Hunan is surrounded by mountains in the southeast and west, and the center and north are low and flat, forming a horseshoe-shaped basin that opens to the north. The mountains in the territory account for about half of the total area, and the plains, basins, hills and water account for about half. The main mountain ranges are the Xuefeng Mountains, Wuling Mountains, Mufushan-Luoxiao Mountains and Nanling Mountains. The highest peak in the province is Lingfeng Peak in Yiling County at 2122 meters above sea level; the lowest point is Huanggai Town in Linxiang City at 21 meters above sea level. The main water surfaces are Dongting Lake and Xiangjiang River, Zishui River, Yuanjiang River and Li River, which converge on Dongting Lake from the southwest to the north, and are injected into the Yangtze River through Chenglingji in Yueyang.
Hunan's climate is a continental subtropical monsoon humid climate, with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine and a long frost-free period. The average annual temperature of 16 ° - 18 °, precipitation of 1200-1500 mm.
The province has 3,912,600 hectares of arable land. There are 9,579,500 hectares of forested land, and the forest coverage rate is 52.8%. The forest stock is 306 million cubic meters. There are 1,353,800 hectares of fresh water. The total amount of natural water resources is 164.04 billion cubic meters. Hydraulic resources reserves amounted to 15,324,500 kilowatts, the highest in the southern provinces.
Animal and plant resources are rich and cover a wide area. There are more than 40 kinds of rare animals under national protection; more than 70 kinds of plants. In particular, there are still rare plants in the world "living fossil" - silver fir, sequoia, water pine, ginkgo and dove tree.
There are many kinds of mineral resources. The world has discovered more than 160 kinds of mineral deposits, Hunan has more than 140 kinds. Among them, tungsten and antimony reserves rank first in the country. Bismuth, zinc, lead, tin and Ying Shi, barite, seafoam, graphite and other reserves are also in the forefront of the country. Therefore, it is known as "the hometown of non-ferrous metals" and "the hometown of non-metallic minerals".
Geographic location
The geographical location and transportation conditions are very favorable. Hunan is located in the middle of the country, adjacent to Guangdong in the south, the Yangtze River in the north, in the South China Coastal Open Belt and the Yangtze River Basin Open Belt between the choke point of South China's transportation, is the combination of the southeast coast and inland in the central and western regions, is to take the East to the West, the south link north into the hub. There are six railroad lines running through the territory, including Beijing-Guangzhou, Xiangqian, Zhegan, Xianggui, Zhiliu and Shichang, and the Hunan section of Luozhan Railway and Chongqing-Huaiyan Railway is under construction. The mileage of highways has reached 1,218 kilometers, and Changsha, the capital of the province, can be connected with 10 cities except Huaihua, Zhangjiajie, and Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture through highways. There are two international airports, Changsha Huanghua Airport and Zhangjiajie Hehua Airport. The postal and telecommunication capacity is also among the most advanced in the country.
Population and Ethnicity
Hunan is one of the most populous provinces in China, with a total population of 65,958,500 at the end of 2001, which is only lower than that of Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Sichuan among the country's 31 provinces and cities and ranked the 7th. Hunan is also one of the densely populated provinces, with an average of 311 people per square kilometer, more than one times higher than the national average population density.
In 2001, the province's birth rate was 11.80‰, the death rate was 6.72‰, and the natural population growth rate was 5.08‰.
According to the Fifth National Population Census (census year: November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2000), in the province's population, 22.1% of the population is under the age of 14, 70.4% of the population is between the ages of 15 and 64, and 7.5% of the population is over 65 years of age. Every 10,000 people in the province, there are 293 people with university college education or above, 4,689 people with secondary school and junior college education, and 3,828 people with elementary school education.
Economic Situation
Since the reform and opening up, Hunan has focused on adjusting its economic structure, the national economy has continued to develop, and the province's comprehensive economic strength has been significantly strengthened. Hunan is one of the main grain producing areas in the country, known as the "land of fish and rice". Major agricultural products such as rice, hogs, tea, rapeseed, oranges, tobacco and aquatic products are among the highest in the country. The industrial manufacturing industry, which is mainly based on non-ferrous metallurgy, engineering machinery, food and medicine, and building materials and chemicals, has a certain degree of competitiveness.
