4 times higher than that in acute stage. The specific protein components or specific nucleic acids of influenza virus particles were found in the respiratory epithelial cells of patients; After the virus was propagated by sensitive cells for one generation, the specific protein or specific nucleic acid of influenza virus particles was found.
At present, there is no unified standard for the classification of human avian influenza cases in China, and the Ministry of Health is organizing the formulation.
23. Do birds need treatment after being infected with avian influenza?
At present, there is no reliable treatment for avian influenza. After birds are infected with avian influenza, they must be thoroughly culled to prevent the spread of the epidemic.
24. What do you think of human infection with avian influenza?
① General treatment should be based on respiratory isolation 1 week or until the main symptoms disappear. Patients need to stay in bed, drink plenty of water, have proper nutrition, supplement multivitamins and keep their nasopharynx and mouth clean. Those with severe symptoms should be hospitalized. Antibiotics are only used when bacterial complications occur.
② Patients with high fever and headache can be treated with physical cooling or antipyretic sedatives, and aspirin is forbidden in children. Patients with high fever and vomiting should be given intravenous rehydration. People who cough and expectorate can take antitussive and expectorant drugs.
③ Take amantadine and rimantadine, anti-influenza drugs. Amantadine and rimantadine are inhibitors of virus M2 protein, which are effective for influenza A, blocking the virus's adsorption to sensitive cells. Usually taking medicine within 48 hours of onset can reduce the amount of virus discharged, shorten the time of detoxification, relieve clinical symptoms, reduce fever within one or two days, prevent infection from spreading to the lower respiratory tract and reduce the occurrence of pneumonia. Za-Nimivir and oseltamivir are neuraminidase inhibitors, which can resist influenza A and B viruses.
25. Can people get bird flu and be cured?
Most patients can be cured after timely treatment. Short course of disease, quick recovery and no sequelae. A few patients, especially those who are older and treated too late, develop rapidly, and patients may die of various complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hemorrhage, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, renal failure, sepsis and shock. Therefore, once the patient has the above symptoms, he should seek medical attention in time. Once you are suspected of being infected with H5N 1 virus, you should be hospitalized immediately for isolation treatment and report the epidemic situation to prevent the disease from getting worse and spreading.
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Avian influenza is the abbreviation of avian influenza (AI), which is an infectious disease syndrome caused by a subtype of influenza A virus. It is classified as a Class A infectious disease by the International Bureau of Animal Diseases, also known as true chicken plague or European chicken plague.
Not only chickens, but also some other poultry and wild birds may be infected with bird flu. According to the types of pathogens, avian influenza can be divided into three categories: high pathogenicity, low pathogenicity and no pathogenicity. Non-pathogenic avian influenza does not cause obvious symptoms, but only produces virus antibodies in infected birds. Low pathogenic avian influenza can lead to mild respiratory symptoms, decreased food intake, decreased egg production and sporadic deaths in poultry. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is the most serious, with high morbidity and mortality, and infected chickens are often "completely annihilated".
The earliest bird flu was recorded in 1878, and a large number of chickens died in Italy, which was called chicken plague at that time. By 1955, scientists confirmed that its pathogenic virus was influenza A virus. Since then, the epidemic has been renamed avian influenza. According to the records of the last five years, from1March 1999 to1October 1 1, avian influenza broke out in Lombardy, England, and in March of the following year,130,000 sick birds died. From June, 5438 to October, 2002, avian influenza broke out in California, USA. In February of that year, the epidemic spread to Nevada and Arizona. By March 2003, California alone had destroyed more than 3.26 million chickens. In April, bird flu occurred in the Netherlands, and 80 people were infected and died. Since June, 5438+February, 2003, bird flu has been raging in more than ten countries and regions in Asia, causing tens of millions of poultry to be slaughtered and destroyed, and dozens of people died of the disease. Since the discovery of avian influenza 100 years ago, human beings have not mastered effective prevention and control methods, and can only prevent its spread by disinfection, isolation and mass slaughter of livestock and poultry. Areas where highly pathogenic avian influenza breaks out often suffer huge economic losses.
What are the common symptoms of avian influenza?
Indonesian villagers are burning infected chickens.
South Korean health officials bury infected ducks
Under normal circumstances, avian influenza virus is not easy to cause human illness. Avian influenza virus belongs to influenza A virus, and influenza A virus is divided into 15 subtypes according to its surface protein, such as H 1 to H 15. Avian influenza worldwide is mainly caused by highly pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes, and people are susceptible to H 1 and H3 subtypes.
