Migration westward began as early as the colonial period in North America. Slaveholders in the South, land speculators in the North, and the poor old people all wanted land in the West. The British government, in an effort to confine the colonists to what it could control, issued a proclamation order in 1763 prohibiting emigration west of the Appalachians. The Revolution shattered this rule, and in 1783 Britain and the United States agreed on a peace settlement in which Britain opened up a large tract of Indian-owned land west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River to the U.S. In May 1830, President A. Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which relocated the Indians west of the Mississippi River. After this, troops were sent to escort the Indians out of the area east of the Mississippi River, and colonization grew rapidly in this area. The land of the "Old Southwest" (including the present-day states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana) was largely occupied by plantation slaveholders and became a major source of cotton. Colonial development of the "Old Northwest" (including the present-day states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) proceeded rapidly as a result of land ordinances passed in 1785 (sale of public lands at low prices) and the Northwest Quasi-State Area Ordinance of 1787. There were but a few thousand Frenchmen here at the beginning of the Revolution, but in 1810 there were more than 270,000 immigrants, and by 1860 the number had increased to 6,930,000, with the city of Chicago alone having a population of 1,000,000 persons. It was a region of great grain production and breeding.
At the same time, the United States also to the west of the Mississippi River expansion, with the purchase and war annexed France, Spain, the British colonies and a large part of Mexico's territory. 1803, the United States to take advantage of Napoleon was busy dealing with the war in Europe, the United States from the hands of the French purchased for 15 million U.S. dollars in a vast area known as Louisiana (an area of about 830,000 square miles). In 1810 and 1819, the United States took Florida from Spain; in 1846, and forced Britain to enter into a contract to extend the national boundary of the United States north of the 49th degree of latitude all the way to the Pacific coast, crowding out the British in this area. 1846 and 1853, the United States and Mexico waged a war, and after the victory purchased a large portion of Mexican territory, totaling about 950,000 square miles. By 1853, the United States had pushed its borders to the Pacific coast, covering 3.03 million square miles (about 7.85 million square kilometers), an increase of more than seven times the territory that existed at the time of the declaration of independence. The population west of the Mississippi River was extremely sparse before 1840, and immigration began to increase in the 1940s, especially with the discovery of gold in California in 1848, which was a major impetus to the development of the West. after 1850, the immigration and economic development of this region took an important place in the development of the United States. In addition, the United States continued to expand westward into areas that were not contiguous with its mainland. In 1867, Alaska was purchased from Russia at a cost of $7.2 million, and its area was equal to two times the size of the original 13 U.S. states; in 1894, the U.S. overthrew the king of Hawaii in Honolulu, and then, after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, it annexed the Hawaiian Islands.
The expanding territory of the United States attracted a flood of foreign immigrants. Foreign immigrants numbered more than 5 million in 1790-1860 and 27 million in 1861-1913. The population west of the Appalachian Mountains, which in 1790 was only 3 percent of the nation's total, had grown to 49 percent by 18 India. Immigrants from abroad played a huge role in the development of the West and in the rapid growth of the American economy as a whole. Immigration enabled the United States to engage in large-scale agricultural production and to develop its rich industrial resources with such force and on such a scale that it soon destroyed the British industrial monopoly. The land policy of the American government, the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, accelerated the development of the West. The territorial expansion and development of the United States into the West had a major impact on the political and economic life of the United States. The incorporation of the vast western lands into the United States made the United States a vast, natural resource-rich country with extremely favorable natural conditions for economic development. It greatly expanded the area of arable land, and is located in the climatic zone suitable for cultivation, so that the rapid development of agriculture; the development of the West, led to the construction of large-scale railroads and the influx of large numbers of immigrants, so that the United States has formed a vast domestic market.
The course of the westward movement of the United States and the government's policy measures
The westward movement of the United States1 is a long-term and continuous development process. Long before the independence of the United States, the American nation began to expand to the western part of the North American continent, but it was not until after the independence of the United States that the westward movement of the United States became more active and planned, and it has continued to the present day. Throughout the history of the American westward movement, it can be divided into the following periods.
