Suppression of Counter-Revolutionary Movement Begins
October Chinese People's Volunteer Army Goes to Fight in North Korea
1951 Peaceful Liberation of Tibet
1952 Land Reform Completes
1953 The First Five-Year Plan Begins to Be Implemented
End of the War of Resistance against the U.S.A. and Against North Korea
1954 The First National People's Congress is held, and the first constitution of the People's Republic of China is promulgated
1956 The Eighth National Congress of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is held
China's socialist transformation of the private ownership of the means of production is basically completed
1957 The PRC conducts rectification work, and the Anti-Rightist Struggle begins
1958 The Land Reform is completed. p>
1958 The "Great Leap Forward" and the People's Commune Movement
1959 The "Anti-Rightist" Struggle
1964 China's First Atomic Bomb Exploded Successfully
1966 The "Cultural Revolution" was basically completed. "The Cultural Revolution begins
1971 Lin Biao's counter-revolutionary group is crushed
The United Nations restores China's legal seat
1972 China-US-China-Japan relations begin to normalize
1976 The Fourth Five-Year Plan Movement
Jiang Qing's counter-revolutionary group is crushed. The end of the Cultural Revolution
Late 1978 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
1982 The 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
1987 The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
1992 The first National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Beijing. 1992 The 14th National Congress of the CPC was held
July 1, 1997 Hong Kong was returned to China, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China was formally established
September The 15th National Congress of the CPC was held
December 20, 1999 Macao was returned to China, and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China was formally established
December 20, 1999 Macao was returned to China. Macao Special Administrative Region was formally established
2001 Beijing's bid for the Olympic Games was successful
2001 China formally joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), which accelerated the country's opening up to the outside world, improved and internationalized the socialist market economy.
In 2003, China's first manned space flight, Shenzhou V manned spacecraft landed safely in China's first manned space flight was a complete success. And in 2005 10 launch "Shenzhou" six manned spacecraft.
Railway to Tibet: Tibet Railway has started construction, realizing the Roof of the World, a small section of the history of Tibet, a big step
The 28th Olympic Games in 2004, China's sportsmen and women in the Olympic Games achieved excellent results
Solved the problem of 1.3 billion people's hunger and hunger and basically achieved a well-off level
China's GDP: 13 years across the 10 trillion yuan step, the comprehensive development of the country's economy and the development of the country's economy.
China's GDP: 13 years across the 10 trillion yuan step, the comprehensive national power to further enhance
2008: the successful hosting of the Olympic Games
First of all, say eat, the people to food for the day. 30 years ago, the rice. Flour is generally priced at 0.17 yuan, while the current price is around 1.30 yuan, an increase of nearly 8 times. Side food prices are amazing, vegetable prices rose from an average of 5 cents a catty to an average of 1.50 yuan a catty, an increase of 30 times. The price of meat, pork for example, has risen from 0.82 yuan to an average of 6 yuan now, a rise of more than seven times. The price of beef and mutton has at least reached 10 times or more, and the increase in cooking oil is probably more than seven times. It's really scary when you think about it.
Secondly, let's talk about wearing, now a decent set of clothes how to say also have to be more than one or two hundred, 30 years ago, within 20 yuan can solve the problem. So the price of clothes has risen 18 times relative to that era.
The following topic is to live. 30 years ago, we live in the earth house bungalow, burning wood and coal, the environment is very polluted. Nowadays, every family has entered the era of electrification. They prefer to use fuels that do not pollute the atmosphere.
People's mindset is changing, before, adults do not pay attention to the importance of learning, that learning or not learning the same. Now, every family wants their children to go to university campuses and learn scientific and cultural knowledge, especially farmers, who recognize the importance of science and technology.
And then the following topic is line, now some people ride bicycles, some people ride motorcycles, some people drive private cars, of course, there are people who love to take cabs. These are not representative, the most representative is to take the bus, 30 years ago the ticket is 5 cents, now the ticket is 1 yuan, a whole 20 times up.
Eating and clothing, housing and traveling are analyzed, let's talk about health care. Education. Social security and so on. Thirty years ago we had a relatively complete health care system, workers are reimbursed by the unit, do not have to spend money, farmers have a cooperative medical care, medical co-ordination, etc., see the doctor also basically do not have to spend money. So, let us assume that a person does not have a unit and he pays to see a doctor, how much does it cost to go into the hospital once? Thirty years ago, a common illness such as a cold could be solved for 80 cents or so, and even if the cost of a bottle was more than 10 dollars at the most, what about now? What about now? At least 20 to 30 dollars, and if you get an infusion, 100 dollars is not enough at all. If the disease is serious, it will be even more troublesome. Medical costs have gone up 80 times!