From the microbiological point of view, there are three reasons to prevent the invasion of avian influenza virus to human beings. First of all, human respiratory epithelial cells do not contain the specific receptor of avian influenza virus, that is, avian influenza virus is not easily recognized and combined by human cells; Second, the genomes of all influenza viruses that can spread from person to person must contain several gene fragments of human influenza virus; Thirdly, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus contains a lot of basic amino acids, which is difficult to replicate in human body.
Babies with symptoms of bird flu
A hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam was treated.
However, although there is no evidence that avian influenza virus will directly cause human influenza outbreaks, from the evolutionary point of view, human influenza is related to the influenza virus that first spread in animals. It is likely that in the process of human domestication of pigs, chickens and other animals in history, due to frequent contact between humans and animals, some strains of swine flu and avian influenza virus have mutated, acquired the pathogenicity to humans and the ability to spread among people, and became human influenza viruses. This kind of incident may happen again, so medical research and monitoring departments are still alert to the possibility of bird flu attacking human beings. For individuals, we should pay attention to good health and maintain good immunity; Before eating poultry products, cook them at high temperature to kill the virus. So far, there has never been a case of human infection with highly pathogenic H5N 1 avian influenza virus in Chinese mainland. China has established technical means for rapid detection of avian influenza. A few years ago, the Ministry of Health strengthened the monitoring of influenza epidemic, including avian influenza, and the trends of various influenza viruses were being monitored.
References:
/ziliao/2004-0 1/ 14/content _ 1275664 . htm
Interviewee: wukun 7050- Magician Level 4 12-8 08:59.
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Mainland China:
065438+2004123 October: H5N 1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza occurred in Longan, Guangxi.
065438+2004126 October: Suspected avian influenza appeared in Wuxue, Hubei and Wugang, Hunan.
065438+20041Oct. 30: Suspected epidemics in Hubei and Hunan were found in Anhui, Shanghai and Guangdong.
065438+20041October 3 1: Suspected avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Ezhou City, Hubei Province and Chaoan County, Guangdong Province.
February/0/day, 2004: A suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurred in Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province, Yichang City, Hubei Province, Chenggong County, Yunnan Province, Pingyu County, Henan Province and Nong 1 2 Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.
February 3, 2004: The epidemic situation of avian influenza in Chaoan, Guangdong Province was confirmed. Suspected avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Anning District and Jingyuan County of Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Yingzhou District and jieshou city of Fuyang City, Anhui Province, Pingjiang County of Hunan Province, Xiangfan City of Hubei Province, and Chang 'an District of Xi City, Shaanxi Province.
February 4, 2004: The avian influenza in Chenggong, Yunnan Province was confirmed, and the suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic occurred in Guandu District, Kunming, Yunnan Province and Gaolan County, Gansu Province.
February 5, 2004: Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza was diagnosed in Guangde County, Anhui Province, Yushan District, Maanshan City, jieshou city, Yingzhou District, Fuyang City and guixi city City, Jiangxi Province. Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in dongxiang county, Jiangxi Province, Shilin County, Yunnan Province, luoding city and Haifeng County, Guangdong Province.
February 7, 2004: The suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza in Ezhou City, Hubei Province and Pingyu County, Henan Province is H5N 1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza. Meanwhile, the epidemic situation of H5N 1 highly pathogenic avian influenza was confirmed in qingyunpu district, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province. Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Xishan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province and Xigu District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province.
February 8, 2004: Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Xiangyang District, Xiangfan City, Hubei Province, Chang 'an District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province, Gaolan County, Gansu Province, Pingjiang County, Haifeng County, Guangdong Province and Yongkang City, Zhejiang Province, which were H5N 1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza. Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Xingning District, Nanning City, Guangxi, Doumen District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province and Maogang District, Maoming City.
February 9, 2004: Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Jinnan District of Tianjin, Macheng City of Hubei Province, Anning City of Yunnan Province and huayin city City of Shaanxi Province.
February, 2004 10: Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in dongxiang county, Jiangxi Province, Wujiagang District, Yichang City, Hubei Province, Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, and No.12 Agricultural Division of Xinjiang Corps.
On February, 2004 1 1, suspected highly therapeutic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in honghu city, Gongan County, Songzi City and Yangxin County of Hunan Province, Shaodong County of Hunan Province, Heshan District of Yiyang City of Guangdong Province and Jiangcheng District of Yangjiang City.