In 2005, Hunan Province realized GDP of 647.361 billion yuan, an increase of 11.6%, the economy entered a period of stable growth. The primary industry added value of 125.498 billion yuan, an increase of 5.7%; the secondary industry added value of 260.457 billion yuan, an increase of 13.9%; the tertiary industry added value of 261.406 billion yuan, an increase of 11.8%. Calculated according to the resident population, the per capita GDP was 10,366 yuan. The structure of the three industries in the province is 19.4∶40.2∶40.4.
The coordinated development of regional economy. The GDP of "one point, one line" area was 410.831 billion yuan, an increase of 13.2%, 1.6 percentage points faster than the province, accounting for 63.5% of the total amount of the province. The GDP of the three cities of "ChangZhuTan" was RMB 241.26 billion, an increase of 14.0%, 2.4 percentage points faster than the province. The GDP of the western region of Hunan amounted to 73.366 billion yuan, an increase of 11.4%, 0.6 percentage points faster than the previous year. The development of county economy accelerated, a number of good development, strong economic county with sufficient momentum of the province's economy to enhance the role of driving.
Agriculture
In 2005, Hunan Province, the primary industry added value of 125.498 billion yuan, an increase of 5.7%, ranking 14th in the country, ranking third in the six central provinces. The actual area of cultivated land is 3,815,800 hectares (57,237,000 mu), and the total grain output is 28,565,500 tons, ranking 6th in the country, of which 24,849,900 tons of rice is produced, with an increase of 1.8%.
At present, the province has initially formed a high-quality rice, citrus and other ten advantageous agricultural products industry belt and grain, oil, cotton and hemp, meat, milk and aquatic products and other five industry chain; various types of agricultural products base of 33 million acres; the year the province's 166 national and provincial-level leading enterprises to achieve sales revenue of 41.3 billion yuan, 1.822 billion yuan in profits, an increase of 15.1% and 13.7%. Among the cash crops, the output of cotton was 184,900 tons, and the output of oilseeds was 1,409,800 tons, ranking the 8th in the country.At the end of 2005, the province had 11,527,600 hectares of forested land, with a forest coverage rate of 55%, higher than the national forest coverage rate of 38.45 percentage points. The annual forestry output value was 10.098 billion yuan, accounting for 6.5% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The total output value of the province's animal husbandry industry was 83.452 billion yuan, accounting for 40.6% of the total output value of the agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industry. The total output value of livestock industry was 83.452 billion yuan, accounting for 40.6% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. 75,007,400 pigs were slaughtered, an increase of 6.6%; 2,063,900 cows were slaughtered, an increase of 11.6%; 8,417,100 sheep were slaughtered, an increase of 6.5%; 57,318,500 poultry were slaughtered, an increase of 4.5%; the total output value of meat was 6,299,600 tons, an increase of 5.7%, which accounted for 8.2% of the country's total output value of meat and took the fifth position in the country; the output value of milk was 69,000 tons, an increase of 3.8%; egg production of 920,600 tons, an increase of 4.5%; aquatic products production of 1,792,200 tons, an increase of 7.2%. The province's freshwater aquaculture area of 481,700 hectares, the total output of aquatic products of 1,792,200 tons, the total output value of the fishery industry was 13.837 billion yuan, accounting for 6.7% of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries.
Industry
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, Hunan's industry grew at an average annual rate of 12.9%, 2.7 percentage points higher than the average annual growth rate of GDP. 2005, the province's industrial added value of 219.991 billion yuan, an increase of 15.3% over the previous year, pulling the province's gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 5.1 percentage points; ranked third in central China. In 2005, the added value of industry in the province was 219.991 billion yuan, an increase of 15.3% over the previous year, pulling the province's GDP growth of 5.1 percentage points; it was ranked 3rd in central China, of which the added value of large-scale industry was 153.59 billion yuan, an increase of 20.6%, and ranked 4th in central China. Industrial added value accounted for 34% of GDP, an increase of 1.7 percentage points over the previous year; the annual added value of high-tech industries accounted for 7.3% of GDP, an increase of 0.4 percentage points over the previous year; the proportion of added value of large-scale industries in the added value of all industries increased by 1.7 percentage points compared with the previous year; the added value of the ten advantageous industries accounted for the proportion of large-scale industry is 76.5%.
