1, hazardous factors
Hazardous factors are many, generally can be divided into two categories of physical and chemical factors.
The former has a high temperature arc light generated by ultraviolet, infrared and so on. The latter for the welding aerosol of various components, solid state has a variety of metal iron, manganese, aluminum, chromium, lead, nickel, radioactive elements, etc., the gas phase part of manganese oxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxides and other gases. High temperature, vibration, noise is not very obvious.
Electric welding aerosol dispersion is extremely high, biological activity is significantly higher than other dust. Welding rods, different welding methods, the composition of welding aerosol changes greatly, the biological activity is also different; biological activity is also related to the solubility and freshness of welding fume.
2, welding operations on the health of workers
2.1 welder's pneumoconiosis and the impact of lung function
Arc welding, welding rod in the core, flux skin and metal base material in the arc at high temperatures melting, evaporation, oxidation, agglomeration, resulting in a large number of metal oxides and other substances of the fume and dust, long-term inhalation can be caused by welder's pneumoconiosis. Welder's pneumoconiosis generally occurs in confined, poorly ventilated operating conditions, with an average age of 18 years. The measurement of pulmonary ventilation function showed that exposure to welding dust could cause a certain degree of pulmonary ventilation function damage in welders, and the pulmonary ventilation function indexes such as FVC, FEV1.0, FEV1.0%, MMF, V50, V25, PEFR, etc., were all significantly reduced; the smoking factor and the factor of catching dust could have a synergistic effect on the pulmonary ventilation function of welders; the pulmonary ventilation function damage of welders had a tendency to be aggravated with the prolongation of the age of dust catching work. The pulmonary ventilatory impairment of the welders tended to worsen with the increase in the number of years of dust catching work.
2.2 Manganese poisoning
A variety of weldments and welding rods contain varying amounts of manganese, and the general content of manganese in the weld core is very low, only 0.3-0.6% or so. In order to improve mechanical strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and other properties, the use of manganese-containing electrodes, the amount of manganese can be as high as 23%. In poorly ventilated places such as cabins, boilers or closed containers welding, long-term inhalation of manganese-containing fumes can occur manganese poisoning can be detected in the blood manganese, urinary manganese elevation, neurobehavioral function changes, manganese determination can also be used as a manganese toxicity early screening indicators.
2.3 Welding fume fever
Welding fume fever, also known as welder's fever, is a kind of metal fume fever, caused by the inhalation of metal oxides to the sudden rise in body temperature and peripheral blood leukocyte count increase as the main manifestations of systemic diseases, often in the exposure to metal oxides smoke 6-12 hours after the onset of the smoke, with dizziness, fatigue, tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, muscle and joint pain, and then fever. Leukocytosis, and in severe cases, chills and shivering.
2.4 Effects on the nervous system
A large number of studies have shown that there are occupational exposure to the welding operation of the nervous system damage, mainly related to memory, analysis, localization and other information processing functions, manifested in neurophysiological, neuropsychological, neurobehavioral abnormalities, and the welding fume in the manganese, aluminum, lead and so on, are inextricably linked. Using WHO.NCTB test, the total score of behavioral function is negatively correlated with the urine manganese, suggesting that the change of neurobehavioral function can be used as one of the early indicators for preventing manganese poisoning. The authors analyzed that the total score of behavioral function of welding workers was higher than that of the control group, which might be caused by the effect of workers' health and the effect of work-related skill training. The effect of welding operation on workers' parasympathetic investigation function has also been reported. The age of onset of Parkinson's syndrome has also been reported to be significantly earlier in the population of welding workers abroad (average 46 years old, average 63 years old in the control group), suggesting that welding operations are one of the risk factors for Parkinson's syndrome.
2.5 Effects on the eyes and skin
Ultraviolet (UVR) and infrared (IFR) damage to the eyes and skin is an important aspect of occupational damage from welding. A significant increase in ocular symptoms among welders is often reported, manifesting as electro-optical ophthalmia, chronic blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and crystalline clouding, etc., and the prevalence of chronic blepharitis and conjunctivitis tends to increase with the increase in working age. The main damage of excessive UVR exposure is photosensitive keratitis, and cataracts in welders are related to infrared exposure. Recent studies abroad have shown that workers exposed to excessive UVR are at risk of developing non-melanocytic skin cancer and other chronic diseases such as ocular malignant melanoma.