1. The period of initial development, mainly in agriculture. From the end of the War of Independence to the Civil War period is the first period of the U.S. westward movement, mainly agriculture-based preliminary development period. The western land is of special significance to the development of the economy of the United States after independence, and there is no western development without today's United States. After the Seven Years' Anglo-French War, Britain acquired Canada and the vast area west of the Appalachian Mountains up to the east bank of the Mississippi River from France; at the same time, Britain declared that the land west of the Appalachian Mountains belonged to the British Crown, which became one of the triggering factors for the colonial people of North America to oppose the British because the western land had a fascinating appeal to all classes of the North American people. The bourgeoisie thirsted for the expansion of the national territory, land speculators attempted to reap huge profits from it, and the vast number of farmers, craftsmen, and foreign immigrants regarded the western lands as their only hope of escaping oppression and seeking a new life. After the independence of the United States, according to the Paris Peace Treaty of 1783, the territory of the United States has been expanded to the east bank of the Mississippi River. Later, with the quiet start of the Industrial Revolution in the North, the South "Cotton Kingdom" also rose abruptly, the new West continues to open up.
This period of the westward movement to the land issue as the core, to the main agricultural development. Mainly because: objectively, there was a fertile, rich, uncultivated vast land in the western United States, which is the basic premise of the U.S. westward movement; subjectively, the United States after the War of Independence, the Appalachian Mountains to the west to the east of the Mississippi River, the U.S. people have formed a new view: the newly acquired land is to the thirteen states of North America **** the same with life and wealth in exchange, so these lands, the land and the land, the land, the land and the land, the land and the land. wealth of the thirteen states of North America, and that these lands should therefore be owned by the people, who had the right to cultivate, plant, and develop them.
During this period, the U.S. federal government, in order to promote land development and agricultural development in the westward movement, has taken many policy measures, mainly in the following areas:
(1) Land policy. First, the U.S. government issued procedures and regulations for statehood in the West.1 In 1784, Jefferson drafted a land ordinance entitled "Program for the Formation of the Western Lands Ceded by Virginia," which provided that the western lands would be owned by all U.S. nationals; provided that the land from Ohio to the Mississippi River would be divided into sixteen states, and that a new state could be established only when the number of inhabitants had reached a certain number (a minimum of thirteen states), with full equality with the western states. New states were to be created on a footing of full equality with the western states. Although the act's recommendation for sixteen states was not implemented, the principle that it provided for statehood was recognized, and in 1785 the government issued a land ordinance to provide for the surveying and sale of land. The western lands were divided into townships, each of which was subdivided into thirty-six districts, each covering an area of 640 square miles, four of which were placed at the disposal of the federal government, and one of which was to serve as a patronage for public * * * education.On July 13, 1787, the Northwest Land Act was passed by the federal legislature, an act which, based on the land ordinance of 1784, specified the disposition of the lands north of the valley of the Ohio River. It set forth the procedures and principles for the creation of new states. The U.S. government's regulations and procedures for statehood on western lands played a positive role in promoting western development and economic stability.
Secondly, the U.S. government enacted a policy for residents to acquire land. 1785 saw the enactment of the Land Ordinance, which established the principle that state-owned land should be sold to immigrants. According to the provisions of the decree, the public land will be sold by auction, each piece of land of a minimum of 640 acres (about 388 acres), the minimum price per acre of land of 1 U.S. dollars, a one-time payment. 1796 land law will be the minimum selling price of each acre of land to increase to 2 U.S. dollars, the period of payment was changed to one year after the pay off in four years. Later, because this provision could not meet the demand for land by the large number of farmers migrating westward, the U.S. government continuously narrowed the minimum limit for land purchases from 640 acres to 160 acres, reducing the sale price of state land.From 1802-1832, Congress passed several Relief Acts to delay the period of unpaid land confiscation and enable poor farmers to access to land.Under the Jackson administration in 1832, the government allowed farmers to take possession of land, i.e., those already in possession of unsurveyed and agreed-to-sell land, to purchase land they had cultivated and improved at a minimum sale price. And gradually reduce the price of public *** land, from $1.25 per acre to $0.5 for auction. 1862, the Lincoln government also enacted the Homestead Act, which provides that citizens over 21 years of age from January 1, 1863, as long as the payment of $10 fee, the right to acquire 160 acres or 160 acres or less of land, cultivation of the land for five years after the land to the individual ownership. In short, the land policy of the U.S. government during this period, for farmers to obtain land and agricultural development to provide institutional and policy safeguards, to promote the development of the western United States, so that the United States can quickly develop into a large agricultural country.