Now, our incomes have also changed dramatically: it used to be that a few dozen dollars a month could feed a family of a dozen. And now? It's gone up to hundreds or even thousands of dollars, and wages have doubled ten to dozens of times.
The problem of education is even greater, the past nine years of compulsory education that is real, our parents went to school when the annual tuition and miscellaneous fees are only about 5 yuan, your kid has the ability to get into college, 1 cent do not have to pay, food money is the state tube, no can not afford to read. Now, a few hundred dollars a year for elementary school, a few thousand dollars a year for secondary school, a few tens of thousands of dollars a year for university, people who can't afford to study can be too many! The cost of education has risen 300 times is not much Yes, now our country has introduced nine years of compulsory education, and in the future the tuition fees for primary and middle schools are exempted .
A few years ago, people in Birchfield grew big bones from eating their own well water. Now, people eat tap water and mineral water. Even tap water is treated .
All in all, the reform card put has brought great changes to our motherland, our hometown, and our life!
(1) In 1965, our scientists successfully synthesized bovine insulin after deciphering its gene for the first time in the world. Nobel Prize Committee Chairman Tiselius commented on this: "More convincing than nuclear power is insulin. Because, people can learn to make atomic bombs from books, but they can't learn to make insulin from books ......"
(2) On April 15, 1998, the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) succeeded again in recombining human insulin using genetic methods.
(3)On March 9, 1984, China's young scholars, in cooperation with Japanese scholars, bred the world's first "test tube goat", and in 1989, "test tube sheep" was successfully bred.
(4) the world known as "the father of hybrid rice" Yuan Longping, in 1973, the world's first claim to breed indica hybrid rice. The impact of hybrid rice continued into the 1990s.
--Genetic engineering
(5) Starting in 1980, a major breakthrough was achieved in the research on transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor IX in their milk, conducted by the Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics in cooperation with the Institute of Genetics of Fudan University, which has placed China's technology of transgenic sheep at the international leading level.
(6) A kind of transgenic pig with low growth consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance has been successfully cultivated by the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry, with a total efficiency of gene introduction of 2.1%, which is more than double than that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.
(7) in genetic drugs, in 1988, China successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; in 1992, it also successfully developed a batch of genetically engineered drugs, such as synthetic artificial interferon, which has special therapeutic effects in the treatment of hepatitis A and hepatitis C, and some of these drugs have entered the market.
Agricultural technology
(8) As early as 1956, farmers' breeding experts in Guangdong Province bred China's first large-scale dissemination of short-straw indica varieties. Since then, with the breeding and promotion of a series of short-straw varieties, in 1965, China's southern rice areas basically realize indica rice short straw, the yield per mu from 200-250 kg to 300-350 kg.
(9) In the 1990s, China's agricultural scientists and technicians used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone the photosensitive nuclear sterility gene, and further developed the two-line method of hybrid rice technology, which uses only male sterile and maintained lines. In the national large-scale trial planting, showed high yield, high quality and multi-resistant and other characteristics, the average yield per hectare up to 11,250 kilograms.
(10) In November 1995, the State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CASA) and the Department of Biology of Shandong University jointly bred the world's first transgenic wheat variety resistant to barley dwarf virus.
(11)In July 1997, Huang Dainian, a researcher at the China Rice Research Institute, and his scientific collaborators successfully transferred a herbicide-resistant gene into rice and applied it to hybrid rice after years of research.
(12) In October 1997, Guo Sandui of the Biotechnology Center of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences successfully developed China's first bivalent insect-resistant cotton.
(13)In September 1998, Gao Mingyu, a professor at Zhejiang Agricultural University's Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, led a group that utilized Agrobacterium-mediated methods to produce the world's first successful transgenic stem borer-resistant strain of stem borer rice.
In addition, China has also made great achievements in the fields of laser breeding, radiation mutagenesis breeding, space breeding and other advanced technologies.
