ABR Abnormally-banding region
Abnormally-banded region. Abnormally-banding region is a region of chromosome stretching caused by gene amplification that differs from the normal chromosome banding pattern when stained with Giemsa staining, but is also known as homoge-neously staining regions (HSRs) when large numbers of amplicons are present.ALL
Acute lymphoid leukemia is a rapidly progressive leukemia characterized by dysregulated proliferation and abnormal differentiation of lymphoblasts (precursors of immature lymphocytes). It accounts for about 80% of childhood leukemias and 25% of all childhood cancers; in adults, it accounts for about 20% of acute leukemias.AML
Acute myeloid leukemia is a rapidly progressive leukemia characterized by the apoptotic proliferation of immature granulocytic leukocytes. It accounts for the majority of acute leukemias in adults.APL
Acute promyelocytic leukemia, a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (FABM3), is characterized by a t[15;17][q22;q12-21] translocation, which fuses a transcription factor on chromosome 15 known as PML to the vimentin-like nuclear receptor alpha [RARα], resulting in the expression of a PML/RARα fusion protein in APL cells. RARα fusion protein.Adaptor protein
Adaptor (articulator) proteins, a protein that does not contain central enzymatic activity but contains a variety of protein-protein interaction domains, such as the SH2/SH3 domains that act as bridges between activated cell surface receptors and various intracellular signaling proteins, linking proteins in the activation complex of the cell membrane together.Adeno-associated virus (AAV)
Adeno-associated virus (AAV), a small DNA virus that can be genetically processed to transmit matrix-associated binding to a wide variety of cells, including cancer cells and cells of immune systems.Adeno-xarcinoma sequence
The adenoma-xarcinoma sequence evolves to represent a cascade of morphologic changes at various stages of malignant transformation of benign mucosa.Adeno-viral vector
An adenovirus vector, a genetically modified adenovirus in which a portion of the normal human viral genome has been deleted to prevent viral replication and replaced with new genes that are to be introduced into the target cell.Adenovirus (Ad)
Adenovirus, any of a family of adenoviruses, *** there are more than 45 different qualities of highly specific types. Associated with diseases of the human respiratory tract and eye (e.g., keratoconjunctivitis). Adenoviral vectors are the most promising method of gene introduction for the treatment of cancer.Adhesion
Adhesion, cellular adhesion to a natural substrate or artificial substrate and the subsequent reaction.Adjuvant therapy
Adjuvant therapy, the application of an agent that enhances an antigen-specific immune response.Adopive theaapy
Relay therapy, a method of treatment in which immune cells treated in vitro are reinfected and injected into a subject.Adult T cell leukemia (ATL)
Adult T-cell leukemia, a leukemia with T-cell features that occurs in adulthood and is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1) XH.AIDS (Acuirde Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome)
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), severe immune dysregulation and eventual exhaustion of days caused by progressive waiver damage to cellular immunity during infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Allele loss
Allele loss. Also known as loss of heterozygosity (LOH), the absence or loss of one of the two distinct alleles at the heterozygous locus in tumor DNA compared to non-tumor DNA from the same subject.Allogeneic transplant
Allogeneic transplantation, the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one individual to another individual of the same species, where the cells, tissues, and organs continue to be functional in the recipient.All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)
All-trans-retinoic acid, the vitamin A analog that is by far the most potent in inducing clinical remission in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A and are ligands for the nuclear receptor for vitamin A. ATRA trans-activates the RAR pathway, but not the RXR pathway.Amplicons
Amplicons, in DNA amplification, the unit repeat sequences that are amplified.Amplification
Amplification, (1) cf. gene amplification; (2) cf. DNA amplification; (3) the phenomenon in which activation of one molecule in a signaling pathway leads to several molecules downstream of the activation. Amplification is a common phenomenon in activating enzyme cascade reactions.Anchorage independent growth (AIG)
Anchorage-independent growth, the ability of tumor cells to grow in suspension in soft agar.Androgen receptor (AR)