(2) Migration policy: The U.S. Land Ordinance of 1787 not only stipulated some principles for the establishment of new states, but also provided for civil rights according to the third part of the law, especially that people could move freely to the west according to the law. The enactment of the American Land Ordinance thus gave a great impetus to the influx of American settlers to the West, and the Ohio Company bore the brunt of it, with their advance party departing from Massachusetts and Connecticut in the winter of 1787-1788, heading for the Sunset. Thereafter, a mass, large-scale westward movement flourished, with immigrants coming mainly from the thirteen North American states of New England, the Central States, and the Southern States; in the short decade of 1790-1800 alone, thirteen counties in Maryland and twenty-six counties in Virginia were populated entirely by foreign immigrants, and one-seventh of the nation's population in 1810 lived in the Appalachian Mountains west of the mountains. in 1820 the United States*** had a population of 9.64 million, 3 million of whom lived west of the Appalachians, and by 1840 more than 1/3 of the nation's population resided living there. In addition, foreign immigrants also came to the United States in large numbers, providing cheap labor for the development of the western United States. only 8,385 immigrants came to the United States in 1820, but after the failure of the revolutions in Europe in 1848, immigrants from the countries of northern and western Europe flocked to the United States, amounting to 3,100,004 in 1850 and growing to 427,833 in 1854. In short, between 1820 and 1860, about 5 million immigrants came to the United States, providing an ample labor force for the development of the western United States.
(3) Infrastructure development policy. The United States in the westward movement pays great attention to the construction of infrastructure, especially the construction of railroads, highways, water transportation and other transportation facilities. In the construction of railroads, the U.S. government has adopted the policy of "more railroads, more benefits". Railroad companies to repair every mile of railroad, you can get the railroad along a certain area of land; at the same time, the provisions of the railroad company can be built according to the length of the railroad and the terrain of the different, from the government to obtain a loan of varying degrees. 1828 United States began to build railroads, the railroad mileage of 1860 will be as long as 30,000 miles, most of which were built in the western region. The construction of railroads during this period greatly contributed to the economic development of the West. In the construction of highways, an important policy of the U.S. government is to encourage private investment. In order to solve the lack of funds for highway construction, toll roads became the earliest priority for development in the United States. Starting from the construction of the first highway in 1792-1794, a total of 6,400 kilometers of highways were built by 1830. With the invention and use of steamships, the U.S. government also strengthened the construction of water transportation. 1817-1828 by the State of New York funded the construction of the 350-mile-long IL Canal, the Hudson Canal in the east and the Great Lakes in the west linked together, so that the price of transportation of 20 cents a mile at the time down to 1 cent. All in all, between 1815 and 1840, states invested $125 million in the construction of 3,000 miles of canals, making the U.S. at that time the most canalized country in the world. The construction and great development of transportation facilities in the United States during this period facilitated the westward movement of the time.
(4) Policies to support the development of education. The U.S. government attaches great importance to the development of education, with special emphasis on school education. According to the Land Act of 1785, the western region established in each state can be for the establishment of a public **** college to obtain a piece of land, when Jefferson also designed and developed a grand including primary and secondary schools until the state university education system. Thus, state universities were established in the southern and western states, and free education was provided, and in 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Act, deciding that at least 30,000 acres of public land should be permanently granted by the government to the relevant colleges and universities in each state, and the Iowa State College of Agriculture was then established on the basis of such a grant of land. In the 1860s, under the Morrill Act, the United States established a number of agricultural colleges and engineering colleges, such as the famous University of Illinois, Masseri College of Engineering, Cornell University were established in this period, for the mechanization of agriculture and industrialization of the western United States cultivated a large number of specialists. 1887 Hatch Act provided for the annual appropriation of $15,000 to the states for agricultural experimentation and scientific research. This appropriation was doubled in 1907 to expand agricultural scientific research and extension, and legislation was passed to increase the stipend to schools to $50,000 per year. At the same time, under the influence of the first industrial revolution, the United States of America's science and technology has also been rapid development. According to statistics, before 1860, the United States *** issued 36,000 patents, the development of the western United States and the development of agriculture played an important role.
