In order to write this article, I bought two sets of brand-new Ni-MH batteries, namely Panasonic Philharmonic Pubaipi (non-FDK brand goods) and GP Motorized Altman 2000, which were made in Wuxi, and installed on Panasonic dental drill and D50/D 100 tape recorder for several months.
I have to say that the discharge performance of the new Ni-MH battery is much better than that I used when I was a child. So, should I buy more four-wheel drive? )
I must thank the R&D department of Sony Dafa for insisting on the design of AA battery slot replaceable battery. My pile of Sony MD players, CD players and voice recorders have actually changed over time, and their battery life has become longer and longer, while Apple has become industrial waste that cannot be turned on for more than half an hour without plugging in.
160,000 dual-engine HEV models actually do not need lithium batteries. 1 year ago (that is, at the end of last month), the author tested the twin-engine series of FAW Toyota in Inner Mongolia, including Corolla twin-engine, Asian Dragon twin-engine, and RAV4 room-melting twin-engine, which was quite touching for the smooth charge and discharge of Ni-MH battery at -30℃.
In fact, Toyota's Ni-MH battery can work at the lowest temperature of -40℃, while the lithium-ion battery in my SLR only took 100 photos at the temperature of -25℃ and went on strike.
Why does Toyota insist on using old Ni-MH batteries on HEV models?
At this point, we must start with the older battery formula:
17th century: Peter of Leiden University in the Netherlands? Fan? Professor Pieter van Muschen Broek invented the Leiden bottle, which is the first electricity storage device (excluding sweaters in winter).
18th century: Italian physicist Alessandro? Alessandro Volta invented the world's first serious chemical power supply? Volt reactor? .
19th century: Dr. William? Krusek designed the first battery that is easy to mass-produce, and French physicist gaston? Plants? Lead-acid secondary batteries were invented, and batteries and vehicles began to be combined1in the middle of the 9th century (for example, A Rough History of the Development of Electric Vehicles compiled by Micco), Edison invented rechargeable iron-nickel batteries, and Swedish inventor Waldemar? Jungner invented the nickel-cadmium battery,
20th century: 6V lead-acid battery was loaded from 19 18, and was replaced by 12V lead-acid battery after dominating automobile electrical system for more than 30 years; At the end of the century, lithium-ion batteries made a technological breakthrough (Sony 199 1 commercialization).
2 1 century: Lithium-ion batteries have great potential in consumer electronics, new energy vehicles, electric aircraft, diesel-electric submarines, industrial production, smart wear and other fields.
There is no doubt that 2 1 century is the century in which lithium-ion batteries create history, and we can't live without lithium-ion batteries any more. At present, the lithium-ion battery industry mainly has the following solutions:
Performance comparison of mainstream lithium-ion batteries Energy density cost stability Safe cycle life Lithium ternary (positive electrode) is high, medium, medium and lithium ferrous phosphate (positive electrode) is low, medium and high. Lithium cobaltate (anode) is high, medium, low, medium and low lithium manganate (anode) is medium, low, medium, high, medium and low nickel lithium cobaltate (anode) is high, medium, low, medium and low lithium titanate (cathode) is the lowest, highest, medium and high. Since there are so many kinds of lithium-ion batteries and the production cost is decreasing year by year, why don't HEV plug-in hybrid vehicles like to use lithium-ion batteries?
It's very simple: because Ni-MH battery is relatively cheap at present, it has a long cycle life (Ailepu has 2000 cycles available) and is not easy to burn.
More importantly, the Ni-MH battery has no dendrite, and the Toyota160,000 twin-engine family car has never had a battery pack spontaneous combustion accident in the world.
? Water battery? What is it? What made portable civil electronic equipment a reality for the first time? Cell phone? And nickel-cadmium battery (Ni-Cd).
East, west, north and south, get rich in Guangdong. In the late 1980s, a kilo of mobile phones entered the Hong Kong and Guangzhou markets, with a price of more than 20,000 yuan, and only lasted for 30 minutes after charging 10 hour. Nickel-cadmium battery has a strong memory effect, so it needs to be equipped with a discharger to discharge and charge, preferably once a month.
The giant battery in the above picture is a nickel-cadmium battery, which can be recycled 1 100 times (far from actual use).
Ni-Cd battery is the first generation of mobile phone battery, the second generation is the leading Ni-MH battery, and the third generation is the revolutionary Li-ion battery. This road has been going for more than 30 years, and every step is very difficult.
Readers born in the 1980 s should remember a word called? Water battery? I happen to have three? Water battery? The middle one is made by Sony, and the two green ones are domestic unlicensed deputy factory goods. At present, only the latter can be bought on the market.
