Social policy is the basic guideline and code of action on social work formulated by governments at all levels, and its function is to solve and prevent social problems, safeguard and improve people's lives, alleviate social conflicts, and promote economic development and social stability through social work. In the first half of the 21st century, China will face the trend of rapid development of population aging, how to improve the pension insurance and medical insurance for the hundreds of millions of elderly people in China in the future, and protect their basic needs, will be of great strategic significance for improving the quality of life of the elderly, promoting social stability and realizing sustainable development. This paper tries to base on the present and face the future, specifically discussing a number of social policies to further improve China's urban old-age insurance and medical insurance for the elderly, for the reference of governmental departments' decision-making.
I. Reform of urban pension insurance and medical insurance and the challenges they face
(1) Major reforms since the mid-1980s
From the mid-1980s onwards, China began a series of major reforms of the pension insurance system and medical insurance system of urban enterprises, and mainly adopted the following reform measures:
1. In terms of the insurance system, the original single pension insurance and medical insurance was changed to a multi-level pension insurance and medical insurance system: basic insurance, enterprise supplemental insurance, and individual savings insurance or commercial insurance.
2. In terms of the coverage of basic insurance, it has been changed from being limited mainly to urban state-owned and collective enterprises and their employees to all urban enterprises (including state-owned, collective, foreign-invested, and private enterprises, etc.) and their employees, as well as to urban self-employed industrial and commercial households and their helpers.
3. In terms of the basic insurance costs, all the original burden of the enterprise has been changed to a part of the individual also have to bear.
4. In terms of the composition of the basic insurance fund, the original combination of the labor insurance fund (deposited in the bank accounts of enterprise trade unions), the labor insurance transfer fund (deposited in the bank accounts of provincial trade unions or the national committees of industrial trade unions), and the general fund of the labor insurance fund (deposited in the bank accounts of the National Federation of Trade Unions) has been changed into a combination of the social coordination and the individual accounts.
These reforms of China's urban pension and medical insurance systems are conducive to relatively reducing the burdens on enterprises and the government, spreading out the risks of individuals and enterprises in the areas of pensions and medical care, slowing down the intergenerational conflicts between retired and active workers, and better safeguarding the needs of urban retired people in terms of their basic livelihood and basic medical care, as well as promoting economic development and social stability.
(II) Challenges faced
At the end of 1999, China's elderly population aged 60 and above had reached 126 million, accounting for more than 10% of the total population, and had entered an aged society. According to United Nations projections, China's elderly population aged 60 and above will increase to 397 million in 2050, accounting for 26.2% of the total population (Note: United Nations Department of Economic Information and Policy Analysis: Revision of World Population Projections (1996).) . In the face of such rapid development of China's aging population in the first half of the 21st century, this challenge will remain very serious, and the economic pressure on enterprises, individuals and the government will also be very heavy.
First, for enterprises, the variety of contributions is overwhelming. According to the state council regulations, enterprises have to pay the basic pension insurance premiums and basic medical insurance premiums for their employees, both of which are equivalent to about 26% of the total wages of the active employees of the enterprise. If you add the enterprise to pay the unemployment insurance premiums, industrial injury insurance premiums, maternity insurance premiums and housing fund, it is estimated that at least need to spend the equivalent of the total wages of the enterprise's in-service workers 1 / 3. Not to mention the burden of the basic medical insurance, the State Council also stipulates that with the development of the economy, the rate of enterprise contributions can also be adjusted accordingly. In some cities, medical expenses in addition to the integrated fund payment, personal account payment or by the individual out-of-pocket, the enterprise also has to bear a considerable part of the burden. For example, according to the current regulations in Shanghai, for the part of the one-time hospitalization medical expenses of retirees below the starting line (RMB 1,500 for first-level hospitals, RMB 2,000 for second-level hospitals, and RMB 2,500 for third-level hospitals), the enterprises where they worked before retiring will bear at least 96% of the expenses; for the part of the medical expenses above the starting line, the enterprises where they worked before retiring will bear at least 11.25% of the expenses; the enterprises where they worked before retiring will bear at least 11.25% of the expenses; and the enterprises where they worked will bear at least 11.25% of the expenses of retirees in the family hospital beds and the part of outpatient medical items (oncology, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and intensive care). In the case of medical expenses for home hospital beds and outpatient programs (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and dialysis treatment for severe uremia), the enterprise where the retiree worked bears 25% of the cost; in the case of general outpatient and emergency medical expenses for retirees, the enterprise where the retiree worked bears 35% to 45% of the cost.