2.6 Effects on reproductive system
Reproductive toxicity is of great significance, so in the past 10 years, some studies on reproductive toxicity of welding have been carried out both at home and abroad, mainly related to the quality of semen of male workers, the reproductive outcome of female workers and the mechanism of damage. Research shows that: welding female workers menstruation increased menstrual flow, cycle shortening, prolonged menstruation, leukorrhea increase, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, dysmenorrhea, are higher than the control group. The appearance of semen of manganese-poisoned male workers was uniformly grayish-white, PH value was normal, and the average liquefaction time was prolonged compared with that of the control group. The test results proved that the average ejaculate volume, total sperm count, sperm survival rate and active sperm rate of manganese-poisoned male workers were lower than those of the control group, and the sperm deformity rate of manganese-poisoned male workers was significantly higher than that of the control group. It is believed that manganese metal can affect the spermatogenesis system of male workers, have direct toxic effect on the development of spermatozoa, and kill spermatozoa, thus causing changes in the quality of male semen. There are also reports from abroad that the sex hormone secretion of welding workers is altered and the sperm quality decreases, but there is no effect on the sex ratio of the offspring.
2.7Effects on Enzyme and Antibody Levels in the Body
In recent years, there have been many reports on the effects of welding operations on the production of enzymes and antibodies in the body of workers. Studies have shown that the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the serum of welders decreased significantly, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly, but there was no dose-effect relationship, and welders were in a state of oxidative stress, and their antioxidant capacity was weakened, which suggests that the biofilm was damaged.
In order to investigate the effect of welding fumes on the immunoglobulin content of human body, the IgG, IgA and IgM contents of the welders and healthy controls were determined by one-way immunoagar diffusion method, respectively. The results found that the difference between the IgG and IgA contents of the welding group and the control group was highly significant (P<0.001); the difference between the IgM contents of the welding group and the control group was not significant (P>0.05); and the correlation between uremic manganese and IgG and IgA, respectively, was r=0.982 and r=0.991, suggesting that welding fumes have an effect on the immunoglobulin content of human beings. globulin content.
Heat stress proteins (HSPs) are a group of evolutionarily highly conserved proteins whose synthesis is induced to increase by the organism under various stress states. In the physiological state, they are necessary for cell survival, and the increase in the level in the stress state can improve the fine run to damage tolerance and stress capacity to protect tissue cells against the damaging effects of harmful causative agents, and play an important role in maintaining the body's own stability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect the level of HSP65 antibody in the plasma of welders. The results showed that the plasma antibody level of the welders was higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05); the abnormal detection rate was 26.1%, and it was believed that the mixed welding dust, as a stressor, could induce an increase in the synthesis of HSP65 antibody level in the organism. Therefore, it is believed that the level of HSDP65 antibody in the plasma of the welders can reflect the degree of harm caused by the mixed welding dust to the workers.
2.8 Effects on internal organs
The effects of electric welding on the liver and spleen of the workers were explored by ultrasound examination. Results The left liver length and thickness, right liver oblique thickness and spleen thickness of the workers in the electric welding operation group were higher than those of the control group, and there was a significant difference. The damage of electric welding on the liver and spleen of the workers existed to a certain extent and tended to aggravate with the prolongation of working age. It has been reported abroad that the risk of pancreatic endocrine tumors in electric welding workers is also significantly higher than the normal population.
2.9 Effects on trace elements in the body
It has been reported that plasma emission spectrometer was used to detect Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb in the serum of manganese welding workers. The serum content of manganese and iron in the exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0.01), and copper was slightly higher than that in the control group, but there was no significant difference in comparison with the control group (P＞0.05); and the serum content of zinc and lead was significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0.01); the age of the exposed group and the stratification of the age group showed that there was no statistically significant difference in comparison of the serum trace elements of the various groups. Conclusion: Excessive inhalation of manganese can affect the changes of 5 kinds of trace elements in the body, namely, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb, which can cause imbalance of trace elements in the body and lead to the occurrence of manganese poisoning. It has been reported that the manganese content in the red blood cells of welding operators is higher than that of men, and the change of copper and zinc content in the red blood cells is positively correlated with manganese.
The degree of harm of argon arc welding than welding rod arc welding is relatively large, but not so large as to let a person daunting point, infrared radiation is about 1 to 1.5 times the ordinary welding rod arc welding, argon arc welding arc produced by ultraviolet radiation is about 5 to 30 times the arc welding rod arc welding, welding in a limited space, the concentration of ozone can be increased to the extent of the danger of welding, in the welding process, but also produces Carbon dioxide? Carbon monoxide and other harmful gases and metal dust, all of which produce certain hazards for welders. So we have to do a good job of protection in the welding process, the choice of materials for the electrode, to try to choose a small radioactive thorium tungsten? Cerium tungsten. Grinding electrodes, to wear a good mask? Gloves, and wash your hands after work; if a long time welding to regular body checks, in the work to do have Zhang have hold, just like we sun, sun long will also be bad for the human body.
