The Union of Soviet Socialist **** and States, or USSR, is a country ( December 30, 1922 - December 26, 1991 ) that no longer exists.
According to the Constitution of the USSR, the USSR was a federal state composed of 15 equal-rights Soviet Socialist **** and States (USSR Union **** and States) united on the principle of voluntary association. The capital is Moscow. The Head of State is the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the President of the USSR. The Head of Government is the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister. The name of the armed forces is the Red Army.
Союз Советскийх
Социалистическийх
Республик
(Flag)
Motto: Workers of the world unite!
Official language Russian
Capital Moscow
Last President Mikhail Gorbachev
Area
-Total area
-Water area ratio First before the dissolution of the country
22 402 200 km 2
xx%
Population
-Total Population
- Population Density Third on the list of disintegration
293 047 571 (July 1991)
13 08/km 2 (July 1991)
Independence Day
p> - public
- recognized October Revolution
1917
1922
Official dissolution 26 December 1991
Currency Rouble
Time zone UTC +3 to +11
An anthem ( 1917-1944) International Anthem
(1944-1991) The Great Union
International domain name abbreviation .SU (still used)
History
See also: History of the USSR
November 7, 1917 After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks gained power in Russia, and then signed the Peace of Brest with Germany. The Peace of Brest was signed with Germany to withdraw from the First World War. In the years that followed, the Red Army, commanded by Leon Trotsky, defeated the White Army and the Allied Powers in a brutal civil war, and on December 30, 1922, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and the Transcaucasian Federation*** joined together to form the Soviet Union. Lenin, the founder of the USSR, died in 1924. Joseph Stalin gained power. He purged all his political opponents by brutal means, pursued a policy of collectivization of agriculture, and at the same time carried out purges of the leaders of the party, the state, and the army by means of purges.
Although Stalin was regarded by the West and some Soviets as a tyrant who slaughtered people of all nationalities, he succeeded in transforming the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet ****production party overhauled the Soviet Union's economy and methods of production, and the Soviet Union's military was many times stronger than before. In 1939, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, which led to the formation of a seemingly incompatible alliance and the secret division of their spheres of influence in Poland, the Baltic States, Finland and Romania. The USSR adopted a pro-German policy, hostile to Britain, France and the other Allies, and endeavored to undermine their war of resistance against Germany. On June 22, 1941, Adolf Hitler launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. With the help of the Allies, the Soviet Red Army and the Allies conquered all of Nazi Germany in 1945 and won World War II. After World War II, Stalin and the other socialist allies established the Warsaw Pact to counterbalance the United States and NATO, and the Cold War began.
1953 Stalin dies. There were several years of political struggle between the top leaders of the Soviet Union. Then Khrushchev came to power. His secret report to the 21st Congress of the Soviet Union in 1956 criticized Stalin and the serious consequences of his cult of personality, and the political struggle in the Soviet Union shifted to a more humane approach. As a result of ideological differences, a series of debates and quarrels between the USSR and the CPC began in 1959, and in 1964 Khrushchev stepped down and Brezhnev gained power. During the Cultural Revolution, Sino-Soviet relations were at a low ebb, with only nominal diplomatic relations and border clashes such as the Jumbo Island Incident and the Terekty Incident. 1968 saw the Soviet Union invade Czechoslovakia, and 1979 saw the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan. Both actions were unanimously condemned by the international community.
During the Brezhnev era, the Soviet Union pursued an expansionist policy, including Vietnam, South Yemen, Cuba, Angola, Ethiopia, and other countries in addition to the Eastern Bloc and Mongolia, or established military bases in these countries. Brezhnev put forward the "limited sovereignty theory", which believed that the sovereignty of socialist countries was limited, and in fact he put forward this theory in order to deprive other socialist countries of their sovereignty and to turn them into vassals of the USSR. 1980 Moscow Olympics was regarded as the showcase of socialism for the USSR to show to the world but it was turned into the most dangerous event ever in the history of the Soviet Union due to the invasion of Afghanistan, which turned into the worst disaster in the world. Afghanistan, it turned out to be the most boycotted Olympics ever.
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev, a reformist figure in the ****production party, took over. He changed many old stereotypes. Gorbachev tried to improve political and economic governance, to introduce reforms and openness in the country, and to clear up historical mistakes. He tried to build "democratic and humane socialism" in the USSR. On the other hand, his reforms had unintended consequences. With the decentralization of the central government, the leaders of the constituent **** and states began to seek greater autonomy. With the deepening of "openness", the historical problems and crimes of the Soviet **** were exposed, which led to the loss of popular support. Especially in 1989, the accumulated political and economic errors of ****productivism broke out, and the ****productivist party and its political goals became increasingly unpopular in the Eastern European countries, where the ****productivist regimes collapsed one after another. The governments of the Soviet Union's franchised **** and countries also followed the example of the Eastern European countries, intending to break away from the Soviet Union and become independent.