Secondly, for the individual, the contribution is increasing, the burden is heavy. In accordance with the provisions of the State Council, active workers pay basic pension insurance premiums and basic medical insurance premiums, both of which add up to 10% of my salary income. If this is added to the unemployment insurance premiums paid by the individual, it is estimated that the active employee will need to spend at least 11% of his or her wage income. Although retirees do not have to pay basic old-age insurance premiums, basic medical insurance premiums and unemployment insurance premiums, they are also given appropriate care in terms of the amount of money credited to their individual accounts and the proportion of medical expenses borne by them. However, because they are old and sickly, their medical expenses are high, expensive medicines cannot be reimbursed, the medical co-ordination fund stipulates a maximum payment limit, and enterprise supplementary medical insurance and commercial medical insurance have not yet been developed, so that their personal burden of medical expenses is still very heavy.
Thirdly, for the government, it is overstretched to bear the responsibility of subsidizing. In addition to providing all kinds of social security for employees and retirees of state organs and fully-funded institutions in accordance with the relevant regulations, the government finances also have to support the basic pension insurance fund for urban workers in case of difficulties. At present, in most provinces and autonomous regions of the country, the income of the basic pension insurance fund for urban workers is not enough to cover expenditures, and even the individual accounts are operating in a completely "empty account", so the pressure on the central and local finances to ensure that the basic pensions of retired persons are paid out in full and on time has been quite great; when the peak of population aging arrives, this pressure will be even more enormous. . It is predicted that by 2033, the proportion of Chinese urban population aged 60 and above to the total population will reach the highest value of 22.06%, and by then the pension cost will be equivalent to 39.27% of the total salary[1]. If at that time the combined ratio of basic pension insurance premiums paid by urban enterprises and individual workers still accounts for 28% of workers' salary income, and if there is no surplus in the basic pension insurance fund in the past years, the government will have to spend an amount equal to 11.27% of the total salary of the urban workers in order to make up for the deficit of the basic pension insurance fund in the current year [1].
Suggestions for improving China's pension and medical insurance policies
(1) When expanding the coverage of basic pension and medical insurance in cities and towns, foreign resident workers of working age who are employed in cities and towns and who have received business licenses for private or individual businesses should be included in the coverage. The basic medical insurance system for urban workers applies to all urban employers and their workers, including state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, private enterprises, etc. Whether or not township enterprises, their workers, and owners of urban self-employed economic organizations and their employees participate in the basic medical insurance system is decided by the people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government. However, there are no clear provisions on whether the employees of township and village enterprises include contracted and temporary migrant workers, and whether the owners of urban individual economic organizations and their employees include migrant workers. At present, in the reform plans issued by provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, only a few areas have extended the scope of application of basic urban pension insurance and basic medical insurance to include contracted and temporary migrant workers employed by urban enterprises and to migrant workers who have received licenses to engage in private or self-employed commerce and industry in their own towns and cities, while the majority of the areas have not included these persons. We feel that, in accordance with the requirements of establishing and perfecting the socialist market economic system, creating conditions for all kinds of workers to compete on an equal footing for employment and for enterprises to compete on an equal footing for business, and safeguarding the vital interests of the vast number of migrant workers, the basic pension insurance and basic medical insurance systems for urban workers should cover the vast number of migrant contract workers and temporary workers who have permanent residence in their towns and cities (defined as those who have been temporarily residing there for more than half a year) as well as those migrant workers who are permanently living there and engaged in individual economic activities and who have obtained legal business licenses. Moreover, expanding the coverage to this part of the population is also conducive to increasing the number of contributors and expanding the source of the fund. This is because even though, according to the provisions of the State Council, when an employee moves, the entire amount stored in the individual account for basic pension insurance can be transferred with him, when these rural contract workers and temporary workers leave the town, most of the basic pension insurance premiums paid by the employing unit for them that have not been transferred to the individual account will be deposited and continue to be used for social coordination; when the foreign rural population who are private entrepreneurs and owners of self-employed organizations leave the town, the considerable amount of money they have paid individually will be transferred to the basic pension insurance fund, which will be used for social coordination. When foreign rural residents who are owners of private enterprises and self-employed economic organizations leave their towns and cities, a considerable portion of the basic old-age insurance premiums paid by them that have not been allocated to individual accounts will also be deposited and continue to be used for social coordination. By the same token, extending the coverage of basic medical insurance to this group of people will also help to increase the number of contributors and expand the sources of the fund, relatively enhancing the ability of the medical insurance fund to pay for the medical expenses of the elderly population of urban household registration.
