2. Diversity of organisms: 1. diversity of species; 2. diversity of living environments; 3. diversity of 00 ways of movement.
3, fish can live in the water, two characteristics are crucial: (1) can rely on swimming old to get food and defense against enemies; (2) can breathe in the water.
4. Fish can overcome resistance in the water structure: streamlined (pike-shaped) body; body surface secretion of mucus.
5. When a fish swims, it relies on its trunk and tail to swing from side to side to generate forward momentum; it relies on its dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal fins to maintain balance; and it relies on its caudal fin to keep its forward direction.
6, in difficult to directly take the object of study to do experiments, sometimes with a model to do experiments, that is, imitation of the object of the experiment to make a model, or imitation of some of the conditions of the experiment to carry out experiments, such experiments are called simulation experiments.
7, a variety of fins in the movement to play an auxiliary role in the coordination.
8. Gills are the respiratory organs of fish.
9. Gills are rich in capillaries and hence they are bright red in color.
10. The gill filaments are numerous and thin in order to enlarge the area in contact with water, which is conducive to adequate gas exchange. Gills are not easy to absorb oxygen in the air, after the fish leave the water, the gill filaments cover each other, reducing the area of contact with the air, can not get enough oxygen from the air, and therefore die of oxygen deprivation.
11, the gills of fish vital to breathing in the water features: gill filaments bright red, containing rich capillaries; gill filaments and more and thin.
12. Water flows in through the mouth of the fish and out through the back edge of the gill cover.
13. The water flowing out of the gills of the fish has less oxygen and more carbon dioxide.
14. Gas exchange O2 in the water - in the capillaries of the gill filaments
Co2 in the gill filaments - in the water
15. The main features of a fish are: the body surface is often scaly, it breathes through the gills, and it swims through the oscillation of the tail and the coordination of the fins.
16, have a mouth without anus, food from the mouth into the digestive cavity, digested food residue is still by the mouth out of the body, these animals are called coelenterates.
17. Animals that rely on shells to protect their soft bodies are called mollusks.
18. Animals with hard nails on their body surface are called crustaceans. Crustaceans breathe through gills.
19. Coelenterates, molluscs and crustaceans are invertebrates.
20, a variety of organisms in the water are an important part of the aquatic ecosystem, through the food chain and food network, forming a close and complex links between them, and at the same time are affected by the aquatic environment, changes in their species and the number of growth and development of the human life will be affected.
21. Compared with the aquatic environment, the terrestrial environment is much more complex. (1) it is drier; (2) there is a big temperature difference between day and night; (3) it lacks buoyancy in water; (4) there is gaseous oxygen; (5) the terrestrial environment is complex and variable.
22, land-living animals adapt to the environment: 1, generally have structures to prevent water loss; 2, not subject to the buoyancy of water, generally have organs to support the body and movement for crawling, walking, jumping, running, climbing and other modes of locomotion in order to forage for food and to avoid the enemy; 2, generally have a variety of respiratory organs capable of breathing in the air and are located inside the body, such as the trachea and lungs; 4. generally have well-developed sensory organs and nervous system, able to respond to the changing environment in time.
23. annelids are not mollusks; annelids are invertebrates.
24. An animal whose body consists of a number of annular segments that resemble each other is called an annelid.
25. Earthworms live in humus-rich, moist soil because they are cold-blooded and the temperature does not vary much for them to live.
26. Body segmentation allows the earthworm's body to move flexibly.
27, earthworms rely on muscle contraction and diastole, bristles support and fixed movement.
28, earthworms do not have a specialized respiratory system, earthworms rely on respiration can secrete mucus, always keep wet body wall to complete. Earthworm body wall is densely covered with capillaries, the oxygen in the air first dissolved in the mucus on the surface of the body, and then seeped into the body wall, and then into the capillaries of the body wall. The carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged from the body surface through the capillaries of the body wall.
29, earthworms can not maintain a constant body temperature, can only live in the soil depths where the temperature does not vary too much.
30. Thermostats are taller and better adapted to their environment than non-thermostats, which facilitates normal metabolism.
