1. formed a relatively complete system of scientific research and technological development, the overall level of scientific and technological development in the forefront of developing countries. 2000 domestic scientific research and experimental development (R&D) expenditure of 89.6 billion yuan, accounting for the year's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the proportion of 1.0%, jumped to the forefront of developing countries. In the R & amp; D total expenditure, basic research accounted for 5.2%; applied research accounted for 17.0%; experimental development accounted for 77.8%. Among them, all kinds of enterprise expenditure accounted for 60.3% of the total domestic R&D expenditure, has been close to the level of developed countries, indicating that enterprises have gradually become the main body of China's R&D activities.
At present, 217 state-level key laboratories have been built (including 60 key laboratories of national defense science and technology), 188 national engineering centers, 294 national enterprise technology centers; international authoritative search institutions included in China's scientific and technological theses 44,536, the country's residents of the amount of patent authorization of 92,101, of which 3097 patents for invention. 2000, exports of high-tech products amounted to 247% of the total amount of exports of high-tech products, the amount of exports of high-tech products amounted to 247% of the total amount of exports of high-tech products. In 2000, the exports of high-tech products amounted to 24.7 billion dollars; the total income from technology, industry and trade of 53 national high-tech development zones amounted to 677.48 billion dollars, and the added value of industry was 147.62 billion dollars.
2. Breakthrough progress has been made in the reform of the science and technology system, and the milestones set by the state for the reform of the science and technology system have basically been realized. The strategic focus of scientific and technological work is shifting to the main battlefield of national economic construction, enterprise science and technology forces have been further strengthened, 242 state-level technology development research institutes have basically completed the restructuring of the work of the majority of scientific research institutions operating directly towards market demand, the pilot knowledge and innovation project to achieve initial results, the basic completion of the reform of the management system of colleges and universities, science and technology resources to optimize the allocation of the; the rapid rise of private scientific and technological enterprises, the rapid development of the technology market. Private science and technology enterprises have risen rapidly, and the technology market has developed rapidly; the macro science and technology management system has been gradually improved, and a new type of science and technology system adapted to the socialist market economy has been formed initially, and the construction of the national innovation system is being carried out step by step.
3. Achievements have been made in the field of basic scientific research. Significant results have been achieved in sequencing human genes, carbon nanotubes and new nano-materials, research on the Cambrian explosion of life, research on microelectromechanical systems, and ocean drilling in the South China Sea. Emerging interdisciplinary disciplines such as surface science nonlinear science, cognitive science and earth system science have been rapidly developed. The construction of eight major national scientific projects, such as the scientific drilling project on the Chinese mainland and the multi-objective fiber-optic spectroscopic astronomical telescope with a large sky area, has created good conditions for China's basic scientific research.
4. There have been breakthroughs in high-tech research and industrialization. Major breakthroughs have been made in space technology, such as manned space technology, launch vehicle and satellite technology. The breakthroughs in two-line hybrid rice, genetically engineered drugs, genetically modified plants and animals, and gene sequencing and diagnostic treatments related to major diseases have brought the overall level of biotechnology in China close to that of developed countries. High-definition television, "Shenwei" computer, large-size monocrystalline silicon materials, skin stem cell regeneration technology and other major achievements, so that our country in the corresponding areas of the world's advanced ranks. The development of national defense science and technology has laid a solid foundation for the enhancement of national defense strength and promoted the technological progress of the defense industry.
5. Industrial and agricultural science and technology has made progress. Agricultural science and technology, only the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period **** cultivated more than 600 new varieties, yield increase of about 10%. The promotion of rice dry sparse planting and water-saving technology, ABT plant regulators and wheat dryland full-life film-covering cultivation and other major technologies, a strong guarantee of China's grain production goals.
Industrial science and technology has made a number of major technological breakthroughs, and upgraded the technical level of key industries. A series of major achievements were made in the industrialization of digital program-controlled switches, oxy-coal-enhanced ironmaking technology, nickel-metal hydride batteries and amorphous materials. Combined with a series of major national construction projects such as the Three Gorges Project, national economic informatization, integrated circuits, Taishan Nuclear Power Station Phase II, a number of key technologies have been overcome through introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation, and a number of major sets of technology and equipment design and manufacturing technologies have been mastered. The popularization and application of computer-aided design (CAD), computer-integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) and a number of other major **** technologies have greatly improved the technological innovation capacity of enterprises. The implementation of a number of major projects such as innovative drugs, water resource utilization and protection, well-off housing, and the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Discontinuation Project, as well as the construction of the second phase of the China Science and Technology Museum and a number of science and technology popularization facilities, have contributed to the development of social undertakings.
Major Achievements in China's Scientific and Technological Development
(I) Background Materials
1. Great Achievements in Human Genetic Research
(1) On December 1, 1999, a research group composed of scientists from Britain, the United States, and Japan announced that the first pair of human chromosome genetic codes had been translated, which was another major breakthrough in the field of human science. The Human Genome Project is one of the three major scientific projects of mankind in the history of mankind with the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project and the Apollo Moon Landing Project, but its value and impact on the human society will be far more than the first two programs.