Three, communication technology
-- mainframe computers
(14) In December 1983, the National University of Defense Technology Computer Research Institute developed a mainframe computer system named "Galaxy". Since then, China has entered the ranks of the world's development of giant machines.
(15) In October 1993, the Dawning One large parallel computer was successfully developed.
--Microelectronics Technology
(16) Since the successful research and development of the first monolithic integrated circuits in 1965, several key research and production bases for integrated circuits have been established. Now 250 million circuits can be produced annually, with a growth rate of 45%. "At the end of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the level of mass production of integrated circuits will be 1-1.5 microns, the research level will be 0.8 microns, and results will be achieved in the pre-research of 0.5-0.6 micron process technology.
--Intelligent robots
(17) At present, China has successfully developed intelligent robots are: mobile operating robots in the nuclear industry; wall-crawling robots; mobile robots working in harsh outdoor environments; underwater 1,000 meters and 6,000 meters of cable-free robots ......
--Laser Technology
(18)After more than 10 years of research, China's research in X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free-electron laser, high-power solid titanium-glass laser and excimer laser reaches or approaches the international advanced level.
--Three major high-energy physics research devices
(19) In the 1980s, China successively built three major high-energy physics research devices--Beijing Positive and Negative Electron Collider (BPEC), Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator (LHIA), and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Device (HSRD).
--New Material Technology
(20)Following the United States, Germany and a few other countries, Chinese scientists developed micro-alloyed steel.
(21) China is now able to pull out large-diameter silicon single crystal with a diameter of 300 millimeters and a weight of 81 kilograms. The actual information written is at the international leading level.
(22) Performance in energy, ceramics, superconductivity and other materials has reached the world's advanced level.
Four, two bombs and one star and space technology
-Two bombs and one star
(23) October 16, 1964, China's first atomic bomb explosion was successful, the world was shocked; in 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb explosion was successful. These are the famous "two bombs".
And in April 24, 1970, China's first artificial satellite sang "Dongfanghong" flew out of the earth, into space. Since then, the "two bombs and one star" has been written into the annals of new China's science and technology history.
(24) In 1960, China's first short-range surface-to-surface missile was successfully developed.
--Long March series of rockets
(25)In the early 1960s, China began the development of large-scale launch vehicle technology.
(26)In May 1980, the launch of a large-scale launch vehicle into the Pacific Ocean was a success, marking a new level of China's launch vehicle technology.
(26)According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed the Long March I, Long March II, and Long March III, and the Long March IV, which is the largest launch vehicle in China, "Long March I, Long March II, Long March III, Long March IV and other four types of Long March series rockets. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed into a series of nine types of rockets, enabling foreign countries to recognize China's spaceflight capacity and level, marking the solid foundation of China's spaceflight technology.
-- Artificial Earth Satellite
(27)On April 24, 1970, China carried out the first launch of an artificial Earth satellite, and successfully put the first satellite into a predetermined orbit.On March 3, 1972, China launched the second scientific and technological test satellite.On November 1975, China's first return satellite was launched. On November 16, 1975, China's first return remote sensing satellite was successfully launched.
(28)In November 1999, the first unmanned test spacecraft of China's manned space program, Shenzhou, was successfully launched, and from 2001 to 2002, the unmanned test spacecraft Shenzhou 2 to 4 were successfully developed and launched, and valuable test data were obtained. Shenzhou 5 is China's first manned spacecraft developed on the basis of the unmanned spacecraft, which is a high degree of cohesion of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation, and is a new milestone for China's space industry in the new century.
V. Energy Technology
--Peaceful Utilization of Nuclear Energy
(29) In October 1966, China's first experimental launch of a missile nuclear weapon was successful.
(30)In August 1971, China launched its first nuclear submarine of its own manufacture.
(31)In June 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built its first experimental atomic reactor. The Qinshan Nuclear Power Station in Zhejiang Province is the first nuclear power plant designed and built by China itself. It utilizes the world's most technologically mature, safe and reliable pressurized water reactor type and employs proven safety design standards. construction began in 1984, and was completed in December 1991, when it was connected to the grid for the first time.
So far, China has two nuclear power plants, Qinshan and Daya Bay in Guangdong, and the country intends to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.