2. The period of comprehensive development, mainly industrial. From the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II is the second period of the U.S. westward movement, mainly industry-based comprehensive development period. The end of the American civil war, especially after the reconstruction of the south, the southern capitalist economy has gained great development, the northern bourgeoisie and the southern plantation owners to compromise with each other, the political situation of relative stability. At the same time, the Second Industrial Revolution also emerged rapidly, and the United States began to transform itself from an agricultural country to an industrial one.1 The Westward Movement of this period, therefore, was a comprehensive development with a focus on industry. The U.S. government adopted more favorable and more open policies in order to better promote the westward movement.
(1) Adopt preferential policies to attract foreign investment in infrastructure. In order to further strengthen the construction of infrastructure, the U.S. government has taken more favorable subsidies to attract private investment companies to build canals and railroads. Such as the plains of each building a mile subsidy of 16,000 U.S. dollars, hilly areas of each mile 32,000 U.S. dollars, mountainous areas of each mile 48,000 U.S. dollars, in addition, the railroad company can get along the line on both sides of the width of each of the ten kilometers of land ownership. States in order to encourage the construction of railroads in the state, often exempted from the taxes of the railroad company, to give favorable building rights charter, provide loans, purchase of railroad stock or bonds, some of the bonds issued by the railroad company to provide liability guarantees. These incentives attracted large amounts of foreign investment in infrastructure.In the early 1880s, European capitalists (mainly British) invested $2 billion in economic endeavors in the United States, of which $1.535 billion was invested in the construction of railroads. By 1900, the number of operating railroad lines in the United States had grown from 53,000 miles in the late 1860s to more than 190,000 miles, exceeding the total mileage of European railroad lines and equaling almost half of the world's. In 1913, the total number of miles of railroads in the United States doubled again.
(2) Adoption of an open policy to attract talented foreign labor. This period of immigration is focused on the adoption of preferential measures to attract foreign talented labor. 1878 U.S. enacted the Timber and Stone Act, allowing any citizen and has applied for U.S. citizenship of the expatriates, according to the price of an acre of $2.5 to buy 160 acres of land is not suitable for planting and its main value lies in the timber and stone, which is the United States to build a railroad large-scale demand for timber and stone. At the same time, the U.S. government set up the Bureau of Land Management and the Immigration Bureau, and its propaganda agencies operated on the European continent, where they recruited immigrants by giving priority to credit, preferential fares, and promises of guidance in agricultural cultivation and necessary assistance. So many countries in northern, eastern and southern Europe, "American fever", hundreds of dreamers who traveled across the ocean to their dream of the United States "Garden of the West". Therefore, this period of foreign immigrants increased rapidly. 1861-1880 foreign immigrants more than 5 million, 1881-1890, foreign immigrants more than 8.6 million; 1890-1914 rose to 13.5 million. New immigrants accounted for 18.3 percent of total immigrants in 1881-1890, rising to 52 percent in 1891-1900 and 71 percent in 1901-1910. Upon arrival in the United States, a few immigrants stayed in eastern cities, while most moved to the Midwest to find work in steel mills, textile factories, railroads, stockyards, or mines. In short, 1861-1914, to the United States to settle more than 27 million foreign immigrants, they often have a certain amount of capital and technology, in the development of the West, the prosperity of the United States in the course of the indelible contribution.
(3) Emphasis on environmental protection and the use of science and technology. With the development of western minerals and agricultural development, environmental protection issues are increasingly prominent. Especially after the 1870s, due to the expansion of the railroad and the consequent increase in the number of settlers, land destruction is more serious. Therefore, the U.S. government adjusted its land policy during this period and began to pay attention to environmental protection, especially the conservation of soil and water and the protection of vegetation. 1873, the U.S. government enacted the Forestry Act, which permitted homesteaders to subdivide into 160 acres of less wooded land on the condition that they planted trees on 40 acres of the land within four years. 1877's Sandy Land Ordinance stipulated that any land that could be sold for $2.50 an acre could be sold for $4.50 an acre, and that any land that could be sold for $4.50 an acre could be sold for $4.50 an acre. In 1888, Congress conducted a survey of irrigated agriculture, and in 1894 passed the Cary Act, which appropriated one million acres of public land to the states for the construction of waterworks and allowed private participation in the operation of irrigation, with farmers paying their assessable costs in installments at prices approved by the government. In 1902, the federal government promulgated the New Reclamation Act, which provided for the establishment of engineering funds in the 17 western states in urgent need of irrigation, so that the financial resources required for the construction of water conservancy projects have been increased. At the same time, the U.S. government also attaches great importance to the use of scientific and technological achievements to protect natural resources. Such as in the water supply, the production of windmills, and the use of wind power from the wells to suck water for irrigation.