(2) On June 26, 2000, the first genome sketch ever made by mankind was finally completed, and the participation of Chinese scientists in and the high-quality completion of the sequencing task of one percent of the human genome sketch demonstrated that Chinese scientists have the ability to rise to the forefront of international science and make important contributions.
(3) February 12, 2000, scientists from six countries involved in the human genome project jointly announced the human genome map and its analysis results, the completion of the human genome map will be drawn this year. The complete map of the human genome will be drawn and all human genetic information will be deciphered. The implementation of this program will provide for the diagnosis and prevention of human diseases still, to the pharmaceutical industry to bring immeasurable changes, will promote the development of life sciences, information science and a number of high-tech industries.
2. Rapid development of aerospace technology
(1) December 21, 2000, China's self-developed second "Beidou navigation test satellites" was launched successfully, which was launched on October 31, 2000 with the first "Beidou navigation test satellites" together constitute the "Beidou navigation test satellites". "Together with the first Beidou Navigation Test Satellite launched on October 31, 2000, they constitute the Beidou Navigation System. This marks the first generation of satellite navigation and positioning system independently developed by our country. After the completion of this system, it will mainly provide navigation services for highway transportation, railroad transportation, marine operations and other fields, which will play a positive role in the construction of our national economy.
(2) On January 10, 2001, China's self-developed Shenzhou II lifted off from China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and successfully entered the scheduled orbit. On January 16th, the unmanned spacecraft returned accurately and landed successfully. This is the first launch of Chinese space in the new century, and the second flight test of China's manned space project, which marks an important step towards the realization of manned flight in China.
3. Successful achievements in nanotechnology
China's scientists are at the forefront of international science and technology in nanotechnology research. Recently, our scientists in the world's first direct discovery of nano-metal "strange" properties - superplastic ductility, nano-copper at room temperature can be extended by more than 50 times without folding around, known as "a breakthrough in the field, which for the first time to show how the void-free nanomaterials It is regarded as "a breakthrough in this field, which shows people for the first time how void-free nanomaterials can be deformed". From a general point of view, China's total number of nanotechnology-related papers ranked fourth in the world, in nanomaterials research has taken a place in the international arena.
4. Intelligent supercomputer
November 29, 2000, China's independent development of the first humanoid robot with human appearance, can simulate the human walking and basic operating functions, debut in Changsha, University of National Defense Technology. The introduction of humanoid robots, marking China's robotics technology has been among the international advanced ranks.
5. Exhibition on the 15th Anniversary of the National "863" Program
In March 2001, the State held an exhibition on the 15th anniversary of the "863" program at the Beijing Exhibition Center. "Since its implementation in March 1986, the 863 Program has been awarded more than 2,000 patents at home and abroad, published more than 47,000 papers, and created a cumulative total of more than 56 billion yuan of new output value and more than 200 billion yuan of indirect economic benefits. The overall distance between the R&D level and the world's advanced level has been significantly narrowed, and the program has begun to occupy a place in the world's high-tech field. More than 60% of the technologies have entered or approached the international advanced level from scratch, and another 25% are still lagging behind the international advanced level, but there is a great progress on the basis of the original one.
(2) and the textbook combination point analysis
1. From the economic common sense:
(1) science and technology is the first productive force. Today's development of productive forces, science and technology plays a decisive role; today's world competition, in the final analysis, is the competition of science and technology and talent.
(2) The huge role of finance. Economic development depends on science, scientific progress depends on talent, talent training depends on education. And the development of these institutions must rely on financial support, the background material listed in a large number of scientific and technological achievements and financial support is inseparable.
(3) The internationalization of today's international economy, the internationalization of scientific and technological development and application is one of the important manifestations. The human genome sketch was an international cooperation program from the beginning, initiated by the United States, with British, Japanese, French, German and Chinese scientists joining successively.
2. From the philosophical common sense:
(1) the relationship between objective laws and human subjective initiative. A series of scientific and technological achievements, on the one hand, is due to the scientists respect the objective laws, on the other hand, they are tenacious, enterprising, give full play to the results of subjective initiative.
(2) Things are divided into two, we should adhere to the two-point theory and the two-division method. For example, human genetic research has made breakthrough progress, which will certainly promote the development of life science, information science and a number of high-tech industries, and at the same time, people are facing new problems such as gene monopoly and the excessive use of gene results in the pursuit of commercial interests.
(3) The point of view of deepening and developing understanding. People should deepen and expand their understanding on the basis of practice and move it forward. Facts such as the research process of human genetic technology and the development of China's aerospace technology are the inevitable result of the deepening development of understanding.
3. From political common sense:
(1) The essence of international competition. The essence of today's world competition is based on economic and scientific and technological strength of the comprehensive national power contest. The ability to gain an advantage in scientific and technological development and to strengthen the comprehensive national power based on economy and science and technology will ultimately determine the country's position in the international arena.
(2) The functions of the state in leading and organizing the construction of socialist modernization and in organizing the construction of socialist spiritual civilization
. The state vigorously develops high and new technologies and applies them to economic construction to promote economic
development.