Androgen receptor, an intracellular (possibly nuclear) protein that binds activated androgen (5α-dihydroxytestosterone) with high affinity and low energy; the hormone-receptor complex interacts with specific DNA sequences (androgen-responsive elements, AREs) to regulate androgen-specific response motif expression in target cells.Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood, requires the detachment of endothelial cells from the basement membrane of the original blood niche, followed by movement, proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation of cortical cells.Antagonism
An anti-estrogen, a substance, such as triamcinolone, used to reduce systemic estrogen levels or to prevent estrogen from attaching to receptors in tumors.Anti-oxidant
An antioxidant, a chemical that prevents oxidation by reacting with or preventing the formation of oxidizing agents, such as vitamin C, which helps to prevent the oxidation of DNA.Anti-oxodant nutrient
Antioxidant nutrient, a nutrient that has the ability to neutralize damaging free radicals and thereby inhibit oxidative damage, such as beta carotene and vitamins E or C.Antisense(therapy)
Antisense therapy, a technique for treating cancer in which an oligonucleotide is bound to the target RNA to inhibit the expression of a specific gene.Antisense oligonucleotide
An antisense oligonucleotide is a chemically synthesized single-stranded nucleic acid, approximately 12-30 nucleotide units long, that binds to certain complementary regions of mRNA (sense) through base-pairing, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis.AP-1
A transcription factor involved in the DNA repair and cell proliferation signaling pathway consisting of the c-fos and c-jun cytokines.APC-1
The gene for colonic adenocarcinomatous polyposis, a familial adenomatous polyposis, in which genetic conduction of mutations in the APC gene in a hereditary syndrome is responsible for the formation of thousands of precancerous adenomas in the large intestine in the foe phenotypic period, one or more of which may progress to become malignant if not removed.Apopltosis
Apoptosis, also known as "programmed cell death" or "cellular suicide," is a series of genetically-mediated changes that are relied upon to actively cause its own destruction. The process of apoptosis, which normally eliminates aging cells or lymphocytes not involved in the immune response, can play a role in tumorigenesis if pathologically disturbed. Apoptosis is initially identified by characteristic morphological changes, including: programmed degradation of DNA, chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage and fragmentation. It can be physiologic or induced by chemotherapeutic agents and radiation (from the Greek word, apoptosis, describing the phenomenon of dead leaves falling from a scribble in late fall).Askin tumor
A peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the chest wall, which was originally thought to be distinct from Ewing's tumor but is now thought to be a member of the same family by molecular biological analysis.Ataxia telangiectasis (AT)
***Ataxia telangiectasia, an autosomal recessive disorder with defects in humoral and cellular immunity. It is of research interest because it is a unique combination of progressive neurologic disease, immune dysfunction, and susceptibility to cancer, coupled with developmental disorders that manifest early in childhood.Autocrine growth factor
Autocrine growth factor, a division-promoting growth factor produced by a tumor cell that acts on its own homologous cells.Autocrine motility factor
Autocrine growth factor, a protein factor secreted by tumor cells that stimulates the movement of the same cells (spontaneous motility).Autophosphorylation
Autophosphorylation, the transfer of phosphate from ATP catalyzed by the tyrosine kinase of a substrate to the phenolic hydroxyl group of the tyrosine side chain in its own sequence to serve as a docking site for downstream substrates.Autosomal
Autosomal means associated with any chromosome other than the X and Y chromosomes.awd
A Drosophila abnormal wing disc gene whose mutation or lack of expression causes widespread developmental abnormalities after metamorphosis.B
Balanced transocation
A balanced translocation, a chromosomal translocation in which the genetic material after the translocation is identical to the original.Banding pattern
Banding pattern, the alternating dark and light horizontal bands in a chromosome, which can be obtained by different chromatophore staining techniques, of which the G-banding method is the most widely used. Each pair of autosomes and the X and Y chromosomes has a unique banding pattern that provides an unambiguous identification. Chromosome banding is identical in all individuals of a species and in all cells of different tissues in the same organism.Base pair (bp)
A base pair in which adenine [A] pairs with thymine [T], or cytosine [C] with guanine [G], in the DNA double helix.bax
A member of the bcl-2 gene family, bax is an important part in the regulation of apoptosis. bax forms a monoamino dimer with bcl-2--up, blocking the anti-apoptotic activity of bcl-2.bcl-2
