(a) The initial formation of the system of laws, regulations and standards With the increased attention paid to the issue of animal food safety, the national legislative organs Developed and implemented a series of laws aimed at ensuring the safety of food of animal origin or related to it, China's animal food safety laws and regulations are improving, for the supervision of food quality and safety of animal origin has laid a legal foundation. At present, the Food Safety Law, Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Law, Product Quality Law, Agriculture Law, Standardization Law, Import and Export Commodity Inspection Law, Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Law, Animal Disease Prevention Law, Pesticide Regulations and Veterinary Drugs Regulations have been formed, with a large number of laws and regulations on the safety of food of animal origin and technical standards as the mainstay, and the laws and regulations on the safety of food of animal origin of the provinces and local governments as the mainstay. Local government regulations on animal source food safety as a supplement to the food safety regulations and standards system.
(2) The regulatory system and mechanism have been gradually established, and the responsibility for monitoring the quality and safety of animal products in China is borne by the national, provincial and local governments*** together. At the national level, the main organizations responsible for food quality and safety supervision include the Ministry of Health, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC), and the Ministry of Commerce. Most provinces, regions and counties have
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Food quality and safety regulatory agencies. In February 2010, the State Council, in conjunction with 14 ministries and commissions, set up the State Council Food Safety Commission, the highest level of coordination of food safety in China. The Food Safety Law further adjusts and clarifies the supervisory responsibilities of the food safety government administration. Comprehensive supervision of food safety responsibilities assigned to the Ministry of Health unified management, food safety committee on the national food safety supervision work for general coordination. The implementation of the "local government is responsible for the overall responsibility, the industry sector is responsible for its own" comprehensive food safety supervision system and "segmented supervision, supplemented by the classification of supervision" of the mainstream model of food safety supervision. (C) the initial formation of scientific and technological support system
1. The establishment of a number of public welfare industry platform. Since the reform and opening up, especially after the "Tenth Five-Year Plan", China has established a national, ministerial and provincial engineering technology research and development centers and laboratories, including China's Meat and Food Comprehensive Research Center and the National Meat Processing Engineering and Technology Research Center, the National Meat Quality and Safety Control Engineering and Technology Research Center, the National Dairy Engineering and Technology Research Center, National Egg Engineering Technology Research Center, etc., which provides an important platform for accelerating the research and development of livestock product processing and quality and safety control technology, and promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. 2. A series of scientific and technological innovation models have been created. China's livestock products in the field of R & D organization and innovation model is divided into government-funded system (government-led), universities, research institutes, scientific research (academic and research pull type), independent research and development of enterprises (industry pull type) and pre-production R & D alliance of four kinds. Since the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the state has been in the scientific and technological research, major special projects, support programs, "863" program, across the plan, "948" project, industry (agriculture) public welfare Special scientific and technological projects and the National Natural Science Foundation of China has set up a quality and safety control of livestock products and related issues. "During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, a new scientific and technological innovation system has been established, including the Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System and the Strategic Alliance for Industrial Technology Innovation. The industrial system involving the processing and safety of livestock products includes pig, beef cattle, broiler, dairy cattle, broiler sheep, egg-laying hens and other technological systems, with the establishment of the corresponding scientists; the Strategic Alliance for Technological Innovation in Meat Processing Industry and the Strategic Alliance for Technological Innovation in Dairy Industry were established in 2009. Through close cooperation between industry, academia and research, we have achieved a series of results, leading the development of science and technology in the industry.
3. The development of a number of industry intermediary organizations. China's livestock product processing and quality and safety control in the field of intermediary organizations (or social service organizations) is gradually improved. At present, livestock products related intermediary organizations are China Animal Products Processing Research Association (CAAPPR), China Meat Association (CMA), China Dairy Industry Association (CDIA), China Dairy Association (DAC), China Animal Husbandry Association (CAAA), the Central Association of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (CAAV) and so on. These industry intermediaries have played a huge role in promoting the development of the livestock products industry. (D) control technology level significantly improved
1. Animal source food risk assessment work has been officially launched. Health, agriculture and other departments have been in accordance with the "Food Safety Law" and "Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Law" of the relevant provisions of the Food and Agricultural Products Quality and Safety Law, respectively, formulated the food and agricultural products risk assessment management regulations, the establishment of the National Food Safety Risk Assessment Expert Committee and Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Expert Committee, and actively promote the institutionalization of risk assessment of food safety, normalization. The risk assessment results provided by the relevant parties in the 2008 Sanlu Infant Milk Powder Incident provided an important basis for the government to introduce a temporary management limit value for melamine in dairy products.