On August 19, 1991, conservatives in the Soviet **** staged an unsuccessful coup d'état in an attempt to take back the powers delegated to the franchises **** and states and to end the unsuccessful economic reforms. However, the coup failed after only three days in the face of combined opposition from the people, the army, and most members of the Soviet ****. Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered that the SU*** be declared an illegal organization and that its activities within the Soviet Union be restricted. At the end of 1991, he signed a contract with the presidents of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a Commonwealth-like structure to replace the Soviet Union. The other states of the USSR responded by leaving the USSR, and the USSR ceased to exist in name only on December 25, 1991, when Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation and the transfer of state power to the President of Russia. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist as a sovereign state.
For a detailed history of the dissolution of the USSR, see: Dissolution of the Soviet Union entry
There are now fifteen independent states spread across the territory of the former Soviet Union: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Moldova. Some of these countries formed the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS.
Leaders of the Soviet Union (in chronological order)
Leaders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (USSR)
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin October 6, 1917 - April 3, 1922 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the U.S.S.R.)
Josef Vitalii Vitalii Stalin April 3, 1922 - March 5, 1953 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the USSR)
Josef Vitalii Stalin April 5, 1922 - March 5, 1953 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the U.S.S.R.) April 3, 1922 - March 5, 1953 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev September 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964 (First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev October 14, 1964 - November 10, 1982 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin April 3, 1922 - October 14, 1964 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the S***, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the S*** from October 14, 1964 to April 8, 1966)
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov November 12, 1982 - February 9, 1984 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the S***)
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko February 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the S***)
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev October 14, 1964 - November 10, 1982 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the S***) February 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev March 11, 1985 - December 25, 1991 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Heads of state
Lev Borisovich Kamenev November 9, 1917 - November 21, 1917 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Lev Kamenev November 9, 1917 - November 21, 1917 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko November 21, 1917 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov November 21, 1917 - March 16, 1919 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky March 1919 March 16, 1919 - March 30, 1919 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin December 30, 1919 - July 19, 1938 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the USSR December 30, 1922-January 12, 1938) (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from December 30, 1922 to January 12, 1938)
Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik May 9, 1946 - March 15, 1953 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Kliment Yefromovich Voroshilov March 15, 1953 - May 7, 1960 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Soviet Union from December 30, 1922 to January 12, 1938)
Kliment Voroshilov March 15, 1953 - May 7, 1960 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev May 7, 1960 - July 5, 1964 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan July 5, 1964 - December 9, 1965 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR). Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny 9 December 1965 - 16 June 1977 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev 16 June 1977 - 10 November 1982 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Vasiliy Ivanovich Mikoyan 5 July 1964 - 9 December 1965 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR) p>
Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov November 10, 1982 - June 16, 1983 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov June 16, 1983 - February 9, 1984 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Vasily Vasilievich Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov February 9, 1984 - April 11, 1984 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko April 11, 1984 - March 5, 1985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov March 5, 1985 - July 27, 1985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov March 5, 1985 - July 27, 1985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko July 27, 1985 - August 1, 1988 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev August 1, 1988 - May 25, 1989 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR). Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from May 25, 1989 to March 15, 1990, and President of the USSR from March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991)
Government
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin November 8, 1917 - January 23, 1924 (Chairman of the Meeting of the People's Commissariats)
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov December 19, 1930 - May 6, 1941 (Chairman of the People's Committees)
Josef Vitalionovich Stalin May 6, 1941 - May 6, 1946 (Chairman of the People's Committees)
Josef Vitalionovich Stalin May 6, 1941 - May 6, 1946 (Chairman of the People's Committees)
Vladimir Ilyitch Lenin May 6, 1941 - March 19, 1946 (Chairman of the People's Committees, Chairman of the Council of Ministers from March 19, 1946 to March 5, 1953)
Gregory Maximilianovich Marinkov March 5, 1953 - February 8, 1955 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin February 8, 1955 - March 27, 1958 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev March 27, 1958 - October 15, 1964 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin October 15, 1964 - October 23, 1980 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin October 5, 1953 - March 5, 1955 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bulganin Chairman)
Nikolai Alexandrovich Gikhonov October 23, 1980 - September 27, 1985 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov September 27, 1985 - January 14, 1991 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov January 14, 1991 - August 24, 1991 (Premier of the USSR)
Economy
See also: Economy of the USSR
The economy of the USSR developed on a socialist model. There was a planned economy, with the state monopolizing the means of production. The state controlled and regulated the economy by means of five-year plans. After the First Five-Year Plan from 1928 to 1932, the share of industrial output in the national economy of the USSR rose from 48% to 70%, and the USSR became an advanced industrial country. However, the industrial development of the USSR was uneven. The military industry, heavy industry, chemical industry and aerospace industry were very advanced and the level of these industries was in the leading position in the world, but the light industry, which was related to people's livelihood, was very backward, resulting in a very low standard of living for the people.