A cellular gene whose protein product [Bcl-2] inhibits apoptosis. It is an oncogene in follicular B-cell lymphomas, and the chromosomal translocation t[18;14] places the bcl-2 gene under the control of the immunoglobulin promoter, resulting in upregulation of bcl-2 gene expression such that apoptosis is repressed. (bcl is associated with B-cell lymphoma and leukemia).bcr
breakpoint dense region gene, named for a specific chromosomal translocation that is prevalent in the hear restricted region of the genome. The t[9;22] translocation typical of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) juxtaposes bcr with the abl preneoplastic gene to form the bcr/abl fusion gene, with breakpoints in bcr localized in the major [M-bcr] and minor [m-bcr] dense regions.bcr/abl
The chimeric gene formed by the Philadelphia translocation translocating the second exon of the c-abl preoncogene on chromosome 9 to the dense region of the breakpoint on chromosome 22, linking the first, second, or third exon of bcr, encodes a relative molecular mass of 21,000 tyrosine kinase that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CKL) in humans. Another bcr/abl rearrangement encodes a relative molecular mass of 190,000 tyrosine kinase and causes human acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL).Beckwith-wiedemann Syndrome (BWS)
A congenital autosomal disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities and related tumors. It is clinically associated with some tumors: Wilms' tumor, transverse suspicious muscle tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma, and adrenal cancer.Binding protein
Binding protein, a circulating or membrane-associated protein that binds growth factors with a high degree of specificity and can either potentiate or inhibit the effects of growth factors.Biochemical monitoring
Biochemical monitoring, the detection of biochemical endpoints of exposure, such as DNA or protein adducts, which counteracts human suprasomal differences in response to exposure to the same surrounding concentration.Biomarker
A biomarker is any of a number of different biological or biochemical indicators that are used to detect the carcinogenic effects of an exposure or to predict cancer predisposition. Biomarkers are prognostic or diagnostic parameters or intermediate endpoints used in clinical intervention tests.Blocking agent
A blocking agent is any of a variety of chemicals that are used to act as anticarcinogens during the treatment of a carcinogenic agent by preventing the metabolic activation or final reaction mode of the agent or by altering the biochemical composition of the cell so as to inactivate the key nucleophile (DNA, proteins) before the final agent is able to destroy it.Bloom syndrome (BS)
An autosomal recessive (hereditary) disorder associated with genetic damage and certain cancers that occur at an early age (e.g., leukemia, Limba tumor).BRCA1 gene
A breast cancer susceptibility gene located on chromosome 17q21 that is mutated in families prone to early-onset breast and ovarian cancer.BRCA2 gene
A gene located on chromosome 13q12-13 that has not been fully characterized but is thought to be involved in a significant number of familial breast cancers unrelated to BRCA1.BRAC3 gene
A gene or group of genes hypothesized to be involved in a significant percentage of familial breast cancer cases because they cannot yet be explained by the BRCA1 or BRCA2 loci.Burkitt lymphoma
A type of B-cell lymphoma known to be associated with the EBV, linked to translocations of the c-myc preoncogene, and an example of the association of viral infection with cancer risk.C
Cadherin
Calcium adhesion proteins, one of a family of calcium-dependent cell surface molecules required for cell-cell recognition, tissue morphogenesis, cell-cell adhesion, and maintenance of cell membrane integrity. Members of the family are given a prefix based on the tissue from which it e first isolated (e.g., E-finger epithelium).Cancer
Cancer, a multistep genetic disease caused by specific alterations in the functioning of one or more genes that impair the control of cell growth and differentiation, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation and transformation into new organisms.Carcinogen
Carcinogen, any chemical, physical, or biological agent that causes cancer in humans and laboratory animals. Also refers to any exposure (e.g., radiation, tobacco), deficiency (e.g., inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables) imbalance (e.g., hormones), or other factor that has been shown to increase cancer in epidemiologic studies.Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis, or the development of cancer, the process of up-regulating the ability to proliferate and metastasize that occurs through the accumulation of mutations in genes that regulate genetic stability, cellular proliferation, cellular differentiation, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, or other targets, which undergoes a series of successive staging from initiation, through promotion, and progression to malignancy.cdc gene
