I. Stages in the field of data lifecycle security process?
The full building lifecycle that BLM, full name BuildingLifecycleManagement, is a building project from planning and design to construction, then operation and maintenance, until the demolition of the whole process. Construction projects have high technical content, long construction cycle, high risk, involving many units and other characteristics, so the division of the whole building life cycle is very important. Generally we divide the whole building life cycle into four phases, namely, planning definition phase, design collection phase, construction interaction phase, operation and maintenance phase.
I. Four phases of the full building lifecycle
1) Planning and definition phase: planning, standardization and preparation, data definition must be based on the actual data needs, from the project point of view is the owner and the FM side of the demand for the final data needs; if based on the efficiency and competitiveness of the enterprise, it is the needs of the various enterprise level;
2) Design collection phase: the enforceability, coordination and effectiveness of the data collection phase is the data collection phase;
2) Design collection phase: enforceability, coordination and effectiveness is the data collection phase. Coordination and effectiveness are the requirements of the data collection phase, the current BIMer most of the work in this phase, with the technology and related tools continue to evolve, the means of this phase will be more and more, more and more efficient;
3) Construction Interaction Phase: mainly refers to the process of data interaction and technology, different software tools, different software system platforms, a variety of control systems, etc. need to utilize the same source of data to identify and process data. Data need to interact with the interface in order to identify and process, this stage requires strong underlying software development capabilities, but also involves a large number of standards at all levels, usually only need to be familiar with the relevant standards and know the interaction logic can be, the underlying things will be defined by the relevant professional bodies, even if there are a large number of personalized needs, as long as a clear description of the requirements with the definition of the requirements, but also entrusted to the relevant professional bodies for the structure of the development of the OK, unless cut into the development of independent intellectual property rights software. Unless cut into the development of independent intellectual property rights of the software or software-hardware system products;
4) maintenance phase: continuous uninterrupted data management, design data updates, supplementation, optimization, and support for new applications, etc., to some extent, including the above three phases.
Second, the data in the BIM model at different stages of the project is composed of different
1) Design stage: graphical data in the BIM model is a large proportion of only a relatively small number of characteristics of the data, including visualization of the structure of the physical space data, accurate documentation, energy and environmental analysis data, market data, and so on.
2) Construction phase: feature data has become dominant, including construction simulation, project, cost and schedule data.
As an advanced tool and way of working, BIM technology not only changes the means and methods of architectural design, but also makes a revolutionary creation in the field of construction industry, through the establishment of BIM information platform, the way of collaboration in the construction industry has been completely changed. For BIM in the building of the whole life cycle of what application of the problem, the United States bSa (buildingSMARTalliance) alliance of BIM in the building of the whole life cycle of the application of the status quo made a more detailed summary.
BIM in the engineering project of the whole building life cycle stages of the main application for: planning stage is mainly used for the current situation modeling, cost budgeting, stage planning, site analysis, space planning, etc.; design stage is mainly used for the planning stage of the design program for demonstration, including program design, engineering analysis, sustainability assessment, specification verification, etc.; construction stage is mainly to play a role in the three-dimensional coordination with the design stage, including site use planning, and the role of the design stage. Coordination role, including site use planning, hire system design, digital processing, material site tracking, three-dimensional control and planning, etc.; in the operation phase is mainly used to record the construction phase modeling, specifically including the development of maintenance plans, building systems analysis, asset management, space management/tracking, disaster plans, etc..
3)Operation and maintenance phase: there is less need for graphical data, most notably feature data, including operation and maintenance procedures, equipment location, maintenance information, and so on.
Three, the building operation phase of the BIM data
Design and construction phase: architectural design or construction process of the BIM data, including progress, budget and contract, and to be able to change the needs of the corresponding in a timely manner; which should also contain the later operation or renovation of the update in the part of the data needed, these data can be derived from the relevant construction documents or procurement documents. The main data stakeholders in the process are: architects, engineers, contractors and project evaluators.
