In China, with the sustained and rapid economic growth, the rapid improvement of people's living standards and the acceleration of urban processes, we are also facing increasingly serious environmental problems, especially the problem of urban garbage. These garbage not only pollutes the environment and destroys the cityscape, but also spreads diseases and threatens the safety of human life, becoming one of the most serious announcements in today's society. Especially in Fuxin, the garbage problem is even more serious, which on the one hand affects the urban environment, jeopardizes the physical and mental health of the residents, and on the other hand affects the success of its economic transformation. Therefore, how to solve the garbage problem, but also residents of a healthy, clean living environment, for investors to create a beautiful, clean urban environment, has caused the Fuxin city governments at all levels attach great importance.
1 Fuxin City, the situation of living garbage
1.1 The amount of living garbage and composition of the current situation
City living garbage mainly refers to the solid waste generated in the city's daily life or the activities that provide services for the city's daily life, most of which come from the residents of the life and consumption, municipal construction and maintenance, commercial activities, urban landscaping and suburban Places such as farming production and tourism and recreation. It includes general garbage, human and animal feces, kitchen waste, sludge, garbage residue and dust and other solid materials . Its composition is mainly affected by the size and nature of the city, geographic conditions, residents' habits, living standards and fuel structure, seasonal climate and so on.
(1) Large amount of domestic garbage
Over the past 10 years, the amount of domestic garbage generated in Fuxin City has been increasing year by year, especially since the implementation of the economic transition, the growth rate is faster, with an annual growth rate of 8%, according to the statistics of Fuxin Sanitation Department, which results in the following chart:
Convergence of annual garbage generation during the period of 1993-2003
According to the chart Judging from the data, the city's garbage generation during this period can be divided into two phases:
In 1993-2000, the growth of garbage generation was relatively slow, with the annual growth rate hovering around 3%. This was closely related to the popularization of centralized heating in the city and the transition from coal-based fuels to gaseous fuels such as coalbed methane.
From 2001 to 2003, with the improvement of people's living standards, increased consumption, especially the implementation of economic transformation led to the influx of foreign enterprises, the increase in the number of outsiders, the countryside population into the city and so on, the city's waste generation growth accelerated, with an average annual growth rate of 8%.
Fuxin's per capita waste generation is higher than the national average. In 2003, for example, the city's total amount of domestic garbage was 600,000 tons, and the city's urban population was 730,000, which is calculated as follows:
The amount of garbage produced per capita per day == 2.25 (kg/cap.d)
Far higher than the national per capita production of urban garbage of the same period of time, which was 1.6 kg. Of course, this is closely related to factors such as the fact that residents of Fuxin still use a large number of coals, and that there is long heating time in winter, and there are a lot of sandstorms, etc. weather and other factors are closely related. With the deepening of the economic transformation, the acceleration of urbanization, the increase of the urban population, the improvement of people's living standards, the increase in consumption and so on, the amount of garbage generated in Fuxin will further increase, according to the annual growth rate of 8% (Fuxin Environmental Protection Bureau forecasts), by 2010 the city's garbage generation will be 950,000 tons. Therefore, we have to recognize the seriousness of the problem of domestic waste in Fuxin.
(2) The garbage composition is characterized by "one more and two less"
The city's domestic garbage, from the point of view of the composition, is mainly coal ash, plastic, waste paper, glass, metal, food waste, etc. The city's domestic garbage is characterized by "one more and two less". Presented a "one more, two less" features: ⅰ ash and brick and soil and other inorganic waste, about 55%; ⅱ plastic, waste paper, food waste, fiber and other organic matter less, about 20%; ⅲ glass, metal, ceramics and other waste products about 14.5%, water 7.5%, other waste 3%.
With the change of the city's fuel structure, the proportion of coal ash and other inorganic waste in a substantial decline, the proportion of glass, metal waste products with the construction industry will rise sharply, the proportion of waste paper, waste plastics, etc., there is some increase; with the accelerated pace of life, the standard of living, the residents of the life of the replacement of many things to speed up, which on the one hand, increase the total amount of garbage, but also increased recyclables and recycling value in garbage. In general, the following trends: ⅰ organic matter increased; ⅱ combustibles increased; ⅲ recyclables increased; ⅳ can be used to increase the value.