(4) began to emphasize the balanced development of the industrial and mining industries in the east and west. The United States in this period of the westward movement, the western industrial and mining industry has been a great development. 1850s, California discovered gold, caused the mine development fever. With the discovery of oil and bituminous coal mineral resources in the Appalachian Mountains and excellent iron ore resources in the Superior Mines, the Great Lakes Plain region's mining industry developed rapidly, and on this basis, and this region into the United States of America's new petroleum industry, iron and steel industry, and automobile industry base. 1910, the industrial output value of the western United States greatly exceeded that of agriculture, and the development of industry became the mainstay of the development of the west, thus Realized the transformation of agriculture-based to industry-based. 1860-1913, the textile industry in the western United States grew about 6 times, the iron and steel industry and coal industry grew dozens of times. At the same time, the rapid rise of small cities in the Midwest, they are close to a wide range of raw materials, sales and labor markets, the formation of such as beer city, textile city, gold town, silver town, coal town and other professional small towns; and the original city also gradually by commercial city to the big machine industry based on the transition of industrial cities. However, in the process of the westward movement in the United States, economic development and urbanization also presents a great imbalance. For example, in the process of urbanization, in 1890, half of the national urban population is concentrated in the north Atlantic coast states, only 7.7% of the population live in the south Atlantic coast states. 1900, the north Atlantic coast states, 6 out of 10 inhabitants live in the city; In the midwest, every 10 inhabitants only 3 live in the city. Therefore, until World War II, the western economy still lagged behind the old industrial areas in the east.
After 1930, President Roosevelt implemented the "New Deal", the U.S. government began to focus on the balanced development of the industrial and mining sectors in the East and West. The U.S. government has strengthened the national investment in the West, the establishment of a specialized agency responsible for the unified planning and management of the development of poor and backward areas, the construction of large hydroelectric projects, increase loans and financial subsidies, comprehensive watershed management, and promote the coordinated development of the economy and society; the implementation of a variety of preferential policies in the West, and strive to improve the investment environment; the establishment of the military industrial enterprises in the West, the development of new industries and high-tech industries, change the economic structure, so that the United States economic center of gravity. Economic structure, so that the center of gravity of the U.S. economy gradually shifted to the west, the east and west of the economic development gradually tend to balance.
3. High-tech based on the depth of the development period. From the end of World War II to the present is the third period of the U.S. westward movement, mainly to the depth of the development of science and technology development period. After the end of World War II, the United States took the lead in the computer network technology, atomic energy technology, biotechnology and space technology as an important symbol of the third scientific and technological revolution. The western part of the U.S. made full use of its geographic advantages in the origin of the scientific and technological revolution to take scientific and technological development as the main body, use advanced technology to reform traditional industries and develop new industries, which greatly promoted the development of the western part of the U.S. and the prosperity of the entire U.S. economy, and powerfully supported the development of the U.S. knowledge-based economy. The main policy measures of the U.S. government in this period are:
(1) Utilizing the venture capital mechanism to establish high-tech parks. 1930s, the U.S. science and technology revolution began at Stanford University and its surrounding areas, and became the core of high-tech in the 60s, which produced the world's attention in California as the "Silicon Valley". In order to further promote high-tech innovation and the use of results, the U.S. government encourages the full use of venture capital mechanism, the establishment of high-tech parks. Since the establishment of the Silicon Valley Hi-Tech Park in San Jose, California in the 1960s, the United States has set up more than a dozen similar Hi-Tech Parks in the West and throughout the country. These parks on industrial innovation and scientific research results of the incubation of the western United States and even the entire U.S. economy and the development of science and technology has played an extremely important role, not only the use of high-tech transformation of traditional industries, and the emergence of many new industrial sectors, polymer materials industry, atomic energy industry, the electronic computer industry, the semiconductor industry, the aerospace industry and the laser industry, and so on, a large number of emerging industries in the west, the rise. The United States industrial structure has been adjusted to become a model for the success of the deep development of the western United States.