(2) Local finances at all levels should not begin to subsidize the urban basic pension insurance fund only when the accumulated reserves of the fund are in deficit
With regard to the urban basic pension insurance, the reform plan promises to provide support from the same level of finances in the event of difficulties in the fund. However, there is no clear definition of what constitutes financial support when the fund is in difficulty. In our opinion, we cannot wait until the accumulated basic pension insurance premiums paid by units and individuals in a certain coordinated area and its value-added amount are used to pay for the deficit in the basic pension for that year, that is, the average empty rate of the accumulated reserves of the basic pension insurance fund (i.e., the accumulated reserves that should be credited to all the individual accounts in a region minus the accumulated reserves that are actually in existence, and then divided by the accumulated reserves that should be credited to the fund) has risen to a certain percentage. When the rate rises to a certain percentage, it will start to inject special allocations from local finances. In Shanghai, for example, if other financing channels are not broadened, from 1999 onwards, there will be a deficit of the basic pension premiums paid by the units and individuals in the current year to cover the basic pension for the current year, and the deficit will become more and more serious after the balance of income and expenditure in the current year. However, because of the large amount of basic pension insurance funds accumulated between 1993, when the new urban pension insurance reform program was implemented, and 1997, it is expected that it will take a few more years before there is a deficit in the accumulated reserves of the fund. If the Shanghai Municipality does not consider injecting a certain amount of local financial support during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the local financial burden during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period will be greatly aggravated, seriously affecting the sustainable development of the economy. At the same time, in the use of the basic pension insurance fund, the State Council did not like the basic medical insurance fund as clearly stipulated that "to delineate the scope of their respective payments, separate accounting, shall not be squeezed each other", but mixed together. When the funds of the social coordination section are insufficient to pay basic pensions, they are first made up from the reserves of the individual accounts. It is therefore possible to examine the extent to which a region's basic pension fund is experiencing difficulties in terms of the average rate of shortfalls in the accumulated creditable reserves of individual accounts. According to the actual situation of China at the present stage, we suggest that when the average rate of empty accounts of the accumulated creditable reserves of individual accounts in the social coordinating area of a certain urban basic pension insurance fund is higher than 50%, the "yellow card" should be shown as a warning; when the average rate of empty accounts of the accumulated creditable reserves of individual accounts reaches 70%, the local finance of the same level should start to support it so that the basic pension insurance fund can make up the difference between the accumulated creditable reserves of individual accounts and the accumulated reserves of the basic pension insurance fund. Finance should begin to support, so that at least not higher than 70%.
(3) Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government should seize the opportunity of the drastic reduction of the urban household working-age population in the next century to comprehensively postpone the age of receiving basic pensions
In the 1950s, China had set the age of urban workers to retire and receive pensions at 60 for men, 55 for women and 50 for women workers. In the reform of the urban pension insurance system in the 1990s, although the average life expectancy of the urban population has increased a lot compared with that of the 1950s, and from the point of view of the health condition of the workers, it is perfectly possible to fully postpone the retirement age, but taking into account that at this stage the problem of unemployment and layoffs of workers in urban areas is quite serious, the State Council and all over the country did not make any new regulations on the age of urban workers retiring and receiving the basic pension in their reform programs. In our view, despite the fact that in the first half of the 21st century, the age at which urban workers can retire and receive basic pensions has not been newly set. In our opinion, although the number of working-age people in China between the ages of 15 and 59 in the first half of the 21st century will still be much larger than it is now, according to the United Nations' projections, it will be 831 million in 2000, 927 million in 2010, 934 million in 2020, 888 million in 2030, 865 million in 2040, and 836 million in 2050 (Note: The United Nations' Department of Economic Information and Policy Analysis: World Population Projections). Policy Analysis Department of the United Nations: World Population Projections (1996 Revision)). However, according to the projections made by the Population Research Institutes of Fudan University, East China Normal University, and Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, the number of household residents aged 16 to 59 for males and 54 for females in Shanghai will decrease by 1.31 to 1.6 million from 2010 to 2020, while the number of household residents aged 60 for males and 55 for females and above will increase by 1.2 to 1.5 million over the same period [2]; scholars in Beijing have made projections of the number of household residents in Beijing between 1996 and 2025 to be 1.3 million. The development trend of Beijing's resident population from 1996 to 2025 also shows that the number of people aged 15 to 59 in Beijing will decrease by 940,000 between 2010 and 2020, and the number of elderly people aged 60 and above will increase by 1.21 million during the same period (Note: Liu Baocheng, ed., Strategic Concepts to Meet the Challenges of Population Aging.) The number of elderly people aged 60 and above will increase by 1.21 million during the same period (Note: Liu Baocheng, ed. For this reason, we feel that there is an opportunity for megacities such as Shanghai and Beijing to fully postpone the retirement age of urban workers from 2010. If the retirement