The main features of Hunan's industrial development are complete industrial system, the scale of the first, some of the industrial advantages. In all 37 industry categories, non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing, tobacco processing, special equipment manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing, electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing, food processing, other manufacturing and wood processing and rattan, palm and grass products and other 8 industry categories have certain competitive advantages. In the 436 industry subcategories, there are 42 in the central part of the country and even the top 3: with and mixed feed manufacturing, canned fruit manufacturing, tea making, soy sauce sauce manufacturing, ramie fiber preliminary processing of 17 agricultural products as raw materials for the processing industry; daily ceramics manufacturing, lead and zinc smelting, antimony smelting, tin smelting, non-ferrous metal alloys and other 15 based on mineral resources as a resource-based industries; railroad specialized equipment, Railroad locomotives, rolling stock parts, construction machinery and other 4 relying on technological advantages in the development of the manufacturing industry; cigarette manufacturing and other 6 other industries. Secondly, the advantages of high-tech industries are obvious, especially in the fields of software, biomedicine, advanced battery materials and other unique features, with the only national software industry base and professional biomedical park in the central region. Third, the advantage of lower business costs is obvious. Labor costs in Hunan are about 40-50% lower than those in Guangdong Province, and housing prices and rents are significantly lower than those in neighboring Hubei. Industrial water than Shanghai, Guangzhou and other developed areas nearly 30% lower; non-industrial, general industrial electricity prices lower than Hubei 15.6%, large industrial electricity about 7% lower than the eastern developed areas (0.7-0.8 yuan or so) is lower. Hunan business costs only about 74% of Guangdong. Fourth, the endogenous mechanism of economic growth gradually formed. 2005, the province's non-public economy added value of 323.089 billion yuan, accounting for 49.9% of the province's GDP, an increase of 3.3 percentage points over the previous year. Investment in non-state economy amounted to 157.087 billion yuan, accounting for 61.8% of the total investment in fixed assets, an increase of 4.5 percentage points over the previous year. The actual utilization of foreign capital was 2.333 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 42.5%; the actual introduction of 70.23 billion yuan of domestic capital outside the province, an increase of 37.6%. Private enterprises import and export 1.298 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 36.3%; foreign-invested enterprises import and export 1.281 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 19.7%.
Finance
In 2005, Hunan Province, the province's total financial income of 73.855 billion yuan, an increase of 12.613 billion yuan over the previous year, an increase of 20.6%. Among them, the local general budget revenue of 38.652 billion yuan, an increase of 20.55%; transferred to the central value-added tax, consumption tax 29.482 billion yuan, an increase of 20.21%; transferred to the central income tax 5.721 billion yuan, an increase of 22.95%. The province's total financial expenditure of 86.565 billion yuan, an increase of 14.611 billion yuan over the previous year, an increase of 20.31%. Total provincial revenue of 26.125 billion yuan, an increase of 24.9%, to complete the budget of 114.46%. Among them, the local general budget revenue of 8.04 billion yuan, an increase of 30.01%; transferred to the central value-added tax, consumption tax 16.878 billion yuan, an increase of 20.2%; transferred to the central income tax 1.207 billion yuan, an increase of 74.93%. Total provincial financial expenditure of 23.1 billion yuan, an increase of 2.809 billion yuan over the previous year, an increase of 13.84%.
Since the Tenth Five-Year Plan, Hunan's tax development has been good. 2005, the province's local tax revenue reached 19.61 billion yuan, an increase of 89.34% over 2001, with an average annual increase of 17.3%, which plays an important role in safeguarding the province's financial resources and promoting the coordinated development of the social economy. It plays an important role in safeguarding the financial power of the province and promoting the coordinated development of social economy. The province's national tax system into the tax revenue of 40.531 billion yuan to complete the annual plan of 108.9%, an increase of 20.9%, for the first time exceeded the 40 billion mark, the quality of income has also improved significantly, tax arrears rate is the lowest in 10 years of the year.
