Technical economics as a whole discipline has a profound connotation and a broad field of study, while the history of the development of technical economics is to follow the core of the discipline of technical economics and its essence of the study. The following is the technical economics related papers that I have organized for you for your reference.
Technical Economics Related Papers Sample 1: Photovoltaic Power Generation Techno-Economic AnalysisAbstract: The sun is a very important renewable energy source, and the value of solar energy application is increasingly prominent in the context of the current world energy and environmental crisis. As an important technology of solar energy application, photovoltaic power generation development prospect is very considerable, and China's photovoltaic industry is facing unprecedented opportunities and choices. The article will combine technical and economic theories and methods, from technology, enterprise, industry and the state of the four different aspects of China's photovoltaic industry for in-depth discussion, to promote China's photovoltaic industry toward a good and fast direction of steady progress.
Keywords: photovoltaic power generation; economic analysis; development forecast
Solar energy is the basic source of energy on earth, so how to better utilize the sunlight to generate electricity is a thorny issue that mankind has been facing. Solar energy is a clean and safe energy source, the resource is widely and abundantly available, and it has a long lifespan and does not require frequent maintenance like other energy sources. Based on these characteristics that other energy sources do not have, photovoltaic energy is regarded as the most utilized energy source in the 21st century. Since the 1950s, the application of solar energy has evolved from solar cells to a number of different fields such as solar PV-integrated buildings today. Throughout the world's photovoltaic industry, also after half a century of development, into the 21st century, China's photovoltaic industry has gradually stepped into a period of rapid development. Therefore, this paper will be based on market analysis, by four aspects to explore in-depth technical and economic: technology, enterprise industry, national.
I. Advantages of photovoltaic industry
Photovoltaic industry is a green and environmentally friendly energy, so it is regarded as a strategic sunrise industry, and countries give high importance to photovoltaic power generation and give strong support for the following reasons:
1. The Kyoto Protocol gives pressure to the countries, and compels the governments to implement the development of clean energy, including solar energy. The Kyoto Protocol puts pressure on governments to actively develop cleaner sources of energy, including solar power, to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2. The Middle East is the world's leading oil producer, and as a result, political trends in the region have been tense. In order to ensure a stable energy supply, governments have had to vigorously develop domestic energy sources, including solar energy.
3. With the gradual depletion of fossil fuels such as oil and coal, governments have had to actively develop renewable energy sources, including solar energy, in order to ensure a long-term supply of energy. For these reasons, in the last decade of the last century, the national photovoltaic power generation industry grew at a rate of 20 percent per year. In the three decades following the new millennium, the global photovoltaic power generation industry grew at a high rate of 30 percent per year. Photovoltaic energy is a unique potential energy source among renewable energy sources, and its importance and strategy are becoming more and more prominent, and countries all over the world have actively introduced relevant policies and laws to encourage the photovoltaic industry. Since 1999, countries around the world, especially the United States, Japan, Germany, these western developed countries gradually launched a large-scale national photovoltaic development programs and solar roof plans, which to a certain extent promote the development of the world's photovoltaic industry, the world's photovoltaic industry is faster than the development of the IT industry industry. As a renewable and clean energy source, photovoltaic power generation will develop into the most important basic energy source in the first half of the 21st century.
Second, the cost analysis of photovoltaic power generation
(a) The cost of photovoltaic power generation and the factors affecting it
The cost of photovoltaic power generation directly determines whether it can be large-scale and rapid development, and its position in the energy supply. The cost of PV power generation is mainly affected by two factors: the total cost of PV power generation and the total power generation. The cost of PV power generation is mainly affected by the initial investment, while factors such as operation and maintenance fees and taxes have less impact on the system's power generation cost.1. Initial investment. The initial investment of a PV power plant mainly contains the costs of PV modules, cables, power distribution equipment, grid-connected inverters, etc. Among them, the cost of PV module investment accounts for more than half of the initial investment.2. Power generation. The power generation capacity of PV power generation system is affected by two factors: solar energy resources, the efficiency of solar power generation, and at the same time, it is also affected by the operation mode, line wear and tear and other factors. Therefore, most of the PV power generation systems integrated with buildings in China are installed in the eastern coastal areas.3. Unit electricity cost. (also known as unit cost of electricity)
(B) the cost analysis of many types of photovoltaic power generation system degree of electricity
China's photovoltaic power generation market did not start early, the main investment subsidies, concession bidding, and other projects, some of the economic analysis of the technology does not appropriately reflect the cost of where this paper is mainly combined with some of the typical operation of the power station data to analyze.