31, the constant temperature of the rabbit, not only rely on the body surface of the hair, but also need to develop the nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system *** with the coordination.
32. The rabbit's hind limbs are longer, the forelimbs are shorter, and the hind limbs are muscular and suitable for jumping.
33. Incisors - cut off food Canines - tear food Molars - grind food
34. The structure and parts of the rabbit's heart and lungs are similar to those of the human body. The similarity of the structure and location of the heart and lungs of the rabbit to those of the human body suggests that humans and rabbits are closely categorized as mammals.
35. Diet Phytophagous (e.g., rabbits)
Carnivorous (e.g., wolves)
Omnivorous (e.g., humans)
36. The cecum, which is mainly used for digesting fibers, is well developed in herbivorous animals.
37. The teeth of the rabbit are differentiated into incisors and molars, which are suitable for cutting plant fibers and molars for grinding food. Rabbits have a well-developed cecum on the digestive tract, these are adapted to their plant-eating habits.
38. Rabbits have a well-developed brain and nerves throughout the body, and well-developed limbs, enabling them to sensitively perceive changes in the external environment and quickly respond accordingly.
39, mammals are the highest animals, is a vertebrate, there are many kinds of species, there are about 4000 kinds of the earth, in addition to very few species, have the body surface hairy, foetal, breastfeeding, etc. (other features: four chambers of the heart, breathing with the lungs, a constant body temperature, is a thermostat, teeth have incisors, canines, molars, the differentiation)
40, the world's birds there are There are more than 9000 kinds of birds in the world.
41. The shape of the bird is streamlined to reduce the resistance of the air during flight.
42, the bird's feathers are divided into positive feathers and down feathers (have a warming effect), positive feathers have a feather shaft, the wings are fan-shaped, can increase the area of contact with the air, easy to fan the air and fly.
43. The pectoral muscles of the bird are well developed and attached to the keel, which facilitates flight by fanning the air.
44. The bird's skeleton is hollow, light and strong, with a prominent sternum and keel protrusion, which facilitates the attachment of well-developed pectoral muscles to the sternum (keel protrusion), reduces weight and facilitates flight.
45, birds digestive characteristics: 1, large amount of food, digestive capacity, to meet the flight of energy digestion; 2, feces are not stored, reduce weight, conducive to flight; 3, the rectum is short, frequent defecation.
46. The heart of the bird is well developed and has a strong working capacity, and the blood has a strong ability to transport oxygen, which is favorable for flight.
47. Birds have well-developed air sacs (not respiratory organs) in their bodies, which assist the lungs to breathe and meet the need for oxygen during flight.
48. The whole body of a bird is designed for flight.
49. Thermostats Mammals
Birds
50. Birds have a feather-covered body, forelimbs that turn into wings for the ability to fly quickly, air sacs in the body to assist the lungs in respiration, and a high and constant body temperature.
51, insects are the most diverse class of animals, known species more than 1 million species (accounting for 4/5 of animal species), insects have three pairs of feet, can crawl; some insects foot specialization into jumping feet, can jump; most insects have wings, can fly. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.
52, insect wings and bird wing structure is different, but in terms of suitable for flight have these **** the same point: are conducive to the flight of the fan structure, the operation of these structures are caused by the contraction and diastole of the muscles, can be in the air to produce upward lift and forward momentum, relative to the body, are light, the characteristics of the area is large, and is conducive to the fanning of the air and flight.
53, wing on the insect life and distribution of the important significance: conducive to feeding, to escape from the enemy, to expand the range of activities and distribution, is conducive to the search for a mate, looking for a suitable place to lay eggs.
54, the external characteristics of insects: the insect body is divided into head, thorax, abdomen three parts, the locomotor organs - wings and feet are born in the thorax. The thorax has well-developed muscles attached to the exoskeleton, which is a tough shell covering the surface of the insect's body (moulting occurs) and serves to protect and support the soft internal organs and prevent evaporation of water from the body.