At the end of 2005, the province's financial institutions, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits 658.954 billion yuan, an increase of 16.9%, of which the balance of urban and rural residents' savings deposits 415.371 billion yuan; enterprise deposits balance of 157.279 billion yuan, an increase of 17.901 billion yuan over the beginning of the year. The balance of loans in local and foreign currencies of financial institutions was 459.003 billion yuan, of which the balance of medium- and long-term loans was 212.793 billion yuan. The balance of personal consumption loans was 31.688 billion yuan; the balance of real estate loans was 48.486 billion yuan. Financial operating efficiency improved significantly, the province's financial institutions made a profit of 2.1 billion yuan, an increase of 660 million yuan over the previous year.
Securities and futures markets continue to develop. At the end of the year, the province's domestic listed companies 45; overseas listed companies 3, an increase of 1 over the previous year; annual direct financing from the capital market 1.8 billion yuan. At the end of the year, the province's securities companies 69 business outlets, securities transactions amounted to 128.8 billion yuan; 4 futures companies, turnover amounted to 173.8 billion yuan.
Further development of the insurance business. Annual premium income of 12.717 billion yuan, of which 2.954 billion yuan of property insurance premium income; personal insurance premium income of 9.763 billion yuan. Expenditures of 2.949 billion yuan for various claims and benefits, of which 1.818 billion yuan for property insurance business; 1.131 billion yuan for personal insurance business claims and benefits.
Foreign Trade
In 2005, Hunan Province completed the import and export value of 6004.85 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 10.4%. Among them, exports amounted to 374,667,000 U.S. dollars; imports amounted to 225,815,000 U.S. dollars. The province's accumulated trade surplus of 1488.49 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 96.4%. General trade exports is still the main mode of export of the province, the processing trade export proportion is low and the growth rate fell sharply, the traditional bulk commodity export growth is good, electromechanical products, high-tech products, fast-growing export growth, but the proportion is low. 2005 the province's general trade exports of 339,309,000 U.S. dollars, accounting for 90.6% of the province's total exports, an increase of 22.83%. The province's 184 export markets, exports more than 100 million U.S. dollars of countries and regions 7, respectively, Hong Kong, the United States, Japan, South Korea, India, the Netherlands, Taiwan; imports more than 100 million U.S. dollars of countries and regions 6, respectively, Japan, Australia, Germany, the United States, South Korea, Canada.
In addition to unwrought lead, unwrought zinc and zinc alloy, the traditional bulk commodity exports continue to maintain good growth momentum. Steel exports 478.13 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 34.71%; textile yarn, fabrics and products 239.57 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 5.8%; ceramics exports 153.08 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 14.57%; fireworks exports of 149.2 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 5.51%; apparel and clothing accessories exports of 1,982.2 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 7.36%, the export of unwrought silver 186.95 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 54.86%; fresh and frozen pork exports of 58.26 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 73.08%.
In 2005, Hunan Province, nearly 2,800 foreign trade enterprises, export performance of 1,215 enterprises, an increase of 182 over 2004, the average export size of 3.084 million U.S. dollars. Three-funded enterprises accumulated exports of 665.86 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 27.81%, accounting for 17.8% of the province's total exports; private enterprises accumulated exports of 1117.68 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 67.72%, accounting for 29.8% of the province's total exports, the incremental exports accounted for the province's exports increased by 72%. Private enterprises and three-funded enterprises exported 1.784 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 47.61% of the province's total exports, accounting for several of the province's exports, "half of the river".
World famous multinational corporations in Hunan set off a new wave of investment in 2004 "Fortune" Fortune 500 companies ranked 83rd Time Warner, 85th NEC (Chinese name of the Japan Electric Corporation), 151st Japan's Mitsubishi Electric, 173rd of the U.S. Pepsi, 177th Japan's Mitsui & Co. and Hong Kong's Hutchison Whampoa 407th respectively, invested in Hunan. Changsha Warner SZITO Cinema Co., Ltd., Changsha NEC Communication Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou Shiling Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd., Changsha PepsiCo Beverages Co., Ltd., Hunan Jinnong Bio-Resources Co., Ltd. and Hutchison Whampoa Real Estate (Changsha Wangcheng) Co. Within a year*** 6 Fortune 500 companies settled in Hunan, and the number of Fortune 500 companies investing and setting up foreign-invested enterprises in our province reached 38, showing unprecedented momentum. The year to Hunan actual investment in the top five countries and regions: Hong Kong, China (105942 million U.S. dollars), the Netherlands (338.19 million U.S. dollars), Taiwan Province of China (190.88 million U.S. dollars), the United States (144.75 million U.S. dollars), South Korea (75.32 million U.S. dollars).