2. The rapid development of animal source food safety testing technology. China has launched the "Tenth Five-Year" national major scientific and technological special projects and the "Eleventh Five-Year" national science and technology support program - food safety key technology research. The implementation of the project has achieved many milestones. At present. China's animal source food safety testing technology has been widely promoted in the laboratory of the national and industry standard testing methods and a variety of test strips, reagents based on-site rapid testing methods and testing equipment with domestic advanced level, such as rapid testing of mobile food safety monitoring vehicle.
3. The construction of animal tracking and tracing system is being carried out nationwide. Since 2001, China began to implement the animal immunization labeling system, in 2005 and began in Sichuan, Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai and other four provinces (municipalities) to carry out vaccination labeling traceability pilot, to promote the labeling traceability of information management. 2006 developed the "livestock and poultry labeling and management of breeding records". 2005 Shanghai released the "General Technical Specification for Animal Electronic Labeling" local standards for the city of Shanghai to adopt the internationally advanced "Livestock" and the "Livestock" system, which is the first of its kind in China. The international advanced "livestock identification traceability system" provides a unified technical basis to ensure
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Barrier. Beijing Municipality from the protection of Olympic animal source food safety needs to start, launched the "Olympic animal product safety traceability system construction project". At present. Animal labeling and traceability system has played an important role in the management of animals and animal products and major animal disease prevention and control work. Third, there are problems
(a) product quality is not high. Security risks are many (1) meat product quality is not high. There are many security risks. Such as product safety hazards drug residues, microorganisms, additives and other content often exceed the standard: illegal additives outside the catalog of national health standards for additives or over-addition of non-meat components or non-meat components; products out of the water, out of the oil, oxidation, poor taste, shelf-life up bags of corruption; packaging materials are unqualified and the migration of hazardous substances, etc.. (2) The quality of dairy products is not high. Small market share of high-quality products. Pesticide and antibiotic residues or/and microbial overload; additive abuse; short shelf life of liquid dairy products; low protein content of milk beverage products; post-acidification problems of yogurt products; unsuitable dairy products for lactose intolerant people (e.g., UHT milk, etc.). (3) Traditional egg product quality is unstable or poor quality, such as some enterprises are still using lead oxide and other illegal additives leading to high lead content in skin eggs, poor hygiene of the products wrapped in mud, salted duck eggs dyed with pigment, etc. (ii) Insufficient investment in science and technology. The results of the transformation of small China's livestock science and technology started in the 1990s, although it has made great progress, but there are still insufficient investment in scientific research, relatively few technical achievements, the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of the low rate and other issues. 2007, China's government and enterprise R & amp; D funding (government investment + enterprise input-based) total investment intensity (R & amp; D / GDP is 1.49%) is limited The total investment intensity (R&D / GDP of 1.49%) is limited, lower than Japan 3.39%, Germany 2.53%, the United States 2.62%, France 2.11%, Canada 1.89%, the United Kingdom 1.78%. China's government R & D funding to universities and research institutions is less, more to industry. Most of the enterprise science and technology investment is mainly used to buy technical equipment. Enhance corporate image to obtain more external financial support. Only a small number of large-scale enterprises to use research and development of new products, improve product quality and production efficiency, to increase corporate efficiency. For a long time, China's scientific research units to achieve results as the goal, enterprises are keen to introduce, resulting in the failure of engineering technology and integration to effectively solve the problem of equipment "from scratch, from there to the best," with Europe and the United States there is still a big gap. Live automatic grading, automatic carcass split in half, automatic quarantine, carcass intelligent automatic foreign body identification and other engineering technology and integrated equipment in our country is still a blank.
(C) laws and regulations and technical standards system is flawed China's animal source food safety laws and regulations system, although the initial scale. But there are certain defects. (1) the systematic and coordination of the law is not enough. Such as the system is incomplete, the scope of adjustment is narrow, and there is a blind spot in supervision. The main body of law enforcement and responsibilities are vague and cross, and the legal responsibility is not stipulated strictly. (2) Lack of specialized laws on animal source food safety. Due to the special nature and importance of animal source food, the United States, the European Union and other developed countries have formulated targeted laws or regulations. Such as developed countries have formulated a special "Slaughter Law", the implementation of livestock and poultry "centralized slaughter, nearby slaughter. Although China has "pig slaughtering regulations", the provinces and cities have "livestock and poultry slaughtering regulations", but have not risen to the legal level and involves the above special provisions.