1. Concentrated photovoltaic power plant unit investment cost is higher than crystalline silicon photovoltaic, concentrated photovoltaic power plant kWh cost is lower than thin film photovoltaic power plant, but still higher than large-scale ground-based crystalline silicon photovoltaic power plant.
2. Thin-film photovoltaic power plant unit cost is lower than crystalline silicon photovoltaic power plant, but its efficiency is also low, while the cost of electricity is higher than crystalline silicon photovoltaic power plant.
(C) Trends in the cost of kWh of PV power generation system
The cost of PV system contains four parts: solar cell module, power control, array system balance, and overhead. Among them, the array system balance covers the frame and bracket supporting the modules, electric wires, basic civil construction and land use fees, and so on. Power control is divided into two areas, inverter and electrical control system. Introduction cost includes covers the management fee of engineering construction, engineering design fee, interest during the construction period, unexpected costs, freight and so on. At present, one of the major constraints on the development of PV power generation on a large scale is the high cost. With the improvement of battery efficiency, the decline of component cost and the extension of life, the cost of PV power generation is similar to the level of grid parity, therefore, PV power generation is very competitive for power generation. Some international institutions on the future of photovoltaic power generation system cost of electricity to make a prediction: today, China's grid-connected photovoltaic power generation unit of the initial investment cost of about 15 / W, PV power generation capacity is 3GW. According to the existing development trend of China's power generation industry, in the technology to enhance the premise of localization and equipment, the annual investment cost will be ten percent decline. According to the "renewable energy? Twelfth Five-Year Plan Plan", by the end of 2015, China's installed capacity of solar PV power generation has reached 14GW. it is expected that by the end of 2020, the installed capacity of solar PV power generation will reach 40GW, by the end of 2030, the installed capacity will reach 200GW. according to the results of the calculations, China's photovoltaic power generation in 2015, the unit investment cost of roughly 11 yuan / W, 2020 will fall to 10 yuan / W, the investment cost will drop to 10 yuan. In 2020, it will drop to RMB 10/W, and in 2030, there will be a significant drop to RMB 4/W. The decline in solar cell cost is not only dependent on technological progress, but also to a certain extent, large-scale production has also reduced the cost, making the cost of one-half to one-third of the decline. And the system balance needs to build the cost has also had a significant decline. At present, the microgrid power generation technology is still in the stage of in-depth research, although the cost is still very high, but along with the continuous innovation and progress of technology, the cost will be gradually reduced, the future prospects of photovoltaic power generation technology is huge. 2020 years ago, the global market for photovoltaic power generation is still mainly concentrated in the European Union region, accounting for the proportion of about forty percent in 2010 to 2020, photovoltaic power generation in France, After 2020, the emerging markets of PV power generation are mainly China, the United States, Brazil and other countries, and PV power generation technology is an important renewable energy generation technology.
Three, PV power generation development prospects analysis
1. A variety of photovoltaic cell technology competing for the development of the first generation of crystalline silicon batteries with colleges and universities, low-cost, widely used for the main purpose of the market dominant. The second generation of thin-film batteries with low cost, less energy consumption, good prospects for development. The third generation of new solar cell efficiency but expensive, is still in the exploration stage.
