Dry pond mud should be used to make flower fertilizer or burned.
Pond mud can be used to grow things, and the soil is fertile.
Now is the time to advocate the implementation of conservation-oriented and circular economy, and advocate the application of organic fertilizer in agriculture. Its benefits are self-evident and are being accepted by people day by day. One of the ideal ways is to make scientific and reasonable use of the mud dug up by cleaning fish ponds in winter. Because fish pond mud is a good organic fertilizer, it contains a lot of fish manure. According to analysis, fish manure contains high nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer. For example, in the fish manure of grass, carp, silver carp and crucian carp, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus is higher than that of pig manure and cow manure, similar to that of sheep manure and second only to that of chicken manure and rabbit manure. In addition, according to research, fish pond mud is rich in available phosphorus and available potassium. Production practice has proved that fish pond mud has good fertilizer effect on orange field, vegetable field and rice field. A brief introduction is as follows:
First, the impact of fish pond mud on orange fields
First, it can keep the temperature and humidity of orange fields, which is beneficial to the growth of citrus reticulata; Second, it can make oranges yield high and stable, and sprinkle a certain amount of pond mud on the orange ground, which will be effective in the next autumn; Third, it can save fertilizer, because there are complete fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the sludge of fish ponds. In daily management, just apply some nitrogen fertilizer to orange trees. Fourthly, fish pond mud is a kind of organic fertilizer, and the orange field covered with pond mud is not easy to harden, which can improve the closed structure of orange field; Fifth, it can prevent citrus reticulata from falling fruit. For example, in Hongqi Village, Shuinan Township, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 1983, the citrus reticulata there generally fell fruit, with an average yield reduction of 50%, while the orange forest covered with pond mud in this village only reduced production by 6%, and still achieved a good harvest with an average yield of 3052 kg of oranges per mu; Sixth, it can improve the quality of oranges with good taste, and the sugar content is generally higher than that of the same variety of oranges without fish pond mud1-2%; Seventh, according to the observation and summary of scientific and technical personnel for many years, the application of fish pond mud on 4-5 year-old orange trees has the most obvious effect and the highest yield.
Second, the influence of fish pond mud on vegetable fields
Raising fish pond mud can play an ideal role in the growth of vegetables such as spinach, Chinese cabbage, mustard and towel gourd. But generally it can't be effective within one year. After 2-3 years, the quality of vegetables was generally improved, except that the yield was increased by 15-20% compared with that of ordinary vegetable fields without pond mud. For example, loofah cultivated in pond sludge has natural sweetness and is favored by people. However, the plots planted with pepper should not be covered with pond mud, because the root system of pepper covered with pond mud is not growing well and the yield will be affected.
Thirdly, the influence of fish pond mud on rice fields.
First, turning waste into treasure and reducing the pollution of pond mud to the environment; Secondly, pond mud can improve the structure of paddy soil; Thirdly, using pond sludge as base fertilizer can improve the yield and quality of rice. According to relevant data, as early as more than 20 years ago, there was 160 mu of water surface in October Brigade of Xishui County, Hubei Province, which was scattered among rice fields, accounting for 5% of the total cultivated land area. This small pond is used to raise fish. On the one hand, the team bought agricultural machinery with the money earned from fish farming, which basically realized the mechanization of farmland operation and agricultural product processing. On the other hand, this small pond is used to raise fish. In fact, this is a successful model of combining fish farming with grain growing, scientifically using fish pond mud and making fish and grain harvest double.
To sum up, as long as we adjust measures to local conditions, make full use of the advantages of various places, skillfully and perfectly combine farming and planting in the overall planning, rationally arrange and match the structure and quantity, and scientifically use fish pond mud, we can achieve good ecological, social and economic benefits, thus consolidating and developing the cultivation and planting of citrus, vegetables and grain, and achieving these two different production forms.
Responder: Mother Li Hong-Juren Level 4 1-3 1 15:55.
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Greenhouse flower cultivation
1. Manufacture and cooperation of culture soil
(1) Properties of culture soil: The volume of pot soil is limited, and the roots of flowers are confined in flowerpots, so culture soil must contain rich nutrients, good physical properties and rich humus. Because of the existence of humus, the drainage is good, the air is circulated, the soil is soft, it does not crack when dry, it does not agglomerate tightly when wet, and it does not crust after irrigation; Humus itself can absorb a lot of water and keep the basin moist for a long time. In this way, even if the flowerpot is small in size and the number of pots on it is small, it can meet the requirements of flower growth and development.