China's animal source food standards system has been initially established, but for various reasons, there are still some problems. (1) the total number of standards is small, small coverage. Most of the animal source food standards have been developed to focus on the production and processing areas, and in the animal breeding, circulation area to ensure the quality and safety of the standard is seriously inadequate. (2) There are problems of intersection and contradiction between standards. Due to the lack of effective coordination mechanism for the development of China's standards. National standards, industry standards, local standards are contradictory to each other, cross-repeat, indicators are not uniform, etc., the implementation of the standards of the various government food regulatory departments are not consistent, bringing great trouble to the enterprise. (3) The standard technical indicators are not high, the international standard adoption rate is low. Although China has formulated a large number of standards in food safety, but the standards are not detailed enough, the classification is not scientific, the index is not high, the international standard adoption rate is low. (4) The implementation of standards is not in place. For example, the use of food additives do not meet the standard provisions, the content of ingredients does not meet the standard requirements, health indicators are not qualified, packaging food labeling is not standardized and other issues still occur from time to time. (5) the lack of basic information required for food safety standards. Mainly in China's food in many of the pollution situation "unclear". Food
Pesticide and veterinary drug residues and biological toxins and other contamination is still a lack of systematic monitoring information, some of the health hazards and trade is very sensitive to the status of pollutants and the impact on health is still not clear. (d) Inadequate management system At present, "segmented supervision is the mainstay, supplemented by categorized supervision" is the mainstream mode of food safety supervision in China. Although the Food Safety Law has adjusted the responsibilities of segmented and categorized supervision, there are still problems of multiple management, cross-functionality, and a regulatory vacuum in certain aspects of animal source food. In addition, there is the problem of ineffective supervision of the safety process of food of animal origin. Animal feeding process of animal origin food safety problems caused by the relevant factors of controllable means are not in place. Supervision is not strong enough. Take the safety problems caused by veterinary drugs as an example, the controllable links for veterinary drug quality problems, drug addition in feed, veterinary drug use behavior in three aspects. Veterinary drug quality management, not yet from the end of the product supervision and sampling transition to the implementation of GMP process control; involving the addition of drugs to the feed, the drugs added to some of the links in the monitoring means are not in place; the use of veterinary drugs, veterinary drugs have not yet been implemented with the prescription and nonprescription veterinary drugs, such as the division. (E) lack of safety monitoring and risk assessment. Tracking and tracing system has not been formed in China and developed countries in food safety monitoring there is a large gap, mainly in: (1) the lack of food safety system monitoring and evaluation of background information. China lacks long-term, systematic monitoring and evaluation of the contamination status of numerous pesticide and veterinary drug residues as well as biotoxins in food, and the contamination status of some important environmental pollutants, especially persistent or typical environmental pollutants, is unknown. (2) A national food safety monitoring system covering all regions and based on product characteristics has not yet been fully established. The scope of regions, products and monitoring programs, etc. need to be further expanded. (3) China's investigation of foodborne diseases has not played a role in the framework of medical services, the reporting system is flawed, and the capacity of epidemiological investigation of foodborne diseases needs to be further improved. Although China has carried out some food safety risk assessment work in recent years． Due to the lack of a unified mechanism. As well as by the financial support, available information resources, risk assessment is still in its infancy, can only passively cope with, do not have the ability to take the initiative to carry out risk assessment, and did not set up a food safety risk assessment technology platform in line with international standards. In addition, China's establishment of animal origin food traceability system suitable for our national conditions is still difficult. The reasons are: (1) China's animal breeding production model, restricting the full implementation of the national animal source food traceability system. China's livestock and poultry breeding mode is relatively backward, the proportion of individual backyard farming is still very high. (2) China's animal products segmented management model, so that the traceability management system is established in segments, is not yet able to realize the feedlot a slaughterhouse (or milk station, etc.) a processing plant, a sale of a table of the whole quality and safety traceability management system of effective docking. (3) At present, China only establishes point distribution traceability systems in areas isolated from each other, and there is an urgent need to expand the implementation area and build national and provincial traceability systems. From the point of view of animal species, the existing policies and technologies are mainly aimed at livestock such as pigs, cattle and sheep, and the traceability system for poultry is seriously lacking, which cannot meet the needs of prevention and control of epidemics such as highly pathogenic avian influenza and the safety traceability of poultry products. Fourth, the development of countermeasures proposed (a) Strengthen technological innovation. Breakthroughs in key scientific and technological problems Establishment and improvement of the livestock industry technology system and industrial technology innovation strategy alliance, play the role of national centers, key laboratories and other platforms to promote the combination of industry, academia and research, and effectively solve the constraints on the processing of livestock products in our country and the quality and safety of animal food quality and science and technology issues. In terms of basic science issues, it is necessary to further study the biochemical mechanism of livestock product quality formation; study the mechanism of quality formation of traditional livestock products; study the production and processing of livestock products in the production and processing of hazardous substances generation, derivation, migration, residue law; study the production and processing of livestock products in the production and processing of important spoilage and disease-causing microorganisms harmful factors generation, residue law. In terms of engineering technology and equipment research, there is still a need to further study the quality of livestock products to ensure the key technologies and equipment; research on intelligent grading of livestock products, online testing, non-destructive testing and other information technology, the development of related software and equipment; research on bio-preservative bio-engineering technology and preservation of livestock products; research on livestock products in the functional components of the non-destructive and cascade of extraction technology; research on the chemical residues of animal source food, Rapid detection of disease-causing or spoilage microorganisms and pollution characterization and confirmation technology; research on the safety control of the whole cold chain logistics of animal source food
Supporting technologies such as microbial forecasting technology; research on the quality and safety control of the animal source food industry chain throughout the tracking and tracing (the "Internet of Things") key technologies.