2. PV microgrid power generation technology is the direction of development of high-cost and low stability PV microgrid is to use photovoltaic power generation as the most important power source, which can be used in conjunction with other energy storage devices, directly around the user loads of power supply, the typical microgrid can be detached from the main grid operation can also be received into the main network operation, which reduces the investment in distribution, greatly reducing the intermittent solar energy on the user The impact of intermittent solar energy on the user, which is more suitable for the higher cost of remote mountainous areas and high reliability of power supply users.
Fourth, the development of photovoltaic industry recommendations
In summary, the development of China's photovoltaic industry has become urgent. The healthy and steady development of China's photovoltaic industry is inseparable from the macro-control of the national industrial policy, the promulgation and implementation of various national policies will largely promote the development of China's photovoltaic industry.
1. The government should take the lead and set up special funds for the development of photovoltaic industry, and more importantly, formulate corresponding preferential policies in terms of capital, tariffs, taxes, and so on, to vigorously support it.
2. Technology should not only independent research and development, but also to learn the introduction of technology, but also and domestic research *** with the public relations, to establish a sound set of innovative technology system.
3. To the government as the leading, diversified investment, the establishment of a complete set of industrial chain, multi-party participation, *** to bear the risk, to a higher level of photovoltaic technology teacher training construction projects.
4. Efforts to cultivate the domestic PV market, the development of a specific set of shared feed-in tariffs for the implementation of the rules, 5. The development of industry standards should be accelerated to enhance the competitiveness of the PV industry in the future industry.
V. Summary
In short, solar photovoltaic power generation is a green, environmentally friendly renewable energy, photovoltaic power generation technology has a very promising development prospects, in the period of 2030 ~ 2050, photovoltaic energy and conventional energy in the price of the price of the real competitiveness of the emergence of the energy, and, therefore, this is bound to become China's multifunctional complementary energy is a very important component of the energy. China's photovoltaic industry needs to continue to work hard in the specification of the market, localization of equipment, improvement of technical support, and the development of the industrial chain. Only in this way, China's solar photovoltaic industry can be among the forefront of the world.
Author:Du Juan Unit:Yellow River Hydropower Photovoltaic Industry Technology Co.
References:
[1]Cao Shiya,Li Qionghui,Huang Bibin. Photovoltaic power generation technology and economic analysis and development forecast[J]. China Electric Power, 2012(08).
[2]Feng Bailuo. Technical and economic analysis of photovoltaic power generation in buildings[J]. Shanxi Architecture,2012(20).
[3]Chen Kuang, Wang Liang, Wang Mancang. Comparative technical and economic analysis of photovoltaic power generation units with different capacities[J]. Nonferrous Metallurgy Energy Conservation,2014(03).
[4]Liu Jiang Architecture. Analytical study of rooftop solar photovoltaic power generation project[J]. Energy and Energy Conservation,2014(06).
[5]Gu Wenshi,An Bai. Technical and economic analysis and comprehensive evaluation of landscape zone photovoltaic power generation project[D]. North China Electric Power University (Baoding), 2013.
Technical Economics Related Essay Sample 2: Low-Carbon Economy and Technical Economy Paradigm and Path ThinkingAbstract: Since entering the 21st century, the contradiction between human and nature has intensified in the context of rapid socio-economic development, so finding a way to make the socio-economics and the natural environment live together harmoniously Therefore, to find a way to make the social economy and the natural environment in harmony with the low-carbon economic development mode has become a problem that all countries have attached great importance to, which is also an important factor in prompting the low-carbon economic model to become a different country **** the same development. The article mainly focuses on the technical paradigm of low-carbon economic development and the development of the path of thinking a comprehensive and detailed description, in order to provide reference for China's economic development process.
Keywords: low carbon economy; technological innovation
In the current situation of global warming more and more intense, the low carbon economic development model has become the main economic development mode of each country, as a way to promote the harmonious relationship between man and nature, which is not only the protection of the natural environment, but also the protection of human health. Low-carbon environment brings not only low-pollution production, but also to reduce emissions, to avoid a large number of polluting substances into the water, land, the atmosphere, and further to be absorbed by the human body, resulting in a large number of diseases. Therefore, the development of low-carbon economy should be increased, and the technical and economic paradigm and the development of the path to in-depth thinking.