? Water element? This word is actually Japanese, and the screenshots and original pictures of the commercial advertisements are translated as follows:
The author found the reaction formula of the negative electrode and the positive electrode of the Ni-MH battery, as follows, do you know now? Water element? The origin of this word:
As an upgraded version of Ni-Cd battery, Ni-MH battery has higher energy density, lighter weight, less pollution and longer cycle life.
The research and development of Ni-MH battery began in 1967. Daimler-Benz and Volkswagen participated in the technical research and development at that time (the research and development place was Geneva Research Center in Bater), and it took nearly 20 years to finally develop the Ni-MH battery with an energy density of only about 50Wh/kg. In 1970s, Ni-MH batteries were used in artificial satellites (according to Wikipedia), but the author did not find the specific satellite model.
Ni-MH battery was finally commercialized in 1985, and then various Ni-MH batteries successfully occupied the battery compartment of portable electronic equipment in our hands. Later, the cassette player defeated by the CD player, the CD player defeated by the MD player and the MD player defeated by the MP3 player were all changed to this 1 15? 65? 28mm？ Glue-based water-based battery? , the calibration voltage is 1.2V, and the capacity is about 1400mAh.
Sony commercialized the lithium-ion battery in 199 1, but the cost is so high that it has not reached a reasonable price so far (which is why you think it is particularly expensive to buy an electric car).
Then, let's continue to use Ni-MH battery as the mainstream secondary battery. However, the self-discharge (leakage) of Ni-MH battery in the early stage is particularly severe, so it is not a problem to put it on the four-wheel drive, because I quickly played with it after it was fully charged. But if you put it on electrical equipment with low power consumption and long battery life, such as quartz clock and remote control, it will make people crazy.
So the author used only one battery to power these devices at that time. The most classic formula is the white leather with three fives as shown below. The color scheme of red, white and blue is exactly the same as that of white rabbit toffee. The difference is that the white rabbit is a fetish, and the white skin 555 is a fighter in the garbage.
Later, Enloop Ni-MH battery of Sanyo Electric of Japan solved this self-discharge problem well. The first generation of Enloop, which went on the market in 2006, reduced the self-discharge ratio of 1 year to 20%, the lowest working temperature was-10℃, and the number of cycles was 1 1,000.
In 2009, Panasonic acquired a 50. 19% stake in Sanyo Electric. The self-discharge ratio of the fifth-generation eneloop, 10, which was launched on 20 15, is only 30%, that is to say, the biggest short board of nickel-hydrogen battery has been basically removed, and it is no problem to be used as a power supply for low-power consumption and long-life electrical equipment.
In the battery world, eneloop? Love your wife? It represents the highest level of Ni-MH battery.
Electrochemical performance of Ni-MH battery The English full name of Ni-MH battery is nickel metal hydride. Metal? Refers to intermetallic compounds, which are divided into two categories:
Class AB 5: A = mixture of rare earth element (or) and Titanium (ti); B = nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) and/or aluminum (Al).
Class AB 2: A =? Titanium (Ti) or vanadium (V), B =? Zirconium (Zr) or nickel (Ni), plus chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe) and/or manganese (Mn).
Among them, AB 5 is more common and AB 2 has higher capacity.
Its chemical principle is to reversibly form metal hydride: when charging, hydrogen ions (H+) in potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte will be released and absorbed by the above compounds to avoid the formation of hydrogen (H 2) and prevent the battery structure from being damaged; When discharging, these hydrogen ions return to their original places through the opposite process.
Ni-MH battery, like lithium ion battery, is not a formula but a complete battery formula series, which can be divided into capacity type, power type, low temperature resistance type and low self-discharge type.
Capacitive Ni-MH battery: Sony No.5 Ni-MH battery can reach 1.2V*4600mAh, which can face 14500 lithium ion battery.
Power Ni-MH battery: The specific discharge power can reach 1300W/kg (continuous discharge), which is almost twice that of lithium-ion power battery.
Low temperature resistant Ni-MH battery: Working at the ultra-low temperature of -40℃, there is almost no difference in available capacity and internal resistance. Low temperature is the dead hole of lithium-ion batteries.
Low self-discharge Ni-MH battery: As for the eneloop low self-discharge Ni-MH battery just mentioned, its full name is LSD Ni-MH, low self-discharge nickel metal hydride. Self-discharge rate is the dead hole of Ni-MH battery.
Nickel-hydrogen battery has one advantage, that is, low voltage and simple electronic control, and can perfectly replace ordinary 1.5V dry battery. The voltage of AA (No.5) and AAA (No.7) Ni-MH batteries is 1.2V, which is a key voltage figure.
1.2V？ 5 = 6V
1.2V？ 10 = 12V
This means that Ni-MH batteries can easily replace the secondary batteries of 6V and 12V voltage platforms by series-parallel combination.