(2) Composition of culture soil: generally, it consists of humus soil, original fertile soil, garbage soil, garden soil, mountain mud, chaff ash, yellow sand, brick residue and lime in a certain proportion.
Rotten soil: made of fallen leaves, hay, straw, etc. Decomposed, sieved, dried, collected and preserved. Rich in humus, it has excellent physical properties, which is beneficial to fertilizer conservation and drainage, and the soil is loose and acidic.
Manure: cow dung, horse dung, sheep dung, pig dung, poultry dung and soil weeds are accumulated and fermented. After decomposition, it should be dried before use, which is rich in nutrients and humus.
Garbage soil: also known as "rejuvenation soil", it is the waste soil after dumping the basin, and then piled up with manure. After decomposition, sieve and dry for later use.
Mountain mud: it is the soil dug from the mountain. Because of its different colors, there are two kinds of yellow mountain mud and black mountain mud. Heishan mud is actually humus soil naturally accumulated by fallen leaves of trees in mountainous areas, which is acidic and rich in humus. Huangshan mud is also acidic, with a large proportion and less humus.
Rice bran ash: It is a burnt substance of rice bran, which plays the role of loosening soil and is beneficial to drainage. It contains potash fertilizer and is alkaline.
Garden soil: also known as loess, is ripe soil for cultivating crops. Multi-particle structure is a kind of soil which is beneficial to drainage and air flow.
Pond mud: widely used in the south. It is to dig out the pond mud, make it into thin slices about 2 inches high, dry it, collect it and store it, and break it into small pieces of 2- 3 cm when it is used. The advantages of pond mud are rich in fertilizer and good drainage performance. This soil is used to cultivate white orchids and jasmine flowers in Shanghai.
Yellow sand: good for ventilation and drainage. Coarse sand is better than fine sand. Wash it with clear water before use, and then use it after removing salt.
Brick residue: Cropping with broken tiles or bricks is beneficial to drainage and ventilation, but it lacks fertilizer.
Charcoal: large pores and strong hygroscopicity; It can resist corrosion and is often used to grow orchids and succulents.
Plant roots: Ferns and fern roots are breathable, water-storing, non-perishable, light, beautiful and clean, which are good materials for cultivating tropical orchids. Because it comes from the southern mountainous area, it is not easy to obtain. In Shanghai, the effect of replacing the roots of the above plants with brown skin is not ideal.
(3) The coordination of culture soil: the culture is made temporarily according to the habits of plants. Pay attention to the different needs of different plant species, such as fertilizer content, pH, water retention and drainage performance. There are roughly the following ways of cooperation:
① Sowing seedling soil: the ingredients are 2 parts of rotten leaves and garden soil 1 part. A little fertilizer and a little sand. Or humus 1 serving, garden soil 1 serving, chaff ash 1 serving, and a small amount of manure or calcium superphosphate.
General soil of potted flowers: humus soil 1, garden soil 1. 5, manure 0.5 or humus 1, garden soil 1, rice bran ash 0.5, manure 0.5; Add some bone powder or something.
Soil for shade-tolerant plants: 2 parts of garden soil, 0 part of manure/kloc-0, 0.5 part of humus soil and 05 parts of rice bran ash.
Cutting soil: Yellow sand is often used for cutting because it does not need nutrition before rooting, and vermiculite is a better cutting soil in recent years. For example, use 1 part garden soil and 1 part chaff ash; Or 1 part garden soil and 1 part humus soil. For some flowers, they can also be cut with chaff ash alone.
Soil for succulent plants: 0.5 part of yellow sand, 0.5 part of garden soil and humus 1 part; Or use brick slag, garden soil 1.
Orchid soil: at present, black mountain mud, that is, humus soil, or a small amount of yellow sand is added to humus soil. The effect of using brick slag, tiles and charcoal is also very good.
Rhododendron soil: used to use black mountain mud or resurrected soil after cultivating orchids. You can also use 2 parts of humus soil and 0.5 part of garbage soil. It is important to pay attention to the acid value to make it acidic and keep it below PH 6.
(4) sterilizing the culture soil; In order to prevent pests and diseases from the soil, the cultivated soil of potted plants should be disinfected. Generally, it is necessary to expose to the sun for disinfection. However, due to the limited storage room space, the actual operation often fails to meet the disinfection requirements; Therefore, one week before using the soil, the soil can be sprayed with formalin and then sealed with plastic film for one day and night, so that,
It has the function of fumigation and disinfection. However, this method needs to pay attention to uncovering the film and wait until the drug is completely volatilized before use. In Shanghai, a small amount of sowing soil is sterilized by steaming sand in a large pot. After disinfection, the soil is loose and no weeds grow for 1 ~ 2 months. Soil steam sterilizer can sterilize a large number of sown soil, and steam sterilization is a good way to sterilize cultivated soil.