(32) In addition, China is also developing several other nuclear reactors: 1, Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute has developed a successful 5 megawatts of nuclear heat reactor; 2, 600,000 kilowatts of advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant AC600, is currently under development at the China National Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3, 10 megawatts of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor development and development of experimental reactors is currently underway at the Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University; 4, fast neutronuclear power plant, the first time in the near future, the State intends to build four more nuclear power projects. Research Institute; 4, fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation in about 2020; 5, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers since 1958, is now included in the "863 program".
--Other new energy
(33) magneto-current power generation since the 1960s research, the 80s has established three research bases of a certain scale, this project has been included in the "863 Program", plans to The end of this century to build a 2 megawatt coal-fired magnetic fluid power generation of a steam combined cycle experimental device.
(34) solar power development began in 1958, there are about 38 units and universities engaged in photovoltaic research and development work. Since the commercialization of solar cells for terrestrial use began in 1976, there are now **** 12 production lines or factories for solar cells for terrestrial use.
(35) wind power generation in the three northern regions and the southeast coast and the rapid development of the islands, 1986 Rongcheng City, Shandong Province, the introduction of three generating units, composed of China's first wind power station, 1991 and Germany *** with the completion of the construction of Zhejiang Shengsi wind power station, and grid-connected power generation are running well.
(36)Biomass energy is in recent years, the government of China to take "local conditions, multi-energy complementary, rational use, and seek efficiency" policy, vigorously develop the rural energy, has achieved significant results.
(37) geothermal energy, China's Tibet region has built the use of geothermal power generation Yangbajing geothermal power station, power generation capacity of 27,000 kilowatts.
(38) China has built several experimental tidal energy power stations in the southeast coastal area, with an installed capacity of 40-640 kilowatts.
VI. Scientific Expeditions
--Tibetan Scientific Expeditions
(39)Since the 1960s, China has been conducting uninterrupted scientific expeditions to the Tibetan Plateau region.
The two scientific expeditions to the Mount Everest region in the 1960s and 1970s and the comprehensive scientific expeditions to the Tibetan Plateau region by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the 1970s have been very successful. The comprehensive scientific expedition to the Tibetan Plateau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the 1970s, conducted a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and published 46 ****56 volumes of works.
Since 1973, several generations of Chinese scientists have gone to the Grand Canyon eight times to carry out scientific investigations, the history of the formation of the Grand Canyon, resources and environment, and its interrelationship with human beings and natural resources have a new understanding.
--Oceanic and Polar Scientific Expeditions
(40) In 1970, the ship "Xiangyanghong 5" carried out the first comprehensive survey of a specific oceanic area in the Pacific Ocean, obtaining valuable information on ocean gravity, magnetism, bathymetry, geology, hydrography, etc. In May 1980, the "Xiangyanghong 5" carried out a comprehensive survey of a specific oceanic area in the Pacific Ocean. In May 1980, Xiangyanghong No. 5 went to the Pacific Ocean to carry out another mission, contributing to the exploration of the "El Ni?o" phenomenon, China's marine cause, national defense construction and international maritime cooperation.
(41)In the mid-1980s, China began polar expeditions; on December 30, 1984, China's first Antarctic expedition boarded Georges Island and set up China's Antarctic Great Wall Station, which was inaugurated on February 20, 1985; on September 26, 1989, China's Antarctic Zhongshan Station was inaugurated on the Antarctic continent.
(42) In June 1999, China made its first expedition to the North Pole.
--Paleontological Fossil Expedition
(43) From 1984 to 1995, Chinese scientists discovered a large number of fossilized fauna in Chenggang, Yunnan Province, which revealed the suddenness of biological evolution and the evolution of the traditional "gradualism" represented by Darwin's theory.
In 1984-1995, scientists in China discovered a large number of fossilized fauna in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, revealing the suddenness of biological evolution and challenging the traditional "gradualism" represented by Darwin's theory of evolution.
(44) In 1997, scientists in China examined the Precambrian phosphorus-bearing strata in urnan, Guizhou province, and found a large number of miniature multicellular animals and grater embryo fossils, which pushed forward the time of the origin of animals by 50 million years, and once again made a major breakthrough in the study of early animals.
--Summer, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Discontinuity Project
(45) The Summer, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Discontinuity Project is a large-scale project that combines natural sciences with social and humanities sciences to solve the problem of three generations. The project set nine topics, 40 themes, 170 scholars after a joint expedition, in literature, astronomy, archaeology and paleography and other aspects of the fruitful results, these achievements will become a new starting point for the study of ancient Chinese civilization towards the 21st century.