age of urban workers is gradually postponed over a period of five years from that time onwards, postponing the retirement age of male workers to 65 and female workers to 60, then these cities will be able to postpone the peak of urban workers' retirement, lengthen the number of years for which the active workers and their organizations have to pay basic old-age pension insurance premiums, and shorten the number of years for which the retirees receive basic pensions, without excessively adding to the pressure on the then-existing urban household and unemployed labor force and the unemployed. retirees to receive basic pensions for a longer period of time, thus greatly reducing the deficits of these municipal basic pension insurance funds after their revenues and expenditures have exceeded each other. Of course, in the first half of the 21st century, the changes in the age structure of the urban population in each provincial-level basic pension insurance fund social coordination area will not be exactly the same, and it will be necessary to capture the optimal time to comprehensively postpone the urban retirement age in each area according to local conditions. By that time, there will still be a considerable number of migrant workers in China's cities and towns, and the key is to properly handle the relationship between moderately absorbing the inflow of labor from abroad and postponing the retirement age of urban household workers. Don't simply follow the routine of letting the inflow of foreign labor make up for the gap between supply and demand for urban labor.
(4) Change the rule that the basic medical insurance fund can only pay for medical expenses, and set aside a small portion for preventing diseases
According to the State Council document, the basic medical insurance fund for urban workers can only pay for medical expenses above the starting standard and below the maximum payment limit of the employees of contributing units, and it can't be used for preventive expenditures, including health checkups. We feel that the disease spectrum of the elderly population at this stage and in the first half of the 21st century has changed considerably compared with that of the 1950s and 1960s of this century, as evidenced by the high rate of chronic non-communicable diseases and the predominance of hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic bronchitis, arthritis and so on. Many of these chronic diseases are related to smoking, alcoholism, high salt and sugar content, irrational nutrition and lifestyle. Therefore, in order to effectively promote healthy aging, enable "early detection, early prevention and early treatment" of the hidden dangers of common and frequent diseases in old age, enhance the awareness of self-care, improve the level of health, and save medical resources, including the basic medical insurance fund for urban workers, it is suggested that, in addition to strengthening lifelong health education and lifelong health care, the following measures should be taken. In addition to strengthening lifelong health education and lifelong health care, it is recommended that urban workers undergo an annual health checkup from the age of 45 until their death (including those who have retired), with the main checkup being for items more closely related to the morbidity rate in old age. Funding is proposed to be raised by allocating a small amount from local finances at all levels, paying a small amount from the medical insurance fund, and contributing a small amount from units and individuals. Conditional units can also raise their own funds, in addition to the above basic inspection items and then add a number of inspection items, such as electrocardiograms, B & amp;nbs p; ultrasound. Although this will increase part of the expenditure of the basic medical insurance fund for urban workers, but in the long run can reduce the incidence of chronic diseases or reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, greatly saving the basic medical insurance fund for urban workers for medical expenses. At the same time, it is also conducive to greatly improve the quality of life of urban workers, especially retirees, and reduce the burden of medical expenses and the pressure of relatives to take care of individuals and their families.
(E) change the provision that a considerable part of the basic medical insurance expenses of the retirees is borne by their units before their retirement, and set up as soon as possible a unit-subsidized medical expense transfer fund
Now, in order to alleviate the burden of individual medical expenses of the urban in-service workers and the retirees in some cities, it is stipulated in the reform plan of the basic medical insurance of the urban workers that, except for the payment of medical expenses by the medical co-ordination fund Medical expenses, the unit to bear most of the burden, the individual to bear a small portion of the burden. This kind of provision for retirees undoubtedly refers to the unit they were in before retirement, which increases the burden of medical expenses on enterprises with a large number of retirees, even more than the number of active employees (mainly old state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises and street collective enterprises), and also makes the existing urban units reluctant to recruit older laid-off workers and unemployed people for fear of overburdening them with medical expenses, which is not conducive to a proper solution for this part of the workforce. This is not conducive to a proper solution to the problem of re-employment for this group of people. We think that if we want to continue to implement the basic medical insurance in urban areas, if the unit should bear part of the medical expenses of the active workers and retirees in addition to the basic medical insurance premiums, we suggest that we set up a unit-subsidized medical expense transfer fund within the co-ordinated area of the basic medical insurance fund, so that each unit should pay a certain proportion of the total wages of the workers of the previous year (e.g., 0.5%-1.0%) to subsidize the medical expense transfer fund, so as to facilitate the transfer of medical expenses to the basic medical insurance fund. Cost transfer fund, in order to help spread the subsidized medical insurance risk borne by the unit, to change the situation of each unit in the subsidized medical insurance costs, the subsidies for the medical costs of active employees and retirees from each unit or the unit before retirement "total package" to a reasonable share by all units.