1.2 Management and disposal of the current situation
Fuxin City, the main sanitation department in charge of the disposal of domestic garbage, from cleaning, collection, storage, transportation to the disposal of the whole process of management. The implementation of the city, district, street three-level management mechanism. Garbage disposal costs all rely on the municipal government financial allocations, operational inefficiency and less technical content, is still a labor-intensive industry. For a long time, the city's domestic waste disposal is mainly to find a suitable location to be eliminated for the purpose. At present, the main way of disposal for the centralized pile and no impermeable layer of simple landfill, landfill rate of 70%, the degree of resource utilization is small and shallow, incineration is also simple incineration, almost no harmless disposal.
1.3 Pollution brought by domestic garbage to the city
(1) Multi-dimensional pollution
The natural environmental elements such as the atmosphere, groundwater and surface water (rivers, lakes) and soil are polluted by garbage to varying degrees, forming a "disaster chain".
Municipal garbage is subjected to microorganisms in the process of piling or landfilling, and produces a large amount of methane gas, the main components of which are CH4 and CO2, whose large amount of CH4 and CO2 emissions directly lead to global warming. According to the 1995 assessment report published by the IPCC, it is estimated that CH4 contributes 19% to global warming, while CO2 contributes 64%. They are the two most important greenhouse gases. The "greenhouse effect" rate of CH4 is 21 times higher than that of CO2 of the same mass. In addition, the production of H2S, NH3 and other toxic and harmful gases into the atmosphere, will also seriously affect air quality.
Another example is that the heavy metal elements (such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, etc.) and other toxic and hazardous substances in the garbage are injected into surface water bodies (rivers and lakes) or infiltrated into the soil and underground water bodies with the flow of water, resulting in serious contamination of water and soil, and these toxic and hazardous substances enter the human body through the form of the food chain, and gradually accumulate in the body, thus jeopardizing the human body and the environment. These toxic substances will enter the human body through the "food chain" and gradually accumulate in the human body, thus jeopardizing the human nervous system, hematopoietic system, etc., and even causing cancer. For example, the Minamata incident in Japan was caused by excessive mercury in the water; and the bone pain disease in Japan was caused by excessive cadmium in the water, and so on. In addition, the growth and development of grass, trees and crops will pose a serious danger.
(2) detrimental to the city environment, affecting the cityscape
First of all, the "white pollution" problem. In the streets, farmers markets, parks and other public **** places and lakes, rivers and other places, a large number of discarded plastic bags, plastic lunch boxes, cigarette butts, cigarette boxes, peelings, shredded paper, etc., by the wind floating in the air or hanging in the branches, damaging to the city's image, reducing the value of tourist attractions ornamental, recreational, but also seriously affects the quality of life of urban residents.
(3) Biological pollution is serious
There are many disease-causing microorganisms in domestic garbage, while garbage is often a breeding ground for mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and rats, which is bound to jeopardize the physical and mental health of the general public.
(4) encroach on a large amount of land
According to statistics, as of 2003, the city's garbage landfill and all levels of landfill stations and other **** occupies as much as 5,000 acres of land, thus wasting a lot of land resources, but also expanding the surface of the pollution.
(5) garbage explosion accident potential
Because of the high content of organic matter in the domestic waste, centralized piling is easy to form an anaerobic environment, resulting in the garbage produced by the methane gas continues to accumulate, and continue to be released to the outside, once the content of CH4 in the air to reach the limit of the explosion (under aerobic conditions, the CH4 explosive limit of 5% to 15%) or encountered an open flame is very easy to cause an explosion. Explosion. This kind of accident in Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Yueyang and other domestic large, medium and small cities have occurred, foreign countries also occur from time to time.
1.4 Analysis of the problem of domestic garbage in Fuxin
(1) The existing garbage management system does not adapt to the current socialist market economic system
The existing domestic garbage management system in Fuxin City is the unity of the government and enterprises, the management, supervision and operation of the sanitation department is mainly completed by the traditional planned economic system. The city, district and street management system of "block combination, block-oriented" is implemented, and the cost is fully funded by the government. At the same time, the sanitation department's management of garbage is only passive transportation and disposal, and there is no systematic consideration of garbage reduction, recycling and reuse.
The current system is not conducive to changing the predicament of urban household waste management. Because garbage management has always been regarded as a public good by the government as a whole, the sanitation department is both a supervisory body, management and implementation of the unit. This system cannot form an effective supervision and competition mechanism, which restricts the development of waste management and does not adapt to the current socialist economic system in China.