Agriculture: Among the scientific and technological achievements in the agricultural category, some major scientific and technological achievements have reached the international advanced level and the leading level; the research and development and popularization of a large number of breakthrough scientific and technological achievements, such as super rice, hybrid corn, genetically engineered insect-resistant cotton, hybrid oilseed rape, and ground-film mulching technology, have made the coverage rate of good varieties of the major crops reach more than 95%, and have greatly improved the production capacity of grain, cotton, and oil and other staple crops, and the grain Total output from 600 billion pounds jumped to 1 trillion pounds of steps; livestock and poultry breed improvement and large-scale breeding, prevention and control of major animal diseases, famous new aquatic products breeding technology progress, so that China's animal husbandry, aquaculture, scientific and technological progress in the contribution rate of more than 50% of the total output of meat, eggs and aquatic products jumped to the first place in the world; the progress of agricultural mechanization technology and the application of the emergence of factory farming and agricultural facilities The agricultural mechanization technology progress and application, the rise of factory farming and facility farming, have substantially increased the agricultural labor productivity and land output rate, and the comprehensive mechanization degree of agriculture has reached 38%. The tremendous progress in agricultural science and technology over the past 30 years has made the overall level of agricultural science and technology in China leap to the forefront of developing countries, and has made an important contribution to solving the shortage of supply of agricultural products in China, guaranteeing the country's food security, promoting the structural adjustment of agriculture, and realizing the sustained and stable development of agriculture and the rural economy.
Economy: since the founding of the country, China's exports of electromechanical products has long been in the slow development of backwardness, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the export volume has developed to some extent, but on the whole, it is still at a low level of hovering state. 1985, the CPC Central Committee, the State Council leaders have the foresight from the revitalization of the electromechanical industry, the promotion of the development of foreign trade at a high level of the strategy from the reform of the system, the establishment of export production system, promote market development and so on. In 1985, the leaders of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council took the foresight to revitalize the electromechanical industry and promote the development of foreign trade from the strategic height, and took strong measures to promote the export system, establish the export production system, and promote the development of the market etc., thus ending the export of electromechanical products at a low level for a long time, and forming a new situation of sustained, stable and rapid development. It has become an important component and driving force of China's foreign trade.
I. The scale of import and export has been expanding, and its proportion in foreign trade has been increasing. China's exports of electromechanical products since 1995, for 13 consecutive years to maintain the status of China's first major export commodities. 2007, exports of electromechanical products from the 1978 659 million U.S. dollars to 701.17 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 1,063 times, with an average annual growth rate of 27.2%; accounted for the proportion of the country's foreign trade exports increased from 6.8% in 1978 to 57.6%. Imports of electromechanical products increased from 5.65 billion U.S. dollars in 1980 to 499 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 87 times, with an average annual growth rate of 18.0%; the proportion of imports in the country's foreign trade increased from 28.2% in 1980 to 52.2%.
The structure of export commodities has been optimized. In the rapid growth of imports and exports at the same time, the structure of export commodities to capital-labor-intensive and technology-intensive products to accelerate the process of transformation of the main export products, the depth of processing of export products, value-added and technological content to further improve the import and export structure of commodities has been optimized. Exports of machinery and equipment, transportation machinery and instruments and meters have always been higher than the average annual growth rate of exports of electromechanical products, with exports of electromechanical and instrumental products and equipment accounting for more than 93% of the total. The export growth of energy, materials and labor-intensive products has slowed down relatively, and is lower than the national average growth rate of exports of electromechanical products. Over the past three decades, China has exported a large number of complete sets of equipment and large-scale equipment to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa and other countries and regions, including: ships, airplanes, railroads, smelting equipment, communications equipment, power generation equipment and power transmission equipment.
Third, the international competitiveness of key industries has improved significantly. Over the years, through active participation in international competition, it has vigorously promoted the technological progress of enterprises and boosted the international competitiveness of a number of key industries.
-China's 300,000 kilowatts, 600,000 kilowatts of large coal-fired generating units manufacturing technology has entered the international advanced ranks. At present, more than 300,000 kilowatts of generating units have been installed abroad and are being implemented projects totaling more than 17 million kilowatts of capacity.
--In 2004, China's self-developed and manufactured Xinzhou 60 aircraft was successfully sold to Zimbabwe, and so far it has received orders for a total of 137 aircraft, of which 87 are overseas, and 15 have been delivered and put into operation.
