China, the United States, India, Uzbekistan, Egypt and so on. Among them, China has the largest single yield, and Uzbekistan is known as the "country of white gold".
Planting
Grasp the seeding, to ensure that a sowing full seedling, is to ensure that the first part of high yield. Cultivation of seeding to ensure the main direction of cultivation is to realize the "five seedlings", that is, "early, full, Qi, uniform, strong. "Early" is the right time to sow, early emergence; "full" is not lack of seedlings broken, to ensure that the density of the plan; "Qi" is the cotton seed sprouting seedlings neat and consistent; "Uniform" is the uniform distribution of cotton seedlings; "strong" is the cotton seedling growth is robust, rapid root growth, and ultimately realize the cotton early buds and flowers, early boll spitting. Sowing should be done in a good fertilization of soil moisture, the choice of good varieties on the basis of good seed treatment, moisture sowing, sowing, the right amount of sowing, the right amount of deep sowing, drought sowing, and vigorously promote the fluffy coated seed technology and mulching technology.
One, fertilization and soil moisture
The proverb says "soil is the basis, fertilizer is strong, water is life", which indicates that cotton sowing before the importance of good fertilization and soil moisture. The general requirement of cotton sowing about 15 days before the timely preparation of fertilizer moisture. Per mu of organic fertilizer 6000-8000 kg, 100 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, zinc fertilizer 2-4 kg, boron fertilizer 2 kg, yellow wilt plots to increase the application of potash per acre of potassium sulfate 20-30 kg. Production practice has proved that the increased application of potash, yellow wilt disease incidence rate is significantly lower than that of no potash. After fertilization, timely tillage of the land, to make the ground without dark bumps on the warmth of the solid, flat, no puddles, can drain in time after heavy rain. General low-lying plots form waterlogged, easy to trigger the occurrence of yellow wilt, serious, resulting in cotton wilting and death; leveling plots less severe. After leveling, there are watering conditions, watering in a timely manner to create moisture, to lay a good foundation for sowing.
Two, choose good varieties
"Science and technology of agriculture, seed first," the seed is the most basic means of production, is the first element of cotton production and income. Selection of good varieties, the main three points: one is to choose a good variety for their own planting, according to the county planting varieties in recent years, more suitable for my county planting varieties of Xinfeng 66, Ru Cotton Research 28, Ru Cotton Research 21, Ru Cotton Research 22, in the resistance to 12 and so on. In addition, there are watering conditions of the plot, advocating the promotion of planting insect-resistant hybrid cotton, our county is located in southwest Lu, light and heat resources to meet the growth needs of hybrid cotton, planting hybrid cotton can achieve higher yields, hybrid cotton suitable for planting in our county are LU Cotton Research 15, LU Cotton Research 30 and so on. The second is to choose a high rate of healthy cotton seeds, general hairy seed healthy seed rate should be more than 70%, downy coated light seed healthy seed rate should be more than 80%. In addition, promote the planting of down-coated light seed. Seed down-coating, is to give the cotton seed off the short fluff wrapped in a layer of seed coating agent, seed coating agent contains insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators and other ingredients, coated cotton seed sown to the soil, it can be in the seed around (3 cm) to form a protective barrier, directly kill underground pests and pathogenic bacteria in the soil, and at the same time be absorbed by the root system, the agent will be transmitted to the above ground part of the cotton seedlings in order to kill the main pests and diseases of the seedling period of cotton, on the Seedling pest control has a good effect, the effective period of up to 45-55 days, at the same time can promote early emergence of seedlings, promote the increase in yield, generally can be about 2 days early emergence, is conducive to the realization of a sowing full seedling, seedling early hair, cotton seedling high degree of neatness, high rate of pre-frost flowers, an average of 7-10% increase in yields, and at the same time, fluffing coating so that the cotton seed pellet granulation The seeding can be mechanized, and the use of seeding cradles can speed up the progress of seeding and improve the quality of seeding. But the coated seed sowing absolutely can not be soaked, while sowing the remaining seeds to be buried deep underground, to prevent poisoning of humans and animals. Third, when buying seeds, to the regular seed stores to buy, to look at the description, the purchase of seed invoices, in order to have problems when the claim.