The main industrial zones of the USSR were concentrated in Moscow, Leningrad, Donbass and the Urals. Secondary industrial areas included the coast of the Baltic Sea, Western Siberia, and the middle and lower Volga. The industrial sector of the Soviet Union to implement centralized management and state regulation, factory production products, types, specifications and prices are subordinate to the central and join the **** and the State Council of Ministers of the Council of the National Economy to stipulate.
During the Tsarist era, Russia was one of Europe's leading grain exporters. However, due to the devastating destruction of agricultural production in the 1930s as a result of the policies of collectivization of agriculture and elimination of "rich peasants," the Soviet Union was never self-sufficient in food. The Soviet Union completed the collectivization of agriculture at the end of the second five-year plan, and agricultural production was based on collective farms, with mechanized planting and cultivation carried out by tractors, automobiles, and combine harvesters attached to the machinery stations of the collective farms.
The main grain crop in the USSR is wheat, and other important crops include sugar beets, cotton, potatoes, corn, and tobacco. In the Caucasus there are cash crops such as coffee and sugar cane.
Through the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), the Soviet Union practiced colonial-style predatory trade with its Eastern European dependents, importing raw materials at low prices and selling manufactured goods at high prices. This was one of the major reasons that led to resentment against the Soviet Union among the people of Eastern European countries.
Culture
The Soviet Union had a very high rate of education, with ten years of compulsory education throughout the country, and illiteracy was virtually eliminated. Famous universities in the USSR include Moscow University, Leningrad University, Kharkov University, Kiev University, and the Institute of International Relations. In the USSR, literature, art, cinema, and publishing were controlled by the USSR ****production party, which allowed freedom of creativity without touching politics, and under the condition that works were censored. However, so-called "negative" and "decadent" works (the Western equivalent of avant-garde art) were banned.
The center of scientific research in the USSR is the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The writers' organization was the Association of Soviet Writers. The official news agency was TASS. The official newspaper of the USSR was Pravda, and other major newspapers were Kommersant, Pravda of the **** Youth League, Literature, Labor, and Red Star.
Politics
See also: Politics of the USSR
According to Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, the USSR ****producers' party and its 20 million members are the ruling center of the country. Every factory and collective farm was to have a party branch. At the heart of the whole system were the members of the Central Committee of the USSR***production party. After the Stalin era, in order to avoid the concentration of power in the hands of one person, the USSR*** practiced the principle of collective leadership, whereby whoever was able to command a majority of the votes of the Central Committee would hold the leadership of the party and the state.
Members of the party's Politburo belong to the country's privileged class. They enjoy specialized medical care, have access to special stores where they can buy duty-free, low-priced Western imported luxury goods, live in state-provided apartments and villas, have special fleets of cars and special express lanes in the middle of the road, as well as special hunting forests and sanatorium beaches. Their children can easily join the party, further their studies at prestigious universities like the Institute of International Relations, and find the best jobs in places like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and embassies abroad. This class also includes the heads of the army, the KGB, and the leading officials of the member **** and countries. The next class was the heads of factories, bank managers, local leaders, and party secretaries. They controlled the distribution of goods and local privileges. The standard of living of the general population was the lowest in Stalin's time. This was also related to the domestic and foreign situation of the Soviet Union at the time. During Khrushchev's time, the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in a peaceful, race to raise the standard of living of the people, and the lives of the people began to improve. Brezhnev introduced the concepts of "Party for All" and "State for All", and the political struggle in the country no longer involved the common people, and the living standard of the people was improved. The government provided free medical care and free education. Rent is very cheap, only a few rubles per month, which includes the cost of heating, telephone and water. Many people were able to go on vacation to the Black Sea or to recuperate in sanatoriums with government subsidies. This was the Soviet model of the welfare state. There weren't many consumer goods to sell, but prices were also relatively low. But unlike the welfare states of Northern Europe, the Soviet welfare policy did not have a strong economic base as its financial security, thus contributing to the economic difficulties of the post-Brezhnev era. The Soviet Constitution provided guarantees for employment, so people did not feel compelled to go to work. Embezzlement, theft and appropriation of state property for personal use were widespread, bribery was the norm and productivity was low. The second half of the Brezhnev era has been called the "period of stagnation" and "ossification" in the Soviet Union.
The post-Stalin period saw a more civilized approach to intra-party struggle. Losers were no longer shot, but exiled to marginal positions in remote areas. Dissidents were no longer physically eliminated, but punished by exile from the country or confinement in special psychiatric hospitals, depending on their level of influence. Political prisoners among the general population were put in prisons and labor camps like criminal offenders. The KGB, synonymous with the Soviet Union's reign of terror, had more than 700,000 employees and nearly as many informers. The KGB's power permeated the country at every level and in every sector. In fact, the word "KGB" is now synonymous with the secret police's reign of terror.
Military
See also: Soviet military, List of Soviet marshals
See also:
Russia
List of Russian leaders