With the establishment of the Pan-Pearl River Delta large economic circle, the southeast coast of the three-funded enterprises have to have a better location advantages, rich resource advantages, broad market advantages, the advantages of the overall cost of doing business in our province to transfer and expand, Chenzhou, Hengyang, Yongzhou, three cities more with its superior geographical advantages as the vanguard, such as Chenzhou, ZhiFuYang electronics, Leiyang JuiWang footwear, Yongzhou, Huaying Industry, and so on.
Investment in fixed assets
2001 to July 2005, Hunan Province, the province's total fixed asset investment of 729.158 billion yuan, has completed the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" investment plan target (730 billion yuan) of 99.9%, the completion of the plan has been a foregone conclusion. One of the "Tenth Five-Year" in the first four years, the completion of fixed asset investment of 610.48 billion yuan, the total amount of more than Fujian, jumped to the 12th place in the country. Investment growth rate is basically stable, the first four years of the annual increment of 16.8%, 5.8 percentage points higher than the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" speed. The investment rate exceeded 30% for the first time in 2001, and has been maintained at a reasonable range of 30%-35%. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, it is estimated that the total social investment will be 846.5 billion yuan, with an annual increase of 17.2%, which is 116.5 billion yuan and 6.2 percentage points higher than the planned target, respectively. With the expansion of the scale of investment, investment has become the leading force to promote economic growth. 2001-2004, the average contribution rate of investment to GDP growth reached about 50%, 10 percentage points higher than the average level of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", an average of 4 to 5 percentage points per year to stimulate GDP growth. The average annual GDP growth was 4-5 percentage points. Especially in the later stage of macro-control, Hunan fixed-asset investment adhere to the "with pressure", the growth rate is basically stable, fluctuations than the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period lower than 8.8 and 10.8 percentage points respectively. 8.8 and 10.8 percentage points, to ensure the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy, GDP in 2001-2004, respectively, 9%, 9%, 9.6% and 12%. 2001-2004, primary, secondary and tertiary industries, respectively, completed the investment of 20.5 billion yuan, 184.7 billion yuan and 405.3 billion yuan, the ratio of the three from the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" to the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period. The ratio of the three was 4.2:23.6:72.2 in the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, evolving to 3.4:30.2:66.4, and the investment in the secondary industry was obviously strengthened.
People's Life and Social Security
In 2005, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in Hunan Province amounted to RMB 9,523.97 yuan, of which the per capita wage and salary income was RMB 6,284.79 yuan; the net operating income was RMB 872.2 yuan; and the transfer income was RMB 2,171.38 yuan. Rural residents per capita net income of 3,117.74 yuan, including wage income of 1,228.79 yuan; family business income of 1,713.35 yuan; transfer and property income of 175.6 yuan.
Per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents in the province amounted to 7,504.99 yuan, of which per capita food expenditure was 2,689.39 yuan; per capita tourism consumption was 189 yuan; and per capita expenditure on purchasing and building houses was 756.14 yuan. The Engel's coefficient for urban residents was 35.8%. An average of 1.1 domestic automobiles and 34.94 home computers were owned by every 100 households. Per capita living space was 26.2 square meters, an increase of 0.81 square meters. The total per capita living consumption expenditure of rural residents was 2,756.43 yuan. The Engel's coefficient for rural residents was 52.0%. The average number of color televisions per 100 households was 73.6, telephones 56.2, and mobile telephones 55. Per capita housing area of 38.38 square meters.
The number of workers participating in basic pension insurance in the province is 5.29 million; the number of retirees participating in basic pension insurance is 1.527 million; the number of people participating in unemployment insurance is 3.88 million; the number of people participating in medical insurance is 5.02 million; and the number of recipients of unemployment insurance benefits is 231,000 people. The annual payment of 10.1 billion yuan of basic pensions for enterprise retirees and 1.157 billion yuan of minimum subsistence guarantee for urban residents.