The fine division control 2 gene, a gene encoding a protein with a relative molecular mass of 34,000 (p34cdc2) that regulates cell entry into mitosis, was originally isolated from fission yeast.cDNA
Complementary DNA, a complementary copy of the mRNA of a gene synthesized in vitro by reverse transcription. cDNA lacks the introns of the gene but contains all of the coding information needed to produce a functional protein.Cell adhesion molecule (CAM)
Cell adhesion molecule, any member of a diverse family of molecules (e.g., calreticulin) involved in the adhesion of tumor cells to other tumor cells, host cells, or components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including ICAMs (intercellular adhesion molecules), NCAMs (neural cell adhesion molecules), and VCAMs (vascular cell adhesion molecules). VCAMs (vascular cell adhesion molecules), among others.Cell-cell interaction
Cell-cell interaction, the mechanism of endothelial cell growth control, involves interactions with other neighboring cells and with the surrounding extracellular matrix (cell-matrix interactions). They are critical for basic patterns of cell behavior such as proliferation, differentiation, and movement. Tumor cells are less adherent than normal cells and therefore are not effectively regulated by adjacent cells or the extracellular matrix.Cell cycle
Cell cycle, a specific sequence of events followed by eukaryotic cell division. The cell cycle consists of four phases: (1) mitosis (M), during which division of the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs; (2) first gap (or growth) phase (G1): a phase between mitosis (M) and the onset of DNA synthesis (S); (3) synthesis (S): during which DNA synthesis occurs; and (4) second gap (or growth) phase (G2). phase between the completion of DNA synthesis and mitosis. In addition, there are phases where there is no more division or quiescence and the cell is in the Go phase.Cell cycle regulation
Cell cycle regulation, the basic control of the process of cell division: the products of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are involved in this process when they are normal, whereas the activation of oncogenes and/or loss of function of tumor suppressor genes can lead to cell cycle deregulation.Cell cycle specific
Cell cycle specific. Describes chemotherapies that have a maximal capacity to kill cells during a particular phase of the cell maturation and division cycle, with little or no toxicity to non-dividing cells.Cellular clone
A cellular clone, a group of cells derived from a single cell.c-fos
A cellular gene, the base product of which, along with c-jun, serves as a component of the Ap-1 transcription factor in signaling pathways involved in DNA repair and cell proliferation.Check point
A control point, a mechanism that ensures that each phase of the cell cycle is properly completed before the next phase begins.Chemoprevention
Chemoprevention, chemical agents that reduce or block the process of tumor emergence. These cancer-preventive agents range from dietary ingredients to synthetic compounds. Primary chemoprevention involves patients with a primary cancer; secondary chemoprevention involves patients who have been treated or whose primary cancer is in remission.Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the application of chemical agents to inhibit or destroy cancer cells. These agents include drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis, drugs that directly damage DNA, or drugs that otherwise interfere with or inhibit cell division.Chimeric gene product
A chimeric gene product, an abnormal protein produced by two different genes that come together in a chromosomal translocation.Chromosome
Chromosome, a structure in the nucleus of a cell composed of chromatin containing DNA and proteins. Chromosomes contain genes. The number and shape of chromosomes are best studied during cell division, the later stages of metaphase and prophase, when the chromosomes are contracted and can be easily distinguished. Each chromosome contains a mitophore (main constriction) and two arms, the shorter of which is called p and the longer q.Cis-acting (factor)
Cis-acting (factor), describes a motif or protein that affects the vivisection of a DNA sequence only on its own DNA molecule.Cisplatin
cis-platinum amine (cis-chloroammonium platinum), the common name for cis-dichlorodiammine platinum, a widely used anticancer drug with the pharmacopoeial name cisplatin.c-jun
A cellular gene whose product, along with that of c-fos, is a component of the Ap-1 transcription factor involved in DNA repair and cell proliferation signaling pathways.Clone