2.10 electro-optical ophthalmia
Some people are welding shaken eyes during the day, at night, suddenly occurred in both eyes can not open, severe eye pain, tearing, which is often electro-optical ophthalmia.
The arc light of welding and gas welding, ultraviolet lamps, the hot sun of the seaside and plateau, snow mountain sunlight reflection can produce a lot of ultraviolet rays and caused by electro-optical ophthalmia, especially the electric welder is common. The main manifestation of electro-optical limnitis is: after 2 to 12 hours of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the eyes, due to corneal epithelial damage, the patient feels eye pain, fear of light, it is difficult to open the eyes, eye pain is like many grains of sand into the eyes, vision is very blurred. Ophthalmologic examination can see eyelid skin congestion, eye redness, bulbar conjunctiva congestion and edema, corneal epithelium detachment. Although the condition of electro-optical uveitis is fierce, but the prognosis is better. At the onset of surface anesthetics (such as 0.5% dicaine solution) 1 to 2 times, can immediately eliminate the symptoms of eye pain, and drops of anti-inflammatory eye drops to prevent infection. With the rapid repair of the conjunctiva, corneal epithelium, 2 to 5 days after the healing.
To prevent electro-optical ophthalmia, welding workers must wear protective masks or glasses when operating. In addition, the plateau, snow or desert sunlight reflection of ultraviolet light can also make people have photophthalmitis, so also need to wear protective glasses.
Argon arc welding and electrode arc welding compared to the degree of injury to the human body to be higher, as long as attention is paid to the protection of the work of the human body is not much harm; we all know that the current density of argon arc welding, issued by the light is more intense, it is produced by the arc of the ultraviolet radiation, about the ordinary electrode arc welding of 5-30 times, infrared about electrode arc welding of 1 ~ 1.5 times, in the welding Produced by the ozone content is high, therefore, try to choose the air circulation of the place of welding, operation of argon arc welding protection measures are basically the same as the hand arc welding, not to mention, welding try to choose thorium tungsten and cerium tungsten radioactivity of the electrode material, if there are conditions, should be a regular body checkup. Work to do a combination of work and rest, usually pay attention to exercise, participate in more sports activities, because the welder is a special operator, the degree of harm in the work is relatively higher than other types of work!
Shanghai Feiwei protective products Co.
1. Safety requirements for the operation of the nibbling machine
(1) It should be run without load first, and after confirming the normal, it can be operated.
(2) The length and width of the workpiece shall not exceed the permissible range of the machine.
(3) During the operation, when there is a foreign object into the roller, it should be stopped in time for repair.
(4) It is strictly prohibited to touch the rotating rollers by hand. When feeding the material to the end by hand, the fingers must leave the workpiece.
2. flange rolling machine operation safety requirements
(1) processing steel specifications should not exceed the allowable range of the machine.
(2) should be unloaded first run to confirm normal before operation.
(3) When the rolled flange can not enter the second type roll, it should be fed with a special tool. It is strictly prohibited to push directly by hand.
(4) When the diameter of the processed flange exceeds 1000mm, appropriate safety measures should be taken.
(5) No one shall be near the end of the flange.
3. Safety requirements for the operation of profiling cutting machine
(1)The cable from the electric control box to the cutting machine should be connected according to the factory instruction manual, and the protective ground should be made.
(2) before operation, should be energized and then run, check the oxygen, acetylene and other with the addition of profiling samples and no error, before making a test work.
(3) operation, there shall be no flammable, explosive materials piled up around.
(4) after the operation, should be removed from the equipment dirt, organize the oxygen belt, acetylene gas belt and energized cable, respectively, coiled and racked for safekeeping.
4. Disc under the machine operation safety requirements
(1) disc under the machine under the material diameter, thickness, etc. shall not exceed the mechanical factory nameplate regulations, under the material should be cut before the whole plate square material, stacked neatly next to the machine.
(2)The discharging machine should be installed on a solid foundation.
(3) before operation, should check and confirm that the transmission components are firmly and reliably connected, the first air run, after confirming normal, before starting operations.