First, the low-carbon economy and low-carbon technology
Low-carbon economy has become a new mode of economic development in the current society, the core content of the development of the model is mainly in the current market-related mechanisms on the basis of the system of innovation and development, through which to make the development of low-carbon economy model to continuously improve the technical efficiency, reduce resource use, and at the same time, the research of renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The research of renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other corresponding technologies, so that most of the industrial production can move towards a low-emission, low-energy production mode. The low-carbon economic development model with low emissions and low energy efficiency will inevitably be accompanied by the development of new energy-saving technologies, efficiency-enhancing technologies and emission reduction technologies. Only with a large number of new technologies and innovative low-carbon technologies as a guide, can we continue to promote the development of low-carbon economic model.
Second, the current status of China's low-carbon technology development
At this stage, China's enterprises have achieved significant success in low-carbon technology research and development, and some low-carbon products have even reached the advanced level of the middle of the world, the most prominent of which is the new energy industry. For example, as of 2015 China has 82 sets of ultra-supercritical units in network operation, which is also in a leading position in the world. In addition, in the world, China's wind turbine growth is also in a leading position, in 2013, the growth of wind turbines has been higher than 16 million kilowatts; in 2015, the installed capacity of wind power has exceeded 10,000,000 kilowatts, a year-on-year increase of 14,740,000 kilowatts, a growth rate of 25%. In addition to this, China is the country that exports the most PV modules worldwide, with close to 40% of global PV products coming from China. In addition, China is the world's largest producer and consumer of solar water heaters, accounting for 70% of the world's total production, and about 95% of the core technology of solar water heaters is held by Chinese companies; Chinese companies have produced the world's first pure electric sedan that can travel up to 400 kilometers on a single charge and can accommodate up to five passengers; and China is the world's leader in the efficiency of waste heat power generation from cement, and it has begun to export its technology and equipment to foreign countries. By the Chinese academy of sciences energy field strategy research group compiled "China to 2050 energy science and technology development roadmap" pointed out that China's recent low carbon economy and new energy industry the most important areas of development for: clean coal technology, new energy vehicles, smart grid, new energy scale power generation and so on. China has made considerable achievements in the low-carbon field, but the development of low-carbon technology in China is still worrying. This is because our technologies are still dominated by low-end and mid-range.
1. Although wind power technology is the fastest growing new energy industry in China, and it has the production capacity of the whole wind turbine below 1.5MW, the technical difficulties in the production of some core components, such as bearings, converters, control systems, gearboxes, etc., have been slow to be overcome.
2. Renewable energy power generation grid has been a major technical challenge, which is important because of China's low level of smart grid construction, there is no advanced grid control and scheduling technology. 3. In the development of clean coal technology, the overall coal gasification combined cycle power generation technology (IGCC) related projects have just been launched, and the key components can not be domestically produced. In China, the investment in conventional thermal power plants is about 5,000 yuan per kilowatt, while the IGCC demonstration plant up to more than 10,000 yuan per kilowatt, more than one times higher than the conventional thermal power plants.
Third, China's low-carbon economy under the path of technological innovation
China is a country with a large population, the population ranks first in the world, but the pace of economic development does not meet the needs of the population, and the ecological environment is also relatively weak, very vulnerable to the direct impact of climate change. At present, China is still in a period of rapid economic development, facing the reduction of the wealth gap, vigorously develop the economy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other important work at different levels at the same time, which leads to the promotion of low-carbon economic development model has become more difficult. It is also due to our national situation is more special, so we can not copy the foreign low-carbon economic development model, should be drawn from the foreign low-carbon economic development model can be used for our country's essence, from our unique low-carbon economic development road.