A clone, a group of cells derived from a single cell in a population culture of animal cells. Cells in a clone are often similar to each other in that they ***share characteristics inherited from their cell of origin.c-mos
A proto-oncogene of the mos family, the first proto-oncogene to be molecularly cloned, whose transgene activity has been demonstrated.c-myb
The avian myelodysplasia virus spicy-transformed gene, a normal cellular homolog of c-myb, expresses a nuclear DNA-binding protein that is thought to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the hematopoietic body system.c-myc
A proto-oncogene that plays an important role in the regulation of DNA synthesis, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell cycle progression. c-Myc proteins are short-lived cytosolic phosphoproteins that play a direct role in transcription by linking the transcription machinery to the E-helices cassette-less. c-Myc is a large helix-loop-helix leucine zipper protein similar to the to the USFEY E2F protein family. One of the genes known to be induced by c-Myc is p53.Colony-forming unit (CFU)
Colony-forming units, which produce any of a number of glycoproteins that are responsible for the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, include erythropoietin (EPO), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the recently identified hemopoietin (TPO) and interleukin-3 (IL-3).Combination chemotherapy
Combination chemotherapy, the treatment of cancer with two or more different chemotherapeutic agents, each of which has a different cytotoxic target.Combination index (CI)
Combination index, a quantitative determination of the extent of drug interactions when combining chemotherapies for an effect measurement endpoint.Complete carcinogen
A complete carcinogen, an agent that induces cellular initiation and promotes cellular transformation and growth into benign tumors, and mediates progression into malignant tumors.Complete response (CR)
Completely effective, meaning that all the symptoms and signs of the disease have completely disappeared after treatment for at least 30 days, and in the case of leukemia, that less than 5% of the normal bone marrow cells are matricellular.CpG island
CpG island, a region of vertebrate DNAK 0.5-2kb in length, is a CpG-rich, single-copy unmethylated motif in the genome, and in some oncogenes it has the structure of a CpG island, which is the region where methylation occurs.Crossover
Exchange, the precise exchange between two DNA molecules (reciprocal exchange, recipro-cal exchange).Cross-resistance
Cross-resistance, the property of cells that have been exposed to a cytotoxic drug to show resistance to other Hsiangs to which they have not been exposed.Cross-talk
Talking, crosstalk and communication, the mechanism by which signaling molecules activated in one primary signaling pathway modulate signaling molecules in another primary signaling pathway.Cyclin
Cell cycle proteins (cyclins), proteins whose concentration rises and falls in synchronization with the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells, were first isolated from sea urchin embryos, and are a large family of proteins with a relative molecular mass of 50,000, including the cyclins A, B, D, E, G, and H. Their key protein kinases (cyclins) are the cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclin, and the cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclin, and cyclin. They bind to key protein kinases (cyclin-dependent kinases, CDKs) and regulate their enzymatic activity, thereby helping to drive and coordinate the cell cycle.Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
Cyclin-dependent kinases, a member of the protein kinase family, rely on binding to cyclins to perform key functions in the regulated progression of the cell cycle. Different CDK-cyclin complexes phosphorylate specific target proteins to stimulate cell cycle phases. They are inactivated in the absence of their cyclin partners or in the presence of CDK inhibitors.Cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CDKI)
are any of a family of proteins that can associate with CDKs and inhibit their activity with a small relative molecular mass.Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450, a member of the heme-containing oxygenase superfamily that oxidizes a wide range of substrates.Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics, the science of the study of heredity at the cellular and especially at the chromosomal level.Cytokine
A cytokine, any of a large group of autocrine and paracrine protein hormones secreted by many different types of cells. Cytokines, which originally included only leukocytokines that regulate immune cell activation, differentiation, growth, proliferation, and function, are now thought to be synthesized by a wide variety of cells and have roles that extend to a wide range of cell types. These include: colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and neurofactors.Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton, the cellular ultrastructural component that determines the shape of a cell.D