--In 2007, China's shipbuilding industry ranked first, second and third in the world in terms of new orders, hand-held orders and shipbuilding completions respectively.
--Automobiles are one of the self-branded export commodities with the greatest growth potential in China. At present, China has become the world's first potential market, the second largest consumer market and the third largest producer, in 2007, China produced 8.883 million cars and exported 610,000 units.
--China's telecom equipment with independent intellectual property rights provides equipment and services for more than 500 telecom operators in more than 100 countries around the world. Huawei's program-controlled switches have accounted for 32 percent of the global program-controlled switch market share, and have been the world's top seller for three consecutive years.
--China has become the best production base for international home appliances and a major exporting country. in 2007, the export value of China's home appliance industry reached 31.4 billion U.S. dollars, and China's refrigerators, washing machines, air-conditioners, color TVs, laser videodisc players, microwave ovens and other products have ranked the first in the world's production and export.
Four, the implementation of all-round, diversified and key markets, key breakthroughs in the policy has made significant progress, the ability to develop the ocean market has been significantly strengthened. While consolidating the development of traditional markets, exports to North America, Western Europe and other key markets are growing faster. In 2007, China's exports of electromechanical products covered 224 countries and regions, and imports covered 194 countries and regions. The import and export of the top 10 trading partners totaled 1014.13 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 84.5% of the total trade in electromechanical products. In addition to the main export markets to maintain high growth, to Africa and Latin America, the Middle East, India, Russia and other emerging markets have achieved promising results. From the import market, imports from major trading partners dominated, from Japan, the European Union, Taiwan, the United States and other major trading partners dominated, imports from other trading partners also had varying degrees of growth.
V. Significant changes in the organizational structure of export enterprises. State-owned enterprises, private enterprises exports grew rapidly, the main body of the diversified pattern of business basically formed. Electromechanical production enterprises have become the backbone of the expansion of exports. As of 2007, the import and export of electromechanical products of foreign-invested enterprises continued to maintain a steady growth, accounting for nearly 3/4 of the total. private enterprises, after nearly 10 years of rapid development, the export of products related to electronics, home appliances, electricians, automobiles, motorcycles, construction machinery, communications and other industries, the status of the import and export of electromechanical products has been on the rise, accounting for 12% of the import and export growth rate of 20 percentage points higher than that of foreign-invested enterprises, showing a strong and stable growth. The growth rate of import and export is 20 percentage points higher than that of foreign-invested enterprises, showing a strong development momentum. According to statistics, in 1985, there were less than 10 enterprises with export value over 5 million dollars. In 2007, there were 849 enterprises with export turnover of more than 100 million dollars, among which, 75 enterprises exported more than 1 billion dollars and 3 enterprises exported 10 billion dollars. Production enterprises have become the main force to develop the international market, and gradually formed a number of export enterprise groups, showing the advantages of technology, management and export strength.
Sixth, electromechanical products import and export contribution to economic growth, become an important driving force for foreign trade and economic development of the national economy. 2002, the total import and export of electromechanical products accounted for the proportion of the country's total foreign trade imports and exports exceeded 50%, the proportion of exports of electromechanical products to the country's exports in 2003 exceeded 50%, the proportion of the incremental increase in the export of electromechanical products accounted for the country's foreign exports In 2003, the proportion of exports of electromechanical products in the country's foreign trade exports also exceeded 50%, and the proportion of incremental exports of electromechanical products in the country's foreign trade exports reached 68%, and the proportion of exports of electromechanical products in the country's foreign trade exports reached 57.6% in 2007. Expanding the import and export of electromechanical products has played an important role in optimizing the structure of imported and exported commodities, upgrading the technological level of the industry, promoting the upgrading of the industrial structure, enhancing the international competitiveness and promoting the development of the national economy. It has also made a positive contribution to increasing employment and maintaining social stability.
Life: First, the monthly deduction standard of 1500 yuan can basically ensure that the basic standard of living of urban residents is not affected by the tax. Due to the different national conditions and personal income tax system of each country, its expense deduction methods and deduction standards vary greatly, but a **** the same point is, but the expenses allowed to be deducted is only to ensure that the taxpayer and his or her dependent population's basic living expenses, including the taxpayer's own basic living needs, the dependent population's basic living expenses and medical insurance premiums, as well as the cost of children's education.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2004, the national average salary of urban on-the-job workers was 16,024 yuan (a monthly average of 1,336 yuan), and after deducting the portion used for savings, the annual per capita consumption expenditure was 7,182 yuan, which, calculated on the basis of the coefficient of support of 1.9, means that the average monthly consumption expenditure of urban workers was 1,143 yuan.