Don't say anything too abstruse, just come to a simple and easy-to-understand conclusion. The advantages of Ni-MH battery are:
1, the biggest advantage is high safety, even if the manufacturing process is poor, deformed by external force, short circuit, high current discharge (accompanied by heat) will not spontaneously ignite and then explode like lithium-ion batteries.
2. Mature technology, suitable for mass production and low cost.
3. The pollution of the formula is small, and it has no impact on the environment.
4, good low-temperature performance, seconds kill lithium-ion batteries.
5, long cycle life, 2000-5000 cycles is not a problem, and the Ni-MH battery of HEV models is basically maintenance-free.
6. The memory effect is small.
7. The consistency of batteries is higher than that of lithium-ion batteries.
8. The rated voltage 1.2V is a good number, which can be easily rounded off. (In addition, the minimum discharge voltage is 0.9V, and it will be known when it is fully charged1.4V.. )
The disadvantages of Ni-MH battery are:
1, the energy density is too low, and the energy density of cells is only 60- 120Wh/kg, which is even worse after grouping.
2. The charging efficiency is very low, only about 66%, that is, 34% of the electricity is not charged, while the charging efficiency of lithium-ion batteries can reach 95%.
3. The self-discharge speed is too high. Sanyo used a new anode and cathode separator, a new anode additive, a new super-crystalline alloy and a thinner and stronger shell, and completed the self-salvation of self-discharge.
4. The discharge rate is not strong enough. Although it reaches 15C, the lithium-ion battery can reach 45C. So, if you give Volkswagen ID the sprint to explode the nickel-hydrogen battery used in the electric chariot. R, you'll be on the street.
5. The fast charging performance is poor, and 1C is already the fast charging speed of nickel-hydrogen
6. The charging and discharging efficiency is obviously reduced at high temperature.
Why can't Ni-MH battery become the mainstream of automobile power battery? There are two schools of Ni-MH batteries for automobiles, one is GM in the United States, and the other is Panasonic in Japan &; Toyota.
Let me talk about GM first. GM and Ni-MH batteries still have stories to tell. At first, Stan ford R. Ovshinsky made a kind of Ni-MH battery for mass production and applied for a patent. 1982 established the Ovonic battery company, and GM purchased the patent of Ovonic in 1994, and then used it in the later version of EV 1, which is the one shown below.
General EV 1 (pure electric): a famous waste of pure electric industry in the industry, a real pioneer of electric drive. The lead-acid battery of 16.5- 18.7kWh was used in the previous version, and the nickel-chromium battery of 26.4kWh was used in the latter version, with a battery life of 228km. In this year of 1999, it can be regarded as an awesome role.
However, GM soon found itself completely screwed up, and those cars were finally bought by GM itself and destroyed centrally.
June 5438 +2000 10, GM sold the patent to Texaco Oil Company, and a week later it was transferred to Chevron Company. Cobasys, a subsidiary of Chevron, has been producing Ni-MH batteries, which was later acquired by SB LiMotive (a joint venture between Samsung SDI and Bosch) and became a wholly-owned company of Bosch on 20 12.
Another faction is Panasonic Electric Vehicle Energy Company (PEVE), a joint venture between Panasonic and Toyota. In the 1990s, they introduced high-capacity (28-95Ah) Ni-MH batteries for new energy vehicles, Toyota Prius, which was produced in 1997, and later Honda Insight Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid and Ford.
Honda Insight (hybrid): the first generation is 1999-2006 (below), the second generation is 2009-20 14, and the third generation is 20 19. Insight is the experimental field of Honda's first generation IMA hybrid system. The thin-plate motor is placed at P 1 position, behind the flywheel and in front of the gearbox, and the nickel-hydrogen battery is D-type.
Honda Civic (First Generation Hybrid): Honda Insight IMA Structure? Performance version? The motor is also at the position of P 1, and the battery is a series 120 D nickel-hydrogen battery. The capacity of 6.0Ah is lower than that of Insight, but the charging and discharging speed is higher.
Honda EV Plus (pure electricity): the pioneering work that Honda has brought to the automobile industry. The first large automobile manufacturer gave up weak lead-acid batteries and used nickel-hydrogen batteries to drive wheels. Between 1997- 199, there are 300 units made in Tochigi, Japan, with a battery life of 129- 169km.
Ford Escape (hybrid, predecessor of Maverick/Sharp): The first generation (2004-2008) and the second generation (2009-20 1 1) plug-in hybrid version of Ford Escape used nickel-hydrogen batteries, and the first generation also had patent conflicts with Toyota THS (dual engine) technology. Later, the two companies.
But now Ford has basically fallen behind in his lessons. For example, Mondeo hybrid has switched to Ni-Co-Mn lithium-ion battery (MKZ is of course the same model). The advantage is that the energy conversion efficiency is higher, and we were also scared by its ultra-low fuel consumption when testing Mondeo hybrid. Durability and reliability? Not sure for the time being. It sold too little.