55, insects in the classification of arthropods, arthropods in addition to insects, there are spiders, centipedes, shrimp, crabs, etc., their *** with the same characteristics are: the body consists of a lot of body segments; the body surface has an exoskeleton; foot and antennae divided into sections.
56, juveniles live in the water, breathing with gills, after metamorphosis, and thereafter amphibious life, breathing with lungs, while using the skin to assist respiration, such animals are called amphibians.
57, animal behavior depends on certain body structure.
58. The locomotor system of mammals is made up of bones and muscles (bones, skeletal muscles (motor muscles), and connections between bones (such as joints)).
59. The locomotor system is composed of bone, skeletal muscle, and bone connections (such as joints).
60. A human being has 206 bones Skull, sternum, ribs (inactive)
Torso bones (semi-mobile)
Limb bones (mobile) Bone connections (joints) that are mobile
61. A human being has 26 vertebrae (semi-mobile bone connections)
62. Joint structures: joint head, joint capsule, joint cavity (with synovial fluid, which makes the joints are flexible), joint sockets, articular cartilage (cushioning effect).
Joint capsule
Joint head
Cavity
Articular cartilage
Fossa
63. Joints act as fulcrums in movement and are points around which bone rotates.
64. The main joints of the human body: upper limbs shoulder joints lower limbs hip joints
elbow joints knee joints
wrist joints ankle joints
finger joints toe joints
65. All vertebrates have joints.
66. The elbow, hip, knee and ankle joints are easily injured during sports.
67, how to protect the joints in sports: First, do a good preparation exercise before exercise; second, the intensity of exercise should be appropriate; third, wear wrist and knee pads.
68, skeletal muscle (is the organ) in the middle of the thicker part is called the muscle belly, the two ends of the thinner cream-colored part is called tendon.
69. Skeletal muscle has the property of contracting when stimulated.
70, why the skeletal muscle can pull the bone: when the skeletal muscle is stimulated by the nerve transmission contraction, it will pull the bone around the joint activity, so the body will produce movement.
71. The muscles attached to the bone are always moved by two sets of muscles in conjunction with each other.
72, there are more than six hundred skeletal muscles in the human body, and when the arms are naturally lowered, the biceps and triceps are stretched.
73. When the elbow is flexed, the biceps muscle contracts and the triceps muscle expands; when the elbow is extended, the triceps muscle contracts and the biceps muscle expands.
74, of course, movement is not accomplished by the motor system alone, it requires the control and regulation of the nervous system, it requires the supply of energy, so it also requires the cooperation of the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and other systems.
75, a sentence summarizes the role of bones, joints and muscles in movement: skeletal muscle contraction, pulling the bone around the joints, so the body produces movement.
76, animal behavior is diverse, from the behavior of the way to obtain, animal behavior can be broadly divided into two categories, a class of animals are born, by the genetic material in the animal's body determined by the behavior, known as congenital behavior; the other is in the genetic factors on the basis of the role of the environmental factors, by life experience and learning and obtaining behavior, known as learning behavior.
77. There are many behaviors that are the result of a combination of both innate and learned behaviors, such as the migration of birds.
78, innate behavior is the most basic conditions for the survival of animals, learning behavior so that animals are more adaptable to the changing environment, better survival.
79, the higher the animal, the stronger the learning ability, the more able to adapt to the complex environment. Similarly, the more complex the environment, the more behaviors to learn.
80, innate behavior has great limitations, if a creature only innate behavior without learning behavior, will be eliminated by nature.
81, for a person, the training of skills and the learning of knowledge is compatible with the developmental stage of the brain, once you miss the critical period of learning is difficult to make up.
82, the characteristics of social behavior: 1, often form a certain organization within the group; 2, there is a clear division of labor between members; 3, some groups also form a hierarchy.
83. Hierarchies are formed in groups according to individual size, strength, health and ferocity.
84. The "leader" has priority for food and mates, and for nesting sites, and the other members of the colony make submissive gestures to it, do not dare to fight back against its attacks, and are also responsible for directing the actions of the whole colony.