(2) The use of regional economic management policies to promote the development of the West. The U.S. government in order to promote the balanced development of the regional economy, this period promulgated a number of regional economic management policies, so that the development of the western United States has played a positive role. 1961 enacted the "Regional Redevelopment Act," which set up under the Department of Commerce, the Regional Redevelopment Authority. 1965 enacted the "Public *** Engineering and Economic Development Act," the "Appalachian Regional Development Act," appropriated $1.1 billion for the construction of highways, medical centers, and the development of a new regional economic center. 1.1 billion dollars for the construction of highways, medical centers, and the development of local resources, etc., and accordingly established the Economic Development Administration and the Appalachian Regional Commission, respectively.In 1977, the U.S. Congress also passed the Community Reinvestment Act, which encourages banks and savings and loan institutions to provide loans to their areas, especially low-income people, and the relevant supervisory agencies are specialized in the enforcement of the law on relevant financial institutions to carry out regular The relevant supervisory agencies are specialized in conducting regular assessments of the enforcement of the relevant financial institutions. At the same time, in the process of the westward shift of the U.S. industrial layout, the government increased its financial support for the western region and encouraged enterprises to relocate to the southwestern sunbelt. For example, in 1971-1998, the federal government's financial grants to states and local governments increased from $1.78 billion to $9.188 billion, **** an increase of 4.16 times.
(3) the use of market forces to promote the economic development of backward areas. The U.S. government is very much advocating the use of "market forces to develop backward areas". The U.S. Westward Movement began in the framework of the market economy, the role of the market economy, after a long period of development, the realization of the integration of the economic development of the eastern and western United States. Especially now, the role of the market is irreplaceable. During the Clinton administration, the task of developing the backward regions of the United States has always been left to the private sector. in July 1997, Clinton made a special visit to some relatively backward regions to publicize his "New Markets Initiative" aimed at guiding the private sector to invest in the poorest regions of the United States. The main elements of the initiative include: raising about $6 billion in equity to provide a 25% tax deduction for investments by community development banks, venture funds and other development agencies; providing loan guarantees for private investment to encourage medium and large enterprises to relocate to backward areas; and setting up a New Markets Venture Capital Corporation to support small and medium-sized enterprise development. The establishment of the New Market Venture Capital Corporation to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, etc. Spurling, chairman of the White House National Economic Council, said the "New Markets Initiative" is not a charity program, and its principle is to encourage companies to seek profits in their backyard untapped markets.
Second, the basic experience of the U.S. westward movement
The U.S. westward movement is in the context of the free market economy and territorial expansion, based on large-scale population movement, the transportation industry as a precursor to the agricultural and animal husbandry industry as the main industry pointed to the growth centers driven by the process of socio-economic development of regional development. As a result of the American westward movement, the political and economic integration between the eastern and western regions of the United States was completed, the development of capitalist industrialization was promoted, leading to the modern agricultural revolution, the industrial revolution and the knowledge revolution in the United States, and the pioneering spirit of the American people was cultivated, especially the cowboy spirit of the United States embodied in the development of the western region, which is undaunted by hardship, not afraid of sacrifices, and full of spirit, and constantly searching for new lands and new wealth. The frontier spirit later became the spirit of the whole nation of Americans, who were unrelenting, bold and optimistic, and courageous in pioneering and exploring. In short, through the westward movement, the United States developed millions of square kilometers of land in more than two hundred years. And on these lands, modern agriculture, animal husbandry, and industry were established, which had a decisive impact on making the United States grow into the number one economic power in the world. So, without the westward movement, there would be no America today.