Taking into account about 210 yuan of expenditure on housing, medical care and education, the average monthly per capita consumption expenditure in China's cities and towns is about 1,350 yuan. The monthly expense deduction of 1,500 yuan proposed in the new program is obviously higher than the average monthly salary level of employed workers and the average monthly basic consumption expenditure level of employees. If we add the 1500 yuan deduction for the spouse who has a job, the tax-free income of 3000 yuan for a family is able to ensure the basic living needs of individuals and families, and this expense deduction standard also has a certain forward-looking space. It should be pointed out that, according to the current salary income to implement the ultra-progressive tax system, for taxpayers monthly income exceeding the 1500 yuan exemption, the government is not all levied away, the need to bear the tax is only a very small proportion of the tax to ensure that more than 1,500 yuan of the vast majority of the income is left to the taxpayer, for the purpose of improving the life of the taxpayers.
Secondly, the 1,500 yuan monthly deduction is basically suitable for the current stage of China's national conditions and financial capacity. China is still a developing country, the financial resources are not generous, the development between urban and rural areas, between regions is very unbalanced, whether it is economic construction, public **** cause development, or poverty alleviation and assistance, the government has to spend a lot of money, the distribution of financial resources in all aspects of the contradiction is still very prominent. The basic principle of dealing with the contradiction in the distribution of financial resources is: "One must eat, two must build, and three must develop scientifically." At present, personal income tax has become an important source of revenue for the State, especially for local finances, and after the new program raises the monthly deduction standard to 1,500 yuan, the State's finances will be reduced by about 20 billion yuan a year. Government tax revenues are taken from the people and used by the people, if further and more substantial increase in the expense deduction standard of income from wages and salaries, it will likely exceed the financial capacity of our country, to a certain extent, weakening the ability of governments at all levels to ensure the transfer of compulsory education, public **** medical care, agriculture, farmers, laid-off workers, as well as other socially disadvantaged groups.
Third, the monthly deduction of 1,500 yuan can be properly regulated in some regions, industries and residents of higher personal income. Accompanied by economic development, China's residents income gap is widening, the government regulates income distribution, in addition to the need to regulate the initial distribution and further increase fiscal transfers, but also to give full play to the role of personal income tax. The new program does not distinguish between industries, regardless of developed regions, or less developed regions, the national unified implementation of the monthly salary income deduction standard of 1,500 yuan, so that, on the one hand, the majority of low-income class excluded from taxation; on the other hand, it can also be adjusted by adjusting the structure of the tax rate, to strengthen the tax administration, and appropriately increase the tax burden of the high-income class, reflecting the fairness and reasonableness of the tax.
Fourth, the deduction standard of 1500 yuan per month is conducive to the popularization of citizens' tax obligations and the gradual improvement of the tax structure to meet the needs of future economic development. Personal income tax is not a wealth tax or a tax on the rich. In addition to its function of regulating income distribution, it is also an important means for modern countries to obtain financial revenue. From the situation of most countries in the world, the payment of personal income tax has become the general obligation of a country's residents. 10 years ago, China set the expense deduction standard at 800 yuan per month, and its policy focus is mainly to regulate the high income; today, 10 years later, the people's income level and the quality of life have been greatly improved, the purpose of the legislation on personal income tax should be in line with the times from the regulation of the distribution of a single function to the adjustment of the distribution of the income tax and the expansion of tax sources, the popularization of the tax obligation, the tax system, the tax system, the tax system and the tax system. The purpose of individual income tax legislation should be shifted with the times from the single function of regulating distribution to the track of regulating distribution and expanding tax sources and popularizing tax obligations.
It should be pointed out that with the further development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standard, the scope of individual income tax will be wider and wider, and the proportion of income will be greatly increased. Under the premise of protecting the basic needs of taxpayers, the gradual popularization of personal income tax to the majority of the working class is not only the inevitable result of economic development, but also a major step forward in the development of society, but also the obligation of each citizen to the country.