February 2004 12: A suspected avian influenza epidemic occurred in Shaoguan, Guangdong.
February 2004: 13: Suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Shilin County of Yunnan, Xishan District of Kunming, luoding city, Jiedong County of Shanghai, Nanhui District and Jinnan District of Tianjin, with H5N 1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza.
February 2004 65438+April 2004: The epidemic situation of avian influenza was confirmed in Jiangcheng District, Yangjiang City, Guangdong Province.
February 2004 65438+May 2004: Suspected avian influenza outbreaks occurred in Huanggang, Hubei and Songming, Yunnan.
February 2004 16: The suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza in Macheng, Songzi, honghu city, Gongan, Yangxin, Shaoguan and Lhasa, Tibet is H5N 1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza. A suspected bird flu epidemic occurred in Baicheng City, Jilin Province.
February 2004: 17: The suspected highly pathogenic avian influenza in Shaodong County of Hunan Province and Heshan District of Yiyang City is H5N 1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza.
On the morning of March-16, 2004, the Ministry of Agriculture announced that it had lifted the quarantine of the last two avian influenza epidemic areas in China, marking the end of the 49-day highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in China.
Infection and prevention:
Xinhuanet Beijing, February 3 (Reporter Wang Yu, Dong Jun) According to the introduction of the Office of the National Command for the Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, the avian influenza virus has poor viability in the external environment. As long as proper disinfection measures are taken, common disinfectants such as aldehydes, chlorine-containing disinfectants, phenols, oxidants and alkalis can kill viruses in the environment.
The following disinfectants have good disinfection effect in the field environment:
Aldehyde disinfectants include formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde, among which formaldehyde fumigation is the most commonly used. Closed poultry houses can be fumigated and disinfected by adding potassium permanganate to 14 ml to 42 ml of formalin at a ratio of 7 g to 2 1 g per cubic meter. When fumigating and disinfecting, the room temperature is generally not lower than 65438 05 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity is 60% to 80%. Potassium permanganate can be added to the container first, then formalin solution can be added, and the doors and windows can be sealed for more than 7 hours to achieve the purpose of disinfection, and then the doors and windows can be opened for ventilation to eliminate residual odor.
The disinfection effect of chlorine-containing disinfectant depends on the content of available chlorine. The higher the content, the stronger the disinfection ability, including inorganic chlorine-containing disinfectants and organic chlorine-containing disinfectants. 5% bleaching powder solution can be sprayed on animal pens, cages, feeding troughs and vehicles for disinfection. Hypochloric acid disinfection is rapid, no residue, no odor, and is often used for disinfection of equipment and countertops in food factories and slaughterhouses.
Alkaline preparations mainly include sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide preparations used for disinfection are mostly crude lye containing 94% sodium hydroxide, which is often heated to prepare 1% to 2% aqueous solution, which is used for disinfection of chicken coops, walls, sports fields and dirt contaminated by viruses, as well as for disinfection of slaughterhouses, food factories and other ground, vehicles and other items. After spraying for 6 hours to 12 hours, rinse with clear water.
Zhang Zhilun, deputy director of the center, said that although bird flu is fierce, it is equivalent to flu for human beings and can still be prevented. Among them, it is particularly important to pay attention to personal hygiene, wash your hands frequently and not touch feces.
Avian influenza virus generally cannot survive above 70℃, and cooked poultry will not be infected with the virus. But at the same time, it should be noted that eggshells need to be cleaned before cooking, and then cooking. It is better to eat less hard-boiled eggs.
Because there is no corresponding vaccine, and the high incidence of acute respiratory diseases is in winter and spring, it is very important for citizens to maintain a healthy lifestyle to prevent diseases. Citizens should strengthen physical exercise, rest more, avoid overwork and not smoke; When an epidemic situation is discovered, contact with poultry should be avoided as far as possible, and food such as chicken should be thoroughly cooked; Keep the indoor air circulating and try to go to places where the air is not circulating as little as possible; Pay attention to personal hygiene and cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing.
In addition, avian influenza virus is sensitive to organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, acetone, heat and ultraviolet rays. The virus can be inactivated by heating at 56℃ for 30 minutes, at 60℃ for 65,438+00 minutes, at 70℃ for several minutes, in direct sunlight for 40-48 hours, and using common disinfectants.