Three, seed treatment
1, sun seed. Generally 15 days before sowing sun seed. Sun seed, can break the dormant state of cotton seeds, effectively kill cotton seed epidermal germs, reduce seedling diseases, promote seed maturation, enhance seed water absorption and seed coat permeability, improve seed germination rate and germination potential, promote seed germination of seedlings. Hairy seed seeds should be exposed to sunlight under strong weather conditions for 3-5 days, 5-6 hours a day, generally spreading the thickness of not more than 10 cm, turning 3-4 times a day to ensure that the sun evenly sunshine through. Downy coated seeds, to dry in low light weather conditions for about 1 day. Sun seeds, pay special attention not to stone slabs, cement floors or plastic film on the sun seed, in order to avoid high temperature burns cotton seeds, affecting the seed germination rate.
2, seed dipping. Warm soup seed dipping is the traditional hairy seed treatment method that has been used in our country until now, and its main role is to promote seed germination and seedling emergence, especially in the conditions of poor soil moisture, which is conducive to the realization of a sowing of all seedlings. Downy coated seeds can not be soaked. Tested by Shandong Agricultural University proved that warm soup seed soaking generally does not have the role of mitigating seedling diseases, on the contrary, if the soaking time is too long, resulting in too much nutrient outflow from the seed, may aggravate the occurrence of seedling diseases. Therefore, the key to seed soaking is to master the seed water absorption should not be too much, generally up to 60% -70% of the weight of the seed itself air-dried, seed coat soft, cotyledon delamination is appropriate. Soak the seeds for a long time, depending on the water temperature, 18-20 ℃ conditions, soak the seeds for 12-16 hours, fishing out the dry control for pharmaceutical seed mixing. No need to emphasize the warm soup seed dipping. Do not advocate germination.
3, the potion seed mixing. Seed dressing, can kill the germs carried by the seeds and the germs in the soil around the sowing to improve the seedling rate, prevention and control of seedling diseases, with the use of insecticides seed dressing, can also reduce the harm of seedling pests. Seed dressing chemicals, containing a certain amount of fungicides, insecticides and appropriate amount of plant growth regulators, etc.. Commonly used agents and treatments are: according to 20 pounds of dry cotton seed with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 50 grams plus 50% fumonisin wettable powder 30 grams of seed mixing; or with 40% mixing double wettable powder 125 grams of seed mixing.
Four, enough moisture sowing
As the cotton seed sprouting seedlings on moisture, temperature and oxygen conditions require strict, especially moisture. I county cotton area winter rain and snow is scarce, soil moisture is perennial impact on the limiting factors of the emergence of seedlings. Therefore, there are watering conditions, before sowing must be timely moisture, generally require no later than about 15 days before sowing watering to ensure that the ground temperature rises in time, does not affect the sowing. No watering conditions, to use water seed packet drought seeding method or mulch cover.
Five, timely sowing
Temperature is an important basis for determining the sowing period. Generally in 5 cm of ground temperature 5 days stabilized through 14 ℃, is the sowing period of cotton. According to the county's climatic conditions, cotton is suitable for sowing in mid-April. But in recent years, due to the impact of the inverted spring cold, this period is often rainy weather, low temperatures and wet soil, often resulting in cotton seedling disease occurs heavy, dead seedlings, is not conducive to preserving the whole seedling. Generally from the end of the frost period to consider, master the "cold tail warm head" to seize the time to sow. In recent years, with the intensification of the greenhouse effect, the frost-free period lengthened, the general frost period is delayed to early November, so it can be appropriate to sow a few days later, in favor of preserving the whole seedling.