(F) In the urban basic medical insurance implementation of individual accounts and the use of the integrated fund "cap" at the same time, should actively support and encourage the development of supplementary insurance
According to the provisions of the State Council documents, the medical insurance fund should determine the starting standard and the maximum limit of payment, the starting standard of the following medical expenses According to Eastern cultural traditions, many elderly people in China would like to leave some inheritance to their offspring when they leave the earth, rather than letting their offspring carry the debt for them. Therefore, they tend to save money before and after retirement to pay for medical expenses and nursing care in case they suffer from difficult illnesses or become bedridden for a long period of time in their old age. In view of the high rate of illness among people over 60 years of age and the high cost of medical expenses, especially medicines and examinations, commercial medical insurance organizations are often reluctant to take on supplementary medical insurance for people over 60 years of age or charge high insurance fees for people over 60 years of age, and the biggest worry of many retired workers and retired people close to retirement in China's cities and towns is that they will fall seriously ill when their medical expenses exceed the amount stipulated by the medical insurance fund, The biggest worry of many retired workers and retirees in China's cities and towns is what to do when they are seriously ill and their medical expenses exceed the maximum payment limit set by the medical insurance fund. Although some cities have already implemented or will implement the reasonable sharing of medical expenses under the basic medical insurance program, which is based on "the old method for the old, the middle-aged method for the middle-aged, and the new method for the new people", it seems that it is impossible not to "cap" the payment limit of the medical insurance fund, and that at most, the "old people" will be given the maximum payment limit for the "old people". At most, the "ceiling" for the "elderly" should be raised appropriately. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need to urgently study practical ways of spreading the risk of exceeding the payment limit of the basic medical insurance co-ordination fund. The Shanghai Mutual Aid Association for Employee Protection is a legal person in charge of the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions and approved by the Municipal Civil Affairs Bureau. From its inception in December 1994 to April 1999, the Mutual Aid Association's grass-roots membership has involved more than 11,000 trade union organizations under 106 districts, counties and bureaus (industries) in the city, with 1,984,000 individual members, accounting for 44 per cent of the total number of workers in the city; the members have paid 1 billion yuan into the Mutual Aid Supplementary Security Fund, and with the addition of the value-added of the fund in the past four years, the total assets have amounted to 1.14 billion yuan. The total assets have amounted to 1.14 billion yuan. Since July 1998, the Mutual Aid Association, with the support of the Municipal Government's Medical Insurance Bureau, has launched the "Group Mutual Aid Medical Insurance Plan for Special Serious Diseases", under which individual members only have to pay RMB 20 yuan per year for three years in a row (or a lump sum of RMB 60 yuan), and the members will be entitled to a special medical insurance plan when they suffer from uremia, malignant neoplasm, heavy hepatitis, heart valves or coronary artery bypass surgery. coronary artery vascular bypass surgery, they can get 8,000 to 10,000 yuan of mutual medical insurance benefits. This kind of mutual aid society is characterized by collective participation by grass-roots trade unions, low individual contributions, and a relatively large amount of mutual medical insurance benefits, which makes it possible to spread the risk of compensation for special and serious illnesses to all the active employees and retirees who are members of the society, and embodies the spirit of intergenerational mutual assistance, which is therefore welcomed by the public at large. In our opinion, as long as the application procedures are legal and the management of the fund is strengthened, this kind of mutual aid society is worth promoting in other cities. At the same time, we suggest that the government should also give tax breaks to units and individuals participating in commercial supplementary medical insurance, and give tax breaks to commercial insurance companies running this business, so as to encourage more urban residents, especially retirees, to participate in commercial supplementary medical insurance.