2. Loading and replacing cans (rotating cans)
Going to the pot refers to the work of planting flower seedlings into the pot for the first time. Pot turning refers to pouring potted flowers out of the original planting pot and replanting them in another pot. Putting a pot and turning it over are basically the same. Choose a basin with a suitable size, and lay tiles on the drainage holes of the flowerpot, so that the concave surface of the tiles faces down, so as to achieve the purpose of not leaking soil but slowly leaking water.
Beg. A 3-inch basin can be made of ceramic tiles; Generally, a 4-8 inch pot uses three pieces of broken tiles, and a larger pot needs an extra tile. After the plants that can't tolerate moisture are padded with more A tiles, the culture soil with coarse grains should be thickened at the bottom of the pot, and the culture soil with fine grains should be placed on coarse grains. Then straighten the seedlings to be planted with one hand, and add soil with the other hand to make the seedlings stand in the center of the pot. At the same time, shake the flowerpot slightly to make the soil sink, and then compact the soil at the root of the plant from the edge of the flowerpot. The seedling planting depth should be similar to or slightly deeper than the original planting depth before planting or before changing pots; But not too deep, otherwise it will affect the growth. The soil surface should be lower than the basin mouth, leaving a watering position. After planting, the flowerpot should be removed from the operation site and arranged in a cool place. Cover the basin surface next to the root with two or three large tiles to prevent flushing when watering.
On the cultivation of plant root margin. When watering, the amount of water should be sufficient. After watering once, water it again after the soil is drained to make the water overflow. About 5 ~ 7 days after seedling recovery; Make more sunshine. The big basin has a large amount of water, so there is more watering place at the mouth of the pot, that is, "along the mouth". With the growth of flower seedlings, or when new culture soil needs to be replaced, replace the flowerpot.
The basis for deciding to change pots is:
(1) When the seedlings grow up and the roots are developed, the volume of the original flowerpot is not enough for the continuous growth and development of the seedlings, so the volume needs to be expanded;
(2) The original basin soil is deficient in nutrition or its physical properties deteriorate, so it is necessary to change the culture medium;
(3) the roots are diseased, worms are born or earthworms are found;
(4) When to breed ramets.
Step 3 water, spray, spray
Potted plants in the greenhouse can only survive by artificial watering. Watering is an important and meticulous technical work, and the following problems should be paid attention to:
(1) water quality: it is best to have clean fresh water without salt and alkali. Mud water containing saline-alkali impurities and turbidity is not suitable for irrigation. Tap water containing more chlorine should also be stored in the atmosphere before being used. For acid plants, more attention should be paid to water quality, and PH value cannot be improved by watering. Electrodialysis is a better method to treat water quality in Tianjin, which can desalinate alkaline water.
(2) water temperature; The water in the greenhouse should keep the water temperature close to room temperature. Generally, water should be stored indoors in advance. For automatic irrigation, the outdoor tap water temperature is too low to be used, such as indoor pre-storage; When the water pressure is insufficient, it is impossible to spray water; Therefore, automatic irrigation must simultaneously solve the problem of raising water temperature and water pressure.
(3) Water quantity: judging the water requirement of plants requires rich practical experience. Generally, the amount of water is determined according to plant species, growth stage, basin size, weather, season and so on. If you like wet ferns, begonias, orchids, chrysanthemums and arrowheads, you should water them more. More water is needed during sowing, and less water can be used after emergence. Flowering with the growth of plants; The demand for water is increasing gradually. In the fruiting period, there will be less watering. Drink less water during hibernation. Pay more attention to big flowerpots and less water to small flowerpots. Water more on dry and sunny days. Water less or no water in rainy days. Seasonal, indoor watering in winter varies with indoor temperature. Water more in high-temperature greenhouses and less in low-temperature greenhouses. The weather gets warmer in spring, and the water demand is more than that in winter. It is hot in summer, and many flowers move out, so the evaporation is large and the water demand is large. Generally, water should be watered every day except in winter when it is cold and rainy, from once every other day to twice a day. In autumn, in order to enrich and mature plants, it is often necessary to reduce the amount of watering.