Ford Ranger EV (pure electricity): modified from Ranger single-row pickup truck, 1998 is lead-acid battery version, and 1999 is nickel-hydrogen battery version. The energy density of the Ni-MH version is increased to 57.3Wh/kg, and the cruising range is increased to 185km (72km/h at a constant speed). This thing was produced until 2002. Nobody bought it, but rented it out for the purpose of market exploration. When the project was terminated in 2004, it was all recalled and destroyed.
Toyota Prius (hybrid, 1/2/3/4 generation)&; Other Toyota dual-engine hybrid models: Today's fourth-generation Toyota Prius HEV dual-engine version uses Ni-MH battery, which is an ultra-long and ultra-thin battery (in fact, 6 1.2V batteries are connected in series), 390? 35mm, 6500mAh, voltage 7.2V.
For the patent of Ni-MH power battery, Cobasys of the United States and PEVE of Japan have been playing for many years from 200 1. From 2005 to 20 14, PEVE paid a large amount of royalties to Cobasys to obtain the right of PEVE to sell nickel-hydrogen power batteries in North America.
In fact, Cobasys is basically out of date (the research on lithium-ion batteries began in 2007), and the real Niux Dafa PEVE has revitalized the entire Toyota double-engine series with nickel-hydrogen batteries. The data mentioned above is that so far, the global sales volume has exceeded 6,543,806,000 vehicles, and none of them have been burned.
There are more figures about the legend of Toyota's dual-engine Ni-MH battery. For example, a Prius user from Los Gatos, a small silicon valley town in the United States, claimed that his 2004 Toyota Prius had a battery failure only when driving 355,000 miles (570,000 kilometers).
In the United States, the official asking price for replacing a Prius Ni-MH battery is about $4,000 (26,000 RMB), and the warranty period is 8- 10 year.
Today, Toyota is the global leader in HEV plug-in hybrid structure technology and sales, and adhering to the Ni-MH battery route has become? Is the technology correct? As a sample, Honda and Ford, which used Panasonic Toyota PEVE Ni-MH battery before, left one after another.
Is there a future for such a low energy density Ni-MH battery? Ni-MH battery is a mature product. At present, the annual output of the international market is about 65.438+0.2 billion, of which about 250 million are large-scale nickel-hydrogen batteries (automotive nickel-hydrogen power batteries), and more than 90% of the large-scale nickel-hydrogen batteries are produced by Panasonic Toyota PEVE.
China's total nickel reserves are 2.9 million tons, which is a country with average reserves. However, the manufacturing cost in China is relatively low, so many manufacturers of Ni-MH batteries in the world have set up production bases in China, such as Wuxi factory of Panasonic, Suzhou factory of Sanyo and Tianjin factory of Tang Qian.
China accounts for about 74% of the world's small-sized Ni-MH batteries, among which Motorized Altman (Dongguan), Peng Hao (Shenzhen), Yuan Keli (Changsha), San Pu (Anshan) and BYD (Shenzhen) are the big ones. Large-scale Ni-MH batteries, Japan's production accounts for about 95% of the world, and only Panasonic Toyota PEVE is the only one in the world.
The cost of Ni-MH battery is gradually decreasing, and it may replace a considerable number of dry batteries in the future, and provide better environmental protection support by using its cycle life of more than 1000 times.
Consumer electronics (small) and HEV power battery (large) are two major users of Ni-MH batteries, which are also widely used in security and medical fields. In 20 19, the domestic industry scale was 4.4 billion yuan, and it is expected to be around 4 billion yuan in 2020. According to the research report of Puhua Industrial Research Institute of Academia Sinica, the market size of Ni-MH battery will reach about 4.883 billion yuan in 2025.
In the field of large-scale Ni-MH battery, HEV non-plug-in hybrid vehicle has become and will become the only big customer of Ni-MH battery, and its advantages such as high safety, low cost, less pollution, good low-temperature performance and long cycle life are irreplaceable. However, under the current new energy subsidy policy, there is no hope that Ni-MH batteries will enter the subsidy ranks and beat some lithium-ion batteries to become the power batteries of BEV pure electric vehicles, because the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries such as too low energy density, too low charging efficiency, too weak discharge rate and too slag in rapid charging are all suspended.
Did you screw up? I think the fun is just beginning.
Although nickel-hydrogen battery can't beat lithium-ion battery in BEV field, its proportion in HEV field can be expanded. The limit value of passenger car fuel consumption and the evaluation methods and indicators of passenger car fuel consumption are pushing the average fuel consumption level of new passenger cars in China to drop to 4.0L/ 100km in 2025. It is basically hopeless to rely solely on ICE internal combustion engine technology, such as adding an electric motor to ICE to form HEV energy-saving powertrain.
The era of energy-saving cars with Ni-MH batteries is coming quietly.
(Text: Huang Hengle)
@20 19