(ii) increase scientific and technological input. Improve the management of science and technology for the past investment funds scattered, wasteful phenomenon is serious, the funds are not reasonable (such as investment in major construction projects) and other issues, the Government must further increase the processing of livestock products and animal source food safety control of science and technology investment, especially for the research of key technologies and equipment, industrialization and promotion of basic and public welfare inputs, to ensure that the practical and advanced technology to promote the application of the strengthening of personnel training and education investment. Educational input. Gradually improve the input management system and enhance investment efficiency. The government should actively encourage other relevant departments, enterprises and individuals and other social forces on animal product processing and animal source food safety investment in financial and monetary support. The introduction of relevant preferential policies, scientific and technological development, loans and other aspects to give positive preference. (C) improve the standard and regulatory system Reference to the WTO / TBT or SPS provisions, drawing on the characteristics of developed countries and animal food safety standards and regulations of animal product processing and construction experience, combined with China's specific actual situation, to improve the processing of animal products and animal food safety standards and regulatory system. It is recommended to formulate relevant regulations prohibiting the transportation and trading of live animals and poultry in a timely manner, and to improve and strengthen the regulations on fixed-point and nearby slaughtering; it is recommended to make more efforts to formulate special laws and regulations and their implementation regulations involving food safety of animal origin, such as the Meat Safety Law, the Egg Safety Law, the Dairy Safety Law, etc.; it is recommended to refine and improve the regulations on traceability of the industrial chain of animal products and the regulations on animal welfare; it is recommended to formulate the standards for drug residues in animal products, Pathogenic microorganisms in livestock products; recommended optimization and innovation of livestock products to refine the grading standards; recommended the development of livestock products consumption "carbon emissions" labeling or certification system. (d) Improve the regulatory system. Strengthen the government's service function to learn from the European "unified supervision", the United States "block regulation" of the successful experience, according to China's specific national conditions. Further reform of China's national regulatory system, improve the current multi-sectoral food safety regulatory system. Change the government out of many departments, complicated structure of the situation, the formation of unified authority, clear division of powers and responsibilities, independent action, power checks and balances, efficient operation of the regulatory mechanism. Enforcement and penalties should be stepped up, and the cost of violating the law should be greatly increased. In addition, the government also needs to further improve and strengthen the service function. It is recommended to encourage the promotion of standardized production; promote the construction of corporate integrity system; dynamically improve the food risk analysis system and food recall system: the establishment of strategic early warning and emergency management mechanism for emergencies; support the development and strengthen the management of various intermediary organizations, such as industry associations, cooperatives, certification bodies, third-party notary public (inspection) agencies.
(E) support leading enterprises. To lead the development of the industry through the adoption of positive fiscal, financial, taxation, science and technology and other policy support measures, such as reference to the abolition of agricultural taxes on agricultural policies, consider the abolition or reduction of "agricultural" processing enterprises tax. Support the cultivation of livestock production and processing of industrialized leading enterprises, to promote the development of industrial chain extension, improve industrial concentration, the degree of deep processing and intensive efficiency of the product, and give play to the role of leading enterprises radiation drive. Solve the "three rural" problem; at the same time, encourage leading enterprises to actively participate in international competition, promote the export of livestock products, expand the space for industrial development, establish a high-quality and safe international image, improve the international competitiveness of China's livestock products, and guide the industry and the related industries sustainable development.