(2) urban environmental sanitation management regulations are not sound
Although the state has promulgated the "Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law", "Urban Cityscape and Environmental Sanitation Management Regulations" and other laws and regulations, but for the city of Fuxin, but the lack of corresponding, specific, easy to implement the "sub-laws" and implementation details, to the management of the law has brought difficulties, the need to further establish and improve the legal system, and strengthen enforcement. system, and to strengthen law enforcement.
(3) Lack of funds for garbage management, the charging system has not yet been established
According to the Sanitation Department, the main constraints on the implementation of Fuxin City's domestic garbage construction projects are the source of funds, the utilization of funds and affordability. Although the municipal government has invested a lot of money in recent years, the funding gap is getting bigger and bigger, making it difficult to meet the requirements of harmless treatment. At present, the city's first sanitary landfill for domestic waste has been completed in September 2003, with an investment of 54.3 million yuan and a design capacity of 1,500t of waste per day, but it has not been utilized due to the shortage of operating costs.
The root of the problem lies in the lack of appropriate economic instruments and garbage charging system, as well as the lack of industrialization of garbage, marketization, entrepreneurship, and not make the public and businesses realize that the garbage problem is closely related to their own.
(4) The types of garbage recycling are few and inexpensive. More people recycle garbage with high price such as scrap iron and plastic, while fewer people recycle garbage with low price such as waste paper. At present, garbage recycling is still a personal behavior, folk and disorderly, and has not been organized, guided and supported by the government, which seriously affects the recycling of useful substances in garbage.
(5) The mixed collection of garbage increases the difficulty of resourceful and harmless treatment.
The city's garbage is mainly collected in a mixed way, except for the pilot of classified collection in individual districts. A large number of hazardous substances (such as dry batteries, waste oil, etc.) go directly into the garbage without being classified, which increases the difficulty of harmless treatment of garbage, and causes serious environmental pollution, and at the same time reduces the value of the organic matter that can be used for composting and resourcing, which leads to the fact that the city's domestic garbage has more inorganic components than organic components, and more non-combustible components than combustible components. combustible components more than combustible components, more non-compostable compost than compostable compost, increasing the amount of transportation and landfill.
(6) Single treatment method and backward technology
At present, the city's domestic garbage collection and transportation machinery and auxiliary production facilities are obsolete, with a low level of mechanization, which is not able to adapt to the development requirements of resourcefulness and harmlessness in the treatment of municipal domestic garbage.
Waste disposal is mainly primary landfill without impermeable liner, but the landfill rate is only 70%, almost no composting and other resource utilization and harmless treatment. In incineration, even in the treatment of very high requirements of medical waste, the city's 32 larger hospitals only two hospitals with environmental requirements of medical waste incinerator, accounting for less than 20% of the total amount of treatment, the other are simple treatment of incineration, from the environmental requirements of the treatment of a large gap. In the treatment requirements are slightly lower in the treatment of domestic waste, not to mention qualified incineration.
The single treatment method, the backwardness of the treatment technology, greatly affecting the city's domestic waste disposal, of course, this is mainly due to the lack of funds.
(7) the sanitation staff labor conditions, intensity, allowances, low wages, coupled with housing, poor living conditions, resulting in the industry recruitment difficulties, professional and technical personnel, the lack of successors.
(8) the people's awareness of environmental health is not high
In some places, people litter, the amount of sanitation department set up to collect facilities to turn a blind eye. Unauthorized street roadside stalls, many kiosks outlets are not required to set up garbage collection containers, some companies illegally dumping garbage, especially rivers, lakes and other waters have become illegal dumping sites, urban areas are still people secretly feeding poultry and livestock and urban and rural areas illegally feeding poultry and livestock, and so on, all of these, have caused serious harm to the environment.
Additionally, many residents are now consciously putting their garbage in plastic bags before sending it to the dumpster or garbage trail, which is a reflection of citizens' improved environmental awareness. But some people picking up garbage is "against the road", these people push a garbage truck to walk the streets, holding a hook, will be the garbage route, the dumpster in the plastic bags one by one open, the garbage spread all over the ground, pick can be sold for money, and then go away.
In general, the current Fuxin City, the city's urban living garbage situation is relatively severe, despite the recent years, the government has increased management, publicity, investment, but there are still a large number of problems, has seriously affected the development of the city, we must find out where the problem lies, and targeted and serious to solve it.