Six, the right amount of seed
should be based on the way of sowing, germination rate high and low, the density of retained seedlings and soil moisture conditions. Strip sowing, 10-12 pounds of hairy seed seeds per acre. Spot sowing or hole sowing, hairy seeds 3-5 seeds per hole, 5-7 pounds of seed per acre is needed; down-coated seeds 2-3 seeds per hole, 3-4 pounds of seed per acre is needed. The amount of seed sowing can not be too large, otherwise, both waste of seed, after the emergence of seedlings and easy to form a high foot weak seedlings, disease occurrence heavy.
Seven, the appropriate depth of sowing
General sowing depth of 3-4 cm is appropriate. After sowing timely mulch and appropriate compression.
Eight, drought seeding
Dongping County in the spring is generally often drought, no moisture conditions in the cotton field to implement drought seeding, generally using the "water seed package package" method. Technical points are: according to the requirements of row spacing to open a shallow ditch, ditch depth of 2.5-3 cm; even slip of water, the amount of water to catch the bottom of the moisture appropriate; water seepage, according to the requirements of the plant spacing sowing; and then mulch up the ridge to wet soil under the dry soil on the top, and moderate suppression, the ridge height of 3-5 cm, the ridge width of 10-13 cm; To be 70% of the cotton seed rooted, in time to break the ridge to mulch, a raking flat put finished.
Nine, mulch
Slow temperature rise in spring, temperature instability is an important factor in limiting the cotton a full seedling, promote the early development of strong seedlings. Mulch cover has heat preservation and warming effect, at the same time has the role of moisture preservation and moisture, can ensure that cotton a full seedling, strong seedling early development. Mulching cotton according to the sowing and covering program, can be divided into the first sowing after covering and first covering after sowing. Generally used after sowing, covering the film, the film should be in close contact with the ground, the edge of the film should be pressed as far as possible vertically into the ditch, into the soil depth of not less than 5 cm, while covering the film after the film pressure on the membrane, generally every 3-5 meters to press a pile of wet soil, in order to prevent gusts of wind blowing uncovered the film, or the film up and down to incite injury to cotton seedlings.
Diseases
Cotton red rot
Symptoms in the cotton seedling before the soil damage. Young shoots turn brown and rot and die; seedling damage, young stem base and young root swelling and thickening, initially yellow-brown, and then produce short brown spots, or the whole root brown rot.
Cotton red rot
Methods of control In the seedling period of rainy, cotton seedling root disease at the beginning of the first, in time to use 40% carbendazim suspension, 65% zinc diclofenac wettable powder or 50% of the retreat of the fungicide wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice feet green wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice feet green wettable powder 500-800 times, 70% carbendazim or 30% rice feet green wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice feet green wettable powder 500 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice feet green wettable powder 500 times. Powder 500 times liquid, 70% Tolbutrazine or 15% triazolone wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid spray, every 1 week spray 1 time, *** spray 2-3 times.
Cotton yellow wilt
Symptoms Symptoms of the bud stage of the disease is the leaf crumpling, leaf color dark green, leaf thickening brittle, shortening of the internode, stalk bending, deformed and dwarfed, some of the diseased plants in the middle and lower leaves show yellow reticulation, and some diseased plants all the leaves fall off to become light stalks.
Cotton yellow wilt
Control methods In the light disease field and sporadic disease field, using 12.5% of the chlorosis spirit liquid 200-250 times liquid, in the first disease and the onset of the peak of the disease each pick treatment 1 time, 50-100 milliliters of each diseased plant irrigation root.
Cotton powdery mildew
Cotton powdery mildew
Symptoms The whole bell shell surface born loose orange-red fluffy, thicker than the mold layer of red rot, the bell can not be cracked, the stiff petals are also long on the red mold powder.
Control methods can be sprayed with 50% carbendazim, 70% tolbutazim, 75% chlorothalonil or 65% zinc diclofenac and other wettable powders 500-1000 times liquid.
Cotton anthracnose
Cotton anthracnose
Symptoms Cotton seeds and young shoots are affected, brown rot; cotton seedlings are affected, the base of the young stems were initially a reddish-brown spot, and gradually reddish-brown sunken pike-shaped spots, when the disease is heavy, the spot surrounds the base of the stems or the roots, which is a black-brown wet rot, and the seedlings wither and die. Cotyledon damage, leaf margins produce brown semicircular spots, the edge of the spot purple-red.