(4) Watering time: The watering time of a day should be during the plant growth activities, but it should also avoid the time of sun exposure. So; Winter watering should generally be carried out after 9 ~ 10 in the morning; Summer should be put before 8 am and after 5 pm.
For plants in direct sunlight, water them in the morning, otherwise they won't last until the afternoon.
It withered.
(5) Water spraying: In addition to directly watering the roots of plants, indoor water spraying is also adopted.
Very important. In winter, it is dry because of indoor heating. "In the tropics, indoor water should be sprayed frequently.
In a blue and humid environment, you should spray water several times a day. Before the flowers and trees germinate.
Spray water on the branches several times a day. Seedling growth period and cuttage bed should also be diligent.
Keep the soil moist. Water spraying and spraying is a good water supply method, if there is automatic
The spraying device is not only beneficial to plant growth; It can also reduce labor intensity and improve labor.
Dynamic productivity.
fertilize the soil or land
Fertilizer has a great relationship with the growth and development of plants. Especially for potted plants in greenhouse, fertilization is more important because they grow in pots for a long time and their roots are limited by pot soil. Fertilizers used in greenhouses include organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, gas fertilizer and bacterial fertilizer. Matters needing attention in fertilization are introduced as follows.
(1) Fertilize according to plant species and growth stages; The greenhouse flower base fertilizer is mostly mixed into the cultivation soil for sowing, potting and changing pots. Topdressing is applied in the growing season. The types, concentrations and times of fertilization vary with the types and development of flowers. More nitrogen fertilizer is needed at seedling stage, less fertilization and more times, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is needed after seedling. Leaf watchers should apply more nitrogen fertilizer to make the leaves green; There are more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in ornamental fruits, which make plants blossom and bear fruit early and make flowers and fruits more colorful.
(2) Fertilizer decomposition: the organic fertilizer should be fermented and decomposed before application; Fresh fertilizer that does not decompose and ferment will be infected with pests and diseases, and it will burn plants after application, which is harmful and useless.
(3) Fertilizer combination: It is impossible for a fertilizer to have various nutrients at the same time, so different fertilizers can be mixed when applied. Pay attention to the fertilizer efficiency and pH value after mixing. Fertilizers favorable for mixing are human excrement and calcium superphosphate, manure and bone meal, oil cake and peat. Secondly, it is especially necessary for some plants.
Important trace elements should also be applied as appropriate.
(4) Fertilizer concentration: The fertilizer should not be too thick, and special attention should be paid when topdressing. The concentration of manure at seedling stage can be controlled at 20-30%, and that of large seedlings can be controlled at 30-40%, which can be used after being diluted with water. The concentration of inorganic fertilizer is about 0.5%. Because of the low content of superphosphate, the concentration of topdressing can be 2 ~ 3%. It's best to soak in water first and only remove the residue.
Clear solution of seeds, and then diluted for later use. Because the application of slag-free superphosphate will make the flowerpot white, which will affect the judgment of soil dryness and wetness when watering.
(5) pH of fertilizer: flowers that like acidic soil are cultivated in acidic soil, but the acid value will change after a long time. Especially those irrigated with alkaline or neutral water, the change is faster. For these plants, acid fertilizer should be used as topdressing or 0.25% ferrous sulfate should be used as fertilizer.
(6) The weather and season of fertilization should be carried out on sunny days. Loosen the soil before applying fertilizer, and then apply fertilizer after the basin is slightly dry. Immediately after fertilization, spray water on the leaves to avoid residual fertilizer solution from polluting the leaves. On the second day after fertilization, be sure to fertilize more before and after the warm growing season of water A, and less when the weather is cold and the room temperature is not high. The greenhouse with higher temperature can grow vigorously and fertilize more times; Generally, thin fertilizer should be applied more, once every 5 ~ 7 days.
(7) Top dressing outside the root: Top dressing outside the root is a fertilization method in which fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves and directly absorbed by the leaves. Urea has a high nitrogen content, which is suitable for topdressing outside the roots and is generally absorbed quickly after spraying. Topdressing outside roots should not be carried out at low temperature, and should be sprayed before noon or afternoon. There are more stomata on the back of leaf than on the front, and the back
Strong fertility, so spraying fertilizer should be sprayed on the back of leaves. Urea is a neutral nitrogen fertilizer. When topdressing, it can achieve double effects if it is mixed with trace element fertilizers or other pesticides and fungicides. As for the frequency of spraying fertilizer, it is better to apply thin fertilizer more than once a week, and less than 0.5% is safer. The concentration of seedlings can be 0.2%. Calcium superphosphate is also suitable for topdressing outside roots. When it is used, it should be soaked in ten times of clear water for one day and night, then diluted to the concentration of 1 ~ 2% and sprayed on the front and back of the leaves. In addition, boron fertilizer and magnesium fertilizer are often used as topdressing outside the roots.