Schedule Operations Phase: Schedule operations requires data on building occupancy routes, space planning data, equipment replacement needs, warranty, product specifications, maintenance data, evacuation meters, coding rules data, management contract requirements and negotiation data, lease completion, space vacancy status, and other potentially subleasable data. Data stakeholders at this stage include facility managers, operations managers, safety and occupational health managers, maintenance managers, security managers, chief project managers, risk managers, and others.
Refurbishment updates: core tenant optimization, effective lighting solutions to meet new standards, etc. Data stakeholders at this stage include architects, engineers, contractors, assessors, energy managers, environmental managers, etc.
Two, the life cycle of science and technology-based SMEs
Science and technology-based SMEs in general follow the law of growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and their life cycle consists of four phases: the start-up period, the growth period, the maturity period, and the decline period. Enterprises at different stages of the growth cycle face different risk characteristics, thus affecting the weight of the credit rating system, which has an important reference for the determination of the rate of science and technology-based SME loan guarantee insurance. At present, the loan guarantee insurance for science and technology-based SMEs mainly targets enterprises at the start-up and growth stages.
Enterprises in the primary stage generally have smaller assets, incomplete financial statement data, and corporate information and its opacity. Start-up enterprises mainly face market risk, operational risk and management risk. The general enterprise is still in the partner state, in addition to the core research and development personnel, other management personnel is less, the institutional mechanism is not perfect. Because of this, their financing is more difficult and the cost of financing is higher. The average lending rate is 30% above the prime rate, and the additional cost is 6% to 8%. Guarantees are mainly provided by guarantee agencies and loan guarantee insurance. Venture capital investment in this stage accounts for no more than 10% of its total venture capital investment, and is very small. Most of these enterprises have credit ratings of B and below, and the expected loan guarantee insurance premium rate is around 8%.
The growth stage of a business is a stage of both reward and risk, when the business has its own products and is test marketing them. Operating expenses, administrative expenses and selling expenses grow faster at this stage, and R&D expenses are also maintained at a high level, and enterprises at this stage are also in great need of financial support. As growing technology-based SMEs already have a certain amount of accumulation and precipitation, their access to finance is much more convenient than the primary stage, as the enterprise products continue to sell, the scale of enterprise assets also expanded, information is gradually complete, the financial statements tend to be complete, the cost of the loan is gradually declining, the interest rate of the loan is about 1.2 times the prime rate, the additional cost of the guarantee at 2% to 4%.
Three, high-tech small and medium-sized life cycle of what characteristics
High-tech product life cycle and its corresponding marketing strategy
1. Introduction of the characteristics of the period and marketing strategy
The main characteristics of this stage is: product technology, performance is not perfect; production batch size is small, the trial cost is large, product costs are high; the user of the product is not perfect; the user of the product technology, performance is not perfect; the production of small, trial cost is large, product costs are high; the user of the product, the user of the product is not perfect. According to these characteristics, the focus of enterprise marketing is to improve the vitality of the new product, so that the product as soon as possible for the user to accept, and promote its transition to the development period. The marketing strategy used, usually the following four:
One is the high price and high promotion strategy. That is, high prices and high promotional costs to launch new products in order to pre-empt the rapid occupation of the market. Set a high price will certainly affect the rapid opening of the product sales, but because of the payment of a large number of advertising and other promotional costs, it can be shaped in the market of the product's high-quality or brand-name image, so that consumers psychologically generate a sense of trust in the product, recognizing that the product is a high quality and good price, thus slowing down the negative impact of the price of the people to be discouraged. The market conditions for the use of this strategy is: already know this new product customers eager to learn, willing to pay a high price; enterprises face the threat of potential competitors, the urgent need to establish a brand name as soon as possible.
The second is the high price and low promotion strategy. That is, high prices, low promotional costs to launch new products. Through the combination of the two, in order to obtain a larger profit from the market. Market conditions for the implementation of this strategy is: the market capacity is relatively limited; products are really new, the price elasticity of demand is small, the need for high prices; the threat of potential competition is not large.
Third, low price and high promotion strategy. That is, low prices and high promotional costs to vigorously launch new products. This strategy can make the product to the fastest speed into the market, and make the enterprise to get the largest market share. The market conditions for this strategy are: market capacity is quite large; price elasticity of demand is large, consumers are not familiar with this product, but very sensitive to price; potential competition is relatively fierce.