85. The movements, sounds and smells of animals can all play a role in transmitting information.
86, the significance of social behavior to the survival of animals: rely on the strength of the group is often easier to obtain food and victory over natural enemies, can effectively ensure the reproduction of the species, so that the group better adapted to the environment, to maintain the life of the individual and the race.
87. In nature, the exchange of information among living things is universal (man has a human language and beasts have an animal language). It is because of the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow, so that the connection between living things is intricate, "pulling one hair and affecting the whole body", living things and the environment to become a unified whole.
88. There is an interdependence and mutual constraint between various organisms in the food chain and food web. In the ecosystem of the number of various organisms and the proportion of always maintained in a relatively stable state, this phenomenon is called ecological balance.
89, the role of animals in nature: 1, animals play an important role in maintaining ecological balance; 2, animals can promote the ecosystem of the material cycle; 3, to help plants pollinate, spread seeds; 4, biological control.
90, biological control is the use of organisms to control pests and diseases. In addition to insect control, there are bird control, fungus control and so on.
91, the role of animals in people's lives: rich in nutrients for people to eat; play a role in medicine and health care; in the ornamental, entertainment, literature and art have a certain image; people in life used to compare some images or some features; animals spread to humans some diseases (harm).
92, in the ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state.
93. Scientists are now studying the use of organisms (such as animals) as "production plants" to produce certain substances needed by human beings, which are called bioreactors.
94. The benefits of bioreactors: they save money on building plants and buying equipment, and they reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.
95, scientists through careful observation and study of living things, imitating certain structures and functions of living things to invent and create a variety of instruments and equipment, this is bionic.
96. A bacterium or fungus that multiplies and forms an aggregate visible to the naked eye is called a colony.
97. Bacterial colonies are relatively small, the surface or smooth and sticky, or rough and dry fungal colonies are generally several to dozens of times larger than bacterial colonies. Molds form colonies that are often fluffy, flocculent or cobwebby, and can sometimes take on different colors such as red, brown, green and black.
98. Bacteria and fungi, and their different species, can be roughly distinguished from each other by the form, size and color of the colonies.
99. Colonies are often used as an important basis for strain identification.
100. Cultivation of bacteria or fungi in general: ① preparation of nutrient-containing nutrient base. ② medium for autoclaving and cooling. (3) a small amount of bacteria or fungi on the medium (this process is called inoculation). ④The petri dish is placed in an incubator that maintains a constant temperature (it can also be placed in a warm place indoors) for cultivation.
101.Bacteria and fungi are widely distributed organisms in the biosphere.
102.Bacteria and fungi also need certain conditions to survive. For example, they need moisture, suitable temperature, a certain space to live, and organic matter.
103. bacteria and fungi cannot be found in an environment that has been subjected to rigorous high temperature mold.
104.Lactobacilli can break down organic matter into lactic acid only under anaerobic conditions.
105.All bacteria are single-celled organisms.
106.Some bacteria are connected to each other in clusters or long chains, but each also lives independently.
107.Schematic diagram of cell structure:
108.Nutrition is divided into autotrophic and heterotrophic.Both bacteria and fungi are heterotrophic.Heterotrophic is further divided into saprophytic and parasitic.
109.Some bacteria grow and develop late, the individual shrinks, the cell wall thickens, and spores are formed. Spores are the dormant body of bacteria, have a strong resistance to the adverse environment. Small and light can also be scattered everywhere with the wind, falling in the appropriate environment, and can sprout into bacteria. The rapid reproduction of bacteria and their ability to form spores make them ubiquitous. (Bacteria divide very quickly)
110. Yeast is a unicellular fungus. Molds, edible mushrooms, and macrofungi are multicellular fungi.
111.
112.Fungi have no chloroplasts in any of their cells and undergo sporulation.
113.Yeasts are germinating.
114. Penicillium: spores are greenish and arranged in a broom-like pattern. The mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.
115. Aspergillus: spores are multi-colored and arranged in a radial pattern. The mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.
116.The fungi that cause moldy food are molds.