The United States in the long-term westward movement, the successful implementation of the western development, which is the United States of America's economic prosperity and even the emergence of knowledge-based economy, made an important contribution. At the same time, the United States in the long-term westward movement has accumulated a lot of rich experience, which are mainly:
1. The use of natural resource endowments, the implementation of gradient development strategy. The United States in the westward movement in the implementation of gradient development strategy that is based on its own resource advantages, and gradually implement the development of upgrading and deepening. Such as in the first stage is mainly to take full advantage of the vast fertile land resources in the west, through the establishment of a large number of family farms, ranches, and vigorously develop planting and animal husbandry, the Appalachian Mountains and the Great Lakes around the wilderness development of grain and cotton bases and livestock bases. 1850, the United States of America's food planting area of 62.8 million acres, the output of 32 million tons, so that at that time the United States has become a major country of the world's agriculture and the exporting country of grain and cotton. exporting country of grain and cotton. In the second stage, with the discovery of gold in the west and the application of the scientific and technological achievements of the first industrial revolution, it triggered a frenzy of mining development, and established a number of mineral resources processing industry and manufacturing enterprises. After this period of development, the United States of America's industrial center of gravity from the northeastern part of the transfer to the Midwest, so that the Midwest has become a center of heavy industry, and ultimately achieved the industrialization of the United States. 1894, the United States industrial production has jumped to the world's first, production is equal to the production of European countries half of the total amount of the production of the United States of America at the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States of America's industrial superiority is even more prominent. 1913, the industrial products accounted for 1 / 3 of the total amount of industrial products, more than the total amount of industrial products. In 1913, industrial products accounted for 1/3 of the world's total industrial products, more than the sum of the industrial products of Britain, Germany, France and Japan. In the third stage, with the rise of the third scientific and technological revolution, the U.S. high-tech has been the rapid development of the U.S. industrial structure to the tertiary industry conversion, and ultimately realized the softening of the industrial structure and advanced. Therefore, the United States in the western development of the implementation of the gradient strategy is also the process of the United States economic structure is constantly adjusted, deepening and advanced process.
2. Focus on infrastructure construction, the creation of a good development environment. Inconvenient transportation is an important constraint on the development of the western United States. Therefore, the United States in the westward movement pays great attention to the construction of infrastructure, and through the implementation of the transportation industry ahead of the development strategy for the creation of a good environment for the development of the west. In the process of the westward movement in the United States, the government and the people were committed to the construction and improvement of the transportation industry at the beginning, and put the development of the west on a developed transportation foundation. The government provided all kinds of concessions in land use and property rights, capital financing, taxation, etc., provided policy support for the development of transportation, and encouraged private companies to invest in the construction of transportation facilities. And in the process of construction of transportation facilities, the implementation of railroad transportation, waterway transportation and road transportation strategy, the development of a comprehensive national transportation network to the west. The development of the transportation industry is not only the development of the western part of the United States, but also for the entire United States westward movement provides the basic conditions, especially the construction of railroads, promote the western region of the United States specialization and the formation of a national market. Many economists say that the 19th century in the United States is basically a history of railroad success, the formation of the national railroad network, the development of the west and the national economy has had a significant impact.
3. Rely on education and scientific and technological progress, to provide intellectual support for development. Relying on education and scientific and technological progress to promote the development of the West, is the United States in the Westward movement in another successful experience. As the U.S. government in the process of westward movement fully recognized the importance of science and technology education, so the U.S. government attaches great importance to the development of education in the west, the Congress through a number of land ordinances, for the development of education to provide preferential policies. Vigorously promote the development of public **** education for the development of the west to provide appropriate industrial business and a variety of specialized technical personnel. At the same time, the U.S. government attaches great importance to the commercial use of scientific and technological achievements and industrialization, not only vigorously use high and new technology to transform traditional industries, improve the technological content and competitiveness of traditional products, but also the use of risk investment mechanism, the creation of high-tech parks, the formation of a number of new industries, adjusting the U.S. industrial structure, to achieve the optimization and deepening of the economic structure. The history of the development of the western United States is, from a certain point of view, a history of scientific and technological progress. It is relying on education and science and technology innovation and progress, so that the development of the western United States has made such amazing achievements.
4. The development of preferential economic policies to guide the direction of western development. The United States in the process of the westward movement, although pay great attention to play the role of the market mechanism, but the role of the government is irreplaceable. The United States in the westward movement in the development of a series of land policy, immigration policy, infrastructure policy, science and technology education development policy, environmental protection policy, regional economic management policy, capital financing policy, fiscal policy, income redistribution policy, the western economic development regulation, guide the direction of western development. In short, the U.S. government's involvement in the western development affairs, not only involves the formulation of relevant policies and the establishment of special government departments, and involves the government's investment in the western development funds and income redistribution.
Hoo~~Hoo, okay?