(4) when the operation needs to start on the upper and lower knife edge, should be the first manual disk car, the upper and lower knife edge gap adjustment to the board thickness of 1.2 and then start the test cut. Should be adjusted several times to the cut round plate burr-free, before the batch material.
(5) after the operation, should be cleaned and maintained under the machine, and should remove the edges, to keep the site clean.
5. Safety Requirements for Operation of Folding Machine
(1) The folding machine should be installed on a solid foundation.
(2) Before operation, electrical equipment, hydraulic device and fasteners should be checked and confirmed to be in good condition before starting the machine.
(3) operation, should be the first proofreading mold, reserved for the folded plate thickness of 1.5 ~ 2 times the gap, after the test folding, check the machinery and mold equipment are correct, and then adjusted to the folding plate gap, before the formal operation.
(4) operation, should always check the mold fasteners and hydraulic cylinders, when found loose or leakage, etc., should be immediately shut down, after processing, before continuing operations.
(5)When mass production, the rear scale stopper should be used to align and adjust the size, and should be run with no load to check and confirm that it is flexible and reliable swing.
6. Sleeving and cutting machine operation safety requirements
(1) Sleeving and cutting machine should be placed on a solid foundation.
(2)It should be run without load first, check and adjust, and make sure the operation is normal before operation.
(3) should be processed according to the diameter of the pipe selection of plate teeth head and plate teeth, plate teeth should be put in order, the operation should be lubricated with lubricating oil lubrication plate teeth.
(4) When the length of the workpiece extending out of the end face of the chuck is too long, the rear should be fitted with an auxiliary bracket and adjusted for height.
(5) When cutting off the work, the force arm shall not be lengthened on the rotating handle; when cutting the flat end of the pipe, the knife shall not be fed too fast.
(6) when the processed parts of the pipe diameter or oval degree is large, should be two times into the knife.
(7) The operation should be rested with a brush to remove chips, shall not be knocked shock fall.
7. Bender operation safety requirements
(1) The workplace should be fenced.
(2) before operation, should be run without load, to confirm normal, and then set the mold bending.
(3) should be selected according to the diameter of the processed pipe mold, and should be placed in order.
(4) shall not be between the pipe and pipe mold oil.
(5) should be clamped to the machine, the guide plate support mechanism should be in accordance with the direction of the bending of the pipe in a timely manner for the change of direction.
8. Beveling machine operation safety requirements
(1) should be run first unloaded to confirm normal before operation.
(2) The cutter row and cutter should be stable and firm.
(3) When the pipe is too long, auxiliary bracket should be added.
(4) During the operation, it is not allowed to bend down and look at the workpiece closely. It is strictly prohibited to touch the bevel with hands and wipe the iron chips.
Machine repair, maintenance work, must be carried out after stopping, maintenance should first cut off the power supply, pull out the fuse, and hang a clear sign on the switch "someone repair prohibit closing".
When using the drill press to drill objects, it must be fixed with clamps or screw cards, and it is strictly prohibited to directly hold the drill by hand, and it is strictly prohibited to wear gloves, and it is necessary to fasten the cuffs.
Use files, steel chisels, Joe knife, flat shovels and other tools, not too hard, steel chisels, flat shovels have curled edges or cracks, may not be used, there is oil to be removed in a timely manner.
Punching machine before driving, must carefully check whether the guard is intact, clutch brake device is flexible and safe and reliable worktable should be cleaned up to prevent the work of vibration shock fall to the foot switch, resulting in the sudden start of the punch press and the occurrence of personal accidents.
When punching small pieces of workpiece, should not be used by hand, there should be a special tool.
Punching machine into the foot switch control, must be careful, loading and unloading workpiece, feet should leave the foot switch. It is strictly prohibited for outsiders to stay around the foot switch.
A shearing machine is prohibited two people at the same time cut two kinds of work materials. Large shearing machine, should be started before the first disk car, start, should be empty running for a while, and then can be cut.
Do not stick your hands and tools into the shearer to avoid personal or equipment accidents.
The lathe cutting down the band, spiral cut quietly, chip, should be hooked in time to remove, do not pull by hand.
Lathe operation, the thimble should be top tight, the workpiece rotation, not touch with your hands, wear protective glasses, gloves are strictly prohibited.
All workpieces, materials should be itemized and classified stacking, iron filings, under the material should be removed in a timely manner, and do a good job every day to drop the hand clear work.
Pay attention to the safe use of electricity, electric wires are not allowed to pull and drag, mobile electric appliances should have two leakage protection.
Shanghai Yuwei protective products Co.