1. Give policy and financial support to low-carbon technology research and development. Continuously improve China's low-carbon technology development policy, strengthen the relevant policies and systems, and China's low-carbon economic development model of enterprise, to be a large amount of financial support. ① part of the new energy technology has always been the world's extremely difficult to overcome the problem, and if only rely on independent research and development, is bound to be extremely difficult, therefore, the government must help enterprises on the one hand to strengthen cooperation with international advanced energy technology and exchanges, so as to lay a solid foundation for the rapid development of China's new energy technology. ② The state should be involved in the construction of public **** infrastructure, increase the strength of low-carbon construction, such as smart grids, a large number of low-carbon technologies used in infrastructure, can save resources and funds for the country, reduce emissions. ③The state should support the research of cutting-edge technologies, so that China's low-carbon technology can continue to progress, not only to quickly converge with the international cutting-edge technology, but also to strive to exceed the international average level in the future, such as in the core technology related to wind power generators and so on. ④ Strictly formulate the corresponding low-carbon technology system, as well as strategic planning, to guide the correct development of low-carbon technology, to avoid the phenomenon of blind development, at the same time, the direction of the development of low-carbon technology should be planned by the state; ⑤ The state to establish a corresponding low-carbon economic development support foundation, as a way to help China's enterprises in the development of low-carbon technology.
2. From the point of view of enterprise development, enterprises need to carry out low-carbon technology innovation, otherwise, enterprises will lose market competitiveness under the trend of low-carbon economic development. First of all, the enterprise should change the marketing concept and the traditional profit mode, in the development of short-term goals, but also need to develop long-term goals, the overall direction should be the development of low-carbon technology, through the application of low-carbon technology, in order to make the enterprise to obtain higher profits, and truly realize the development mode and technology balance; Secondly, the enterprise needs to strengthen the exchange of communication with the government, institutions and other enterprises to carry out close cooperation, in order to dispersed during the development of low-carbon technology may not have the same effect, and the enterprise can also be used for the development of low-carbon technology, the development of low-carbon technology. Secondly, enterprises need to strengthen communication with the government, institutions and other enterprises to cooperate closely, so as to diversify the risks that may arise during the research and development of low-carbon technologies. Due to the low carbon technology itself is not mature, there are many low carbon technology is still just stay in the concept stage, enterprise research and development process needs to bear very big manpower, material resources and other pressures, if the enterprise alone obviously the possibility of success is not high, so the enterprise needs to cooperate with the government, scientific research institutions and so on, in order to avoid the risk; Finally, you can introduce the advanced low carbon technology. Nowadays, the development of technology has gradually realized the globalization, China's enterprises can completely through the technology trade to obtain advanced low-carbon technology, and then according to the national conditions of digestion and absorption, at the same time, the state should also do a good job in the protection of patent property rights.
3. For scientific research institutions, they should pay close attention to the various policies and measures introduced by the state, and on this basis, they also need to cooperate with enterprises in order to obtain research and development funds. Research institutions should focus on the following aspects of low-carbon technology research and development: to enhance the utilization of coal resources; nuclear power technology, power transmission and distribution technology, as well as the development and utilization of renewable resources technology. Through the vigorous research and development of these technologies, the real promotion of China's low-carbon technology development, integrated into all walks of life. In addition, scientific research institutions also need to do a very important job, that is, we must research and development of successful low-carbon technology into the market, the real technology into productivity.
Fourth, conclusion
In summary, low-carbon technology has become the mainstream of the development of production technology around the world, which is also the path of production development, therefore, in the current trend of the development of low-carbon economic model, China should speed up the speed of convergence with international standards, expand the coverage of low-carbon production technology in China's production industry, more technology will be applied to production, to promote the development of low-carbon economy on a sustainable development path. Low-carbon economic development on the road to sustainable development.
Author: Hou Xueyan Unit: Weiye Community, Honggang District, Daqing City
References:
[1] Wang Guodong, Yang Zhi. Low Carbon Economy[M]. Petroleum Industry Press,2010.
[2]Huang Dong. Low carbon technology innovation and policy support[J]. China Science and Technology Forum.2010(02).