dcc
Colon cancer deletion gene, a tumor suppressor gene on gene seat chromosome 18q that is often missing in colon cancer.Dcath domain
Death or i.e. a linear 80 amino acid-containing sequence responsible for the induction of apoptosis, first identified in TNFR60 and Fos.Death-regulating gene
Death-regulating genes, a *** synonym for several genes that promote or inhibit different types of programmed cell death (e.g., thanatogenes, death genes; necrogenes, necrosis genes).Deletion(del)
A deletion is the loss of genetic material caused by two breaks in the arms of the same chromosome (interstitial deletion). A single break can cause a terminal deletion, which is the loss of chromatin on the distal side of the cleavage point; true terminal deletions are theoretically rare because they are unstable and are associated with a progressive shortening of the chromosome due to the absence of telomeres (telonere). Telomeres are specialized structures located at the end of each chromosome that maintain the structural integrity of the chromosome during DNA replication.de novo methylation
De novo methylation, the de novo methylation of previously unmethylated sites on a GpC sequence. It occurs during development, particularly on genes located on the inactive X chromosome in female mammals, and often in cancer cells.Dietary chemoprevention
Dietary chemoprevention, a dietary regimen in which certain foods (for example, green vegetables, citrus fruits, coarse breads) are adopted according to their association with a reduction in the risk of cancer and certain foods (for example, high-fat dishes) are eliminated according to their association with the risk of cancer.Differentiation
Differentiation, the complex process by which precursor cells with multiple developmental potentials become phenotypically mature cells in body tissues and organs (e.g., differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells into mature peripheral blood cells). Differentiation involves intercellular and intracellular signaling mechanisms, as well as the regulation of gene expression through control at the DNA level (transcriptional control) or at the level of mRNA or protein minamata formation and stability (post-transcriptional control).Differentiation ageigen
Differentiation antigen, an antigen that is expressed on normal cells as part of their differentiation program. Such antigens may be universal lineage-specific or expressed only at a particular mediator of cellular differentiation.Differentiation therapy
Differentiation therapy, a cancer therapy that induces tumor maturation to control the dysregulated growth of malignant cells.Dimerzation
Dimerization, the interplay between identical members of a recipient superfamily (homodimerization) or between different members of a superfamily (minidimerization) that is necessary for it to contaminate activity.DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the substance that constitutes the genetic material of the cellular organism.DNA adduct
DNA adduct, the product of a chemical substance that forms a ****valent bond with DNA.DNA? amplification
DNA amplification, (1) the process by which the copy number of a subchromosomal length of DNA is selectively increased over the flanking DNA sequences, and (2) the number of copies of a national gene in a specific locus.DNA bindign domain (DBD)
DNA binding domain, present in transcription factors and responsible for binding, the DNA response element territory (e.g., in vimentin receptors or other steroid receptor superfamily members), also known as DNA binding motif.DNA cross-linking
DNA cross-linking, a ***valent connection between residues on identical or complementary DNA strands.DNA damage
DNA damage, genomic damage caused by exposure to a carcinogenic agent, resulting in an abnormality in the coding sequence, such as a point mutation, an amplification, a deletion, an addition, or an abnormality in chromosome content (aneuploidy).DNA diagnosis
DNA diagnosis, amplification of DNA segments from cells, viruses, or bacteria based on small, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or diagnostic estimates made by DNA sequencing.DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting, the technique of hybridizing DNA fragments (probes) with DNA extracted from cells: the extracted DNA is partially hydrolyzed with a restriction endonuclease of specificity, resulting in a mixture of fragments of different sizes and relative molecular masses, separated by gel electrophoresis and then transferred to a membrane and hybridized with probes. Probe hybridization, such as the choice of probe germanium nucleic acid endonuclease appropriate, DNA-DNA binding results in the shape of the profile shows for each