(7) The starting point for personal income tax should be moved down appropriately, and tax breaks and exemptions should be given to individuals participating in supplemental pension insurance and supplemental medical insurance
According to the current starting point for personal income tax set by China, most of the people whose personal incomes are above the standard of the minimum living standard of the urban residents do not need to pay personal income tax. This makes it difficult to encourage active urban workers to actively participate in supplemental pension insurance and supplemental medical insurance, and retired re-employed people to actively participate in supplemental medical insurance by means of reducing or eliminating personal income tax. Therefore, we believe that the starting point for individual income tax should be moved down to the portion of income that exceeds the minimum living standard for urban residents, and the rate of individual income tax paid by those whose income is in the middle of the old and new starting points should be appropriately lowered. At the same time, the rate of individual income tax exemption and the maximum annual insured limit of tax exemption are stipulated for those who take out various kinds of supplemental pension insurance and supplemental medical insurance.
(VIII) Establishing as soon as possible a more civilized social insurance fund supervisory organization to enhance the safety and sustainability of the operation of the basic pension insurance and basic medical insurance funds
In the documents of the State Council, it has been stipulated that the management and supervisory mechanisms of the urban basic pension insurance fund and the basic medical insurance fund should be perfected, and in the decision on the establishment of the urban workers' basic medical insurance system, it is even more explicitly stated that the co-ordinating areas should have a better management and supervisory mechanism. In the decision on the establishment of a basic medical insurance system for urban workers, it is even more clearly stated that a medical insurance fund supervisory organization should be set up in the co-ordinated area with the participation of representatives of the relevant government departments, representatives of the employers, representatives of the medical institutions, representatives of the trade unions and relevant experts, so as to strengthen the social supervision of the basic medical insurance fund. In the previous period, China's labour and social security departments, finance departments and auditing departments at all levels had gradually strengthened the management of basic urban pension insurance funds and basic medical insurance funds, but many places had yet to set up social supervision organizations. This is not only not conducive to ensuring the safe operation and effective value-added of urban basic pension insurance and basic medical insurance funds, but especially not conducive to counteracting decisions made by party and government officials at higher levels or at the same level regarding the irrational operation of these funds. For example, the reform programs of various places have clear provisions for the age of normal retirement and the receipt of basic pensions, but the leaders of some places, purely from the point of view of slowing down the problem of unemployment in cities and towns, have allowed many workers to retire early, and have not accordingly stipulated the proportion of basic pensions that need to be reduced for early retirement, with the result that these early retirees and their organizations have paid fewer years of basic pension insurance premiums, and have received a few years of basic pensions, aggravating the situation of the local basic pension fund. As a result, these early retirees and their organizations have paid fewer years of basic pension insurance contributions, while individuals have received a few more years of basic pension, which has aggravated the difficulties in the normal operation of local basic pension insurance funds. Another example is that the relevant central authorities have clearly stipulated the normal adjustment mechanism for urban basic pensions, whereby the average basic pension is adjusted in April of each year by 40-60% of the growth rate of the average salary of local employees in the previous year, and the normal operation of the local basic pension insurance funds will also be affected if excessive basic pensions are not paid out in accordance with this regulation. Therefore, we suggest that a more civilized social supervisory body of the urban social insurance fund, including basic pension insurance and basic medical insurance, should be established as soon as possible in each co-ordinated area, so that more representatives of the insured units, representatives of trade unions and relevant experts can take part in it, so that the operation of the urban social insurance fund can be more scientific, standardized and effective.
References
[1] Li Tieying. Establishment of Social Security System with Chinese Characteristics [A]. The Complete Book of Chinese Social Security [M]. Beijing: China Planning Press, 1998.9.
[2]Gui Shixun. Sustainable operation of the basic pension insurance fund for urban workers in Shanghai [J]. Shanghai Comprehensive Economy, 1998, (11): 30-31.
I work in a private partnership, the unit to pay for our pension insurance and medical insurance, of course, part of their own, but our paychecks have a column of 142.62 yuan of the cost of pensions and medical insurance. Ask a friend, also called the social security office asked that the unit to pay pension insurance only 70 yuan, the other are paid by the unit, so we pay more than 70 yuan is the cost of medical insurance to the KeCheng social security bureau's website to find out indeed: the basic pension insurance contribution rate of private partnership 21% individuals 8% basic medical insurance contribution rate of private partnership 5% individuals 0. That medical insurance is the unit to pay now all become our employees to pay, so we can report it?