Fourth, low price and low promotion strategy. That is, low prices and low promotional costs to launch new products. The purpose of low price is to enable consumers to quickly accept new products, low promotional costs can make the enterprise to obtain more profits and enhance competitiveness. The market conditions for the implementation of this strategy are: a large market capacity; consumers are more familiar with the product and more sensitive to price; there are a considerable number of potential competitors.
2. Characteristics of the development period and marketing strategy
The main characteristics of the development period are: the product is basically finalized and mass production, the cost of a substantial decline; consumers are quite familiar with the product, the sales volume has risen sharply, and the profit also grows faster; a large number of competitors have to intervene in the competition is fierce and so on. At this stage, companies can consider the following strategies:
One is to improve product quality.
The second is to develop new markets.
Three is to establish product image.
The fourth is to enhance the efficacy of sales channels.
Fifth, choose the right time to reduce prices, you can attract more consumers, but also to combat competitors.
3. Characteristics of the maturity period and marketing strategy
The main characteristics of this stage are: sales growth, but has been close to and reached saturation, the growth rate is a declining trend; profits reached its peak and began to decline; many similar products and substitutes to enter the market, the competition is very fierce, and so on.
Maturity of the operation, the situation is more complex, should be from the actual enterprise and product. For the strength is not very strong or product advantages of enterprises, can be used defensive strategy, that is, through the implementation of preferential prices, quality services, etc., as long as possible to maintain the existing market. For the inability to compete for the product, can also be used to retreat type strategy, that is, the early elimination of such products, in order to focus on the development of new products, seeking to rise again. If the enterprise is strong, the product is still quite competitive, it should actively take the offensive strategy. Offensive strategy is often developed from the following three aspects:
One is the product reform strategy. Refers to the product performance, quality, color and other aspects of the obvious improvements to maintain the old users, to attract new customers, thereby extending the maturity period, and even break the stagnation of sales, so that the sales curve and then lifted again.
The second is the market redevelopment strategy. That is, to seek new users of the product, or to seek new market segments, so that the product into the market has not yet used the product, for example, from urban to rural areas.
Third, the marketing factor reorganization strategy. Refers to the integrated use of price, distribution, promotion and other marketing factors, to consumer purchases. Such as lower prices, open up a variety of sales channels, increase sales outlets, strengthen sales services, the use of new advertising and promotion methods, to carry out sales activities such as prizes.
4. characteristics of the decline period and marketing strategy
Decline period is characterized by: a large number of substitutes to enter the market, the decline in consumer loyalty to the old product; a substantial decline in product sales, price decline, sharp decline in profits; competitors have to withdraw from the market and so on. In this regard, companies often take the strategy:
One is the contraction strategy. That is, shorten the front, the enterprise's resources are concentrated in the most favorable market segments, the most effective sales channels and the most easy to sell varieties, styles, in order to obtain as much profit as possible from the most favorable factors.
The second is the continuity strategy. As many competitors in the decline phase of the successive withdrawal from the market, and the market for this product there is a certain demand, so the cost of production to reduce the enterprise can continue to maintain the original market segments, along with the past marketing mix of strategies to maintain sales at a certain level, until the time is right, and then withdraw from the market.
Third is the retreat strategy. When the product has been unprofitable, should be decisive and early to stop production, committed to the development of new products. Otherwise, not only will affect the enterprise's profit income, occupy the enterprise's limited resources, and more importantly, will affect the enterprise's reputation, leaving a bad corporate image in the minds of consumers, is not conducive to the enterprise's future products into the market.
Four, science and technology-based SMEs in its life cycle at various stages, and technology (technological innovation), how the relationship between what **** sex?
Science and technology-based enterprises leading is technological innovation, if a technology companies lose the day of the knot. If the first thing to consider if you let the technology-based enterprises it creates the need, whether it is recognized by the public. So that the life cycle will be extended. But so that the enterprise's R & D funds will increase, so that the enterprise becomes very passive, so science and technology enterprises to have a core science and technology technology, the next R & D should be centered around it, so that the enterprise can be