Step 3 trim and trim
Pruning can adjust the growth potential of plants, promote growth and flowering, result in good plant shape and increase beauty. Pruning includes pruning, pruning, core removal, leaf picking, bud stripping, fruit thinning, fruit picking and root cutting. Pruning includes supporting, binding and inducing.
(1) Pruning: Pruning includes sparse pruning and short pruning. The former is to completely cut off the branches from the base, and the latter is to cut off part of the tips of the branches. Pruning is to cut off diseased branches, dead branches, overlapping branches and other unnecessary branches. When operating, it should be obliquely cut from above the branch point, so that the incision is flush with the branch base of the branch, leaving no residual skills. Also pay attention to make the wound unobstructed, which is conducive to rapid healing. Pay attention to the position of the bud when pruning the stub, and the direction of the bud should be determined according to the direction of the branch. When it grows upward, it should leave inner buds, and when it leans to the foreign minister, it should leave outer buds. When pruning, the incision should be oblique and the bud should be on the other side of the incision. The cutting top should be slightly higher than the remaining bud1~ 2 mm; Not too high and not too low. In addition, attention should also be paid to the subordinate relationship and power balance among major technologies, which can shorten the competition among major technologies with similar growth potential and curb their growth potential. If the competing branch is stronger than the main branch and meets the main technical requirements, it can be used to replace the original main branch.
(2) Pruning and core removal: Pruning and core removal are the work of removing the top of plant growth branches. The branches are hard and need to be cut with scissors; The branches are tender, and the tender tips can be picked with your fingers. Its function is to enrich branch tissue, regulate growth, increase the occurrence of lateral buds, increase the number of flowering branches and flowers, or make plants
The plant is short, the plant type is complete, and the flowers are neat. For example, a chrysanthemum can bloom more than 3,000 flowers, which is the result of repeated pinching. In addition, enucleation can also inhibit growth and delay flowering.
(3) Leaf picking: Leaf picking is the work of picking some leaves when the leaves of plants grow too densely in the growing season. Can improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, and is conducive to growth and flowering. For example, the leaves buried in Tianzhu are relatively large, and the old leaves are too dense or covered, which will affect flowering and should be removed. Leaves that affect bud germination should also be removed. For example, when jasmine sprouts in spring, if the old leaves are not removed, the new buds will sprout slowly, which will affect the flowering time. In addition, the yellow leaves at the base of plants should be removed in time to keep the room clean and beautiful.
(4) Bud stripping: Bud stripping is the work of stripping buds from the base where lateral buds occur. Bud stripping is the work of stripping buds from the place where lateral buds occur. If there are too many lateral buds of carnation, it will often affect the growth of main buds, and it will also affect ventilation and light transmission, which is not conducive to flowering. After plants enter the greenhouse, they should always peel their buds. A After the buds of chrysanthemum are formed, the lateral buds often affect the growth of the main buds, so it is necessary to peel off the lateral buds in time. Buds of bergamot will affect the results, so peel off the extra buds as soon as possible. But sometimes, in order to adjust the whole flower to bloom at the same time, some people peel off the main business with great growth potential, leaving side buds.
(5) Fruit thinning and picking: those who fail to bear fruit after flowering should pick the fruit as soon as possible to maintain the tree body. If you want to bear big fruit, you must thin the fruit in the young fruit period and make the left fruit fat.
(6) Root cutting: Root cutting is mostly carried out when transplanting and changing pots. When the main roots of sowing seedlings are too long, they can be picked short or cut short. When changing pots, you can also remove some rotting roots.
(7) overall posture; The overall posture of greenhouse includes supporting, binding and inducing. Has the functions of making branches symmetrical, fixing stems, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions and being beneficial to growth; It also has the function of increasing the ornamental value through the overall posture and modeling. The whole posture can use bamboo chips, thin bamboo, lead wire, brown wire, brown wire and so on. The formal requirements of posture are determined by human will and plant growth. Such as climbing plant bougainvillea and liana geranium; Can be tied into a mirror (pat), can also be tied into a ball, crab claw orchid can be tied into a disk (figure 1). In order to dwarf orangutans, they often bend near the base of branches. Although it still blooms as a technical product, the plants are short and round, and the flowers are on the same plane, which can increase the ornamental value.