Bacteria Fungi
Similar
Similar
Points There are no chloroplasts in the cells, which utilize readily available organic matter (heterotrophic).
No
Similar
Points Unicellular, no organized nucleus, divide to reproduce. Both unicellular and multicellular species, cells with true nuclei, mostly sporulating reproduction.
117.Compare and contrast fungi and bacteria:
118.Role of bacteria and fungi in nature:(1) Participate in the cycle of matter; (2) Cause disease in animals and plants (3) Live with animals***.
119.Most bacteria and fungi are decomposers in ecosystems.
120.In the material cycle of nature, bacteria and fungi break down the remains of plants and animals into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts, which have the ability to be absorbed and utilized by plants, which in turn make organic matter. Bacteria and fungi play an important role in the cycling of carbon dioxide and other substances in nature.
121. Some species of bacteria and fungi live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living plants and animals and from the human body, causing different diseases in plants and animals and in people.
122.*** living together, interdependent, mutually beneficial, once separated, both can not live independently, this phenomenon is called *** life. (Once separated, they can live independently, a phenomenon called ****survival)
123.Parasitism (often harmful); ****survival (mutually beneficial).
124. state of yeast fermentation:
organic matter yeast carbon dioxide + water + energy (more) [mostly used to make bread]
organic matter yeast carbon dioxide + alcohol + water + energy (less) [used to make wine]
125. fermentation: anaerobic respiration of microorganisms (also called respiration)
126. food Spoilage is caused mainly by bacteria and fungi that can obtain organic matter from food and grow and multiply in the food, leading to spoilage, so that an important problem in food preservation is preservation. The main principle on which the prevention of food spoilage is based is to kill or inhibit the growth and reproduction of the new army and fungi within the food.
127.Some fungi can produce substances that kill certain disease-causing bacteria, and these substances are called antibiotics (antimicrobials).
128.Scientists can also use modern technology to transfer certain genes from other organisms into some bacteria, and only these bacteria are able to produce medicines (use bacteria as bioreactors).
129.In 1928, British bacteriologist Fleming invented antibiotics.
130.The significance of classification of organisms: to understand the diversity of organisms, to conserve the diversity of organisms, to make the position of each species on the classification of organisms clear at a glance, and also to further clarify the affinities between organisms.
131.Biological classification is mainly based on the degree of similarity of organisms (morphological structure, internal structure, physiological function) to divide organisms into species and genera and other different levels. The basic unit of classification is species.
132.In angiosperms, flowers, fruits and seeds are often used as an important basis for classification.
133.Each kingdom is divided into six smaller classes, which are, from largest to smallest: kingdom, phylum, order, order, family, genus, and species.
134.The more taxonomic units **** there are between two organisms, the closer they are related.
135. order < subphylum < phylum
136. the higher the taxonomic registration, the greater the differences between the shoots of internal affairs, the fewer the ****similar features, and the greater the number of organisms contained.
137.The intrinsic form of biodiversity is the diversity of genes, and the extrinsic form is the diversity of species.
138.China is the richest country in gymnosperms, known as the "home of gymnosperms".
139.Various characteristics of organisms are controlled by genes
140.The destruction of the polyandry of an ecosystem leads to the loss of the diversity of species and the diversity of genes.
141. In natural conditions, on average, a bird goes extinct in 2000 years. On average, a mammal goes extinct in 8,000 years.
142.The causes of threats to biodiversity are (1) changes and destruction of the living environment, (2) predatory exploitation, (3) environmental pollution, and (4) biological invasion.
143.In order to protect biodiversity, the relevant laws are the Environmental Protection Law, the Marine Environmental Protection Law, the Forest Law, the Grassland Law, the Fisheries Law, the Wildlife Conservation Law, and the Soil and Water Conservation Law. (Each law is preceded by "the People's Republic of China")
144.The establishment of nature reserves is divided into: in situ protection and enclosure protection.
145.Forests are home to 50% to 90% of the world's terrestrial organisms.
146.Dove trees are angiosperms. The silver fir is a gymnosperm.