Methods of control In the seedling period rainy, cotton seedlings root disease at the beginning of the first, in a timely manner with 40% carbendazim gum suspension, 65% zinc diclofenac wettable powder or 50% desmodium wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500 times, 70% Tolbutrazine or 15% triazolam. Tolbutrazine or 15% triazolone wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid spray, every 1 week spray 1 time, *** spray 2-3 times.
Cotton blight
Symptoms The disease plant is generally not dwarfed, more by the lower leaves first appeared disease, to the upper part of the development of the diseased leaf leaf margins and leaf flesh between the veins irregular yellowish or purple-red patches occur.
Cotton blight
Laws of occurrence onset and temperature and humidity, blight generally soil temperature at about 20 ℃ began to show symptoms, soil temperature rose to 25 ℃ -28 ℃ when the formation of the onset of the peak, when the soil temperature rose to 33 ℃ or more, the pathogen is suppressed, there is a temporary cryptic, after the fall when the soil temperature fell to 25 ℃ or so, and then there is a second onset of the peak.
Control methods In the light disease field and sporadic disease field, using 12.5% Zhiwulin liquid 200-250 times liquid, after the initial onset of the disease and found that the peak of the picking treatment 1 time, 50-100 ml per diseased plant irrigation roots.
Cotton blight
Symptoms Cotton seed damage, resulting in seed and bud rot; seedling stem base damage, yellow-brown. Water-stained spots, and gradually expand around the young stem, the diseased part of the constriction becomes thin, black brown, wet rot, the seedling collapsed and died. Cotyledon damage, more irregularly shaped yellow-brown spots in the middle, easy to rupture and fall off into perforation.
Cotton blight
Control methods In the seedling period, rainy, cotton seedlings root disease, timely use of 40% carbendazim suspension, 65% zinc diclofenac wettable powder or 50% refund of fungicide wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500-800 times, 70% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500-800 times, 25% carbendazim or 30% rice foot green wettable powder 500-800 times. Powder 500 times liquid, 70% Tolbutrazine or 15% triazolone wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid spray, every 1 week spray 1 time, *** spray 2-3 times.
Aspergillosis of cotton
Aspergillosis of cotton
Symptoms In the bell shell cracks and worm holes at the production of yellow-green or yellow-brown powdery mold, high humidity is fluffy brown mold, cotton wool is also moldy, the bell does not crack.
The law of occurrence occurs under high temperature and humidity conditions, and the amount of rain in August and September will be the key factor in the occurrence of the lightness of the bell disease.
Control methods can be sprayed with 50% carbendazim, 70% tolbutamide, 75% chlorothalonil or 65% zinc diclofenac and other wettable powders 500-1000 times liquid.
Cotton angular spot disease
Cotton angular spot disease
Symptoms The true leaf disease, the first brown dots, gradually expanding into oily transparent spots, and then become black-brown spots expanding due to the veins of the leaf restrictions and polygonal.
The law of occurrence The soil water content is high in the seedling period, and the rainfall is large in the bell period of July and August, especially when it is attacked by storms, the disease is easy to be popular.
Control methods In the early stage of the disease, spray 1:1:120-220 Bordeaux solution, 25% chlormequat chloride wettable powder, or 65% zinc diclofenac wettable powder 400-500 times.
Cotton blackstar disease
Cotton blackstar disease
Symptoms The whole boll is affected, the boll shell becomes black, stiff, and does not crack. The boll shell is densely covered with small black spots. Under high humidity, the whole bell is covered with anthracite powder. Diseased bell cotton wool hydrocarbon black stiff petals.
Methods of control In the cotton area where the rotten bell pathogen is more complex, spray 50% carbendazim, 70% tolbutane, 75% chlorothalonil, or 65% zinc diclofenac and other wettable powders 500-1000 times; in order to improve the effectiveness of the prevention and control, Bordeaux liquid or copper soap can be added to the above mixture of pharmaceuticals.