The English abbreviation of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Its full name is International Organization for Standards (ISO). EQUAL" - the meaning of equality. International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization) abbreviation ISO, is a global non-governmental organization is a very important organization in the field of international standardization. China is a full member of ISO, and the organization representing China is the Standardization Administration of China (SAC), ISO/TC46, that is, ISO Technical Committee 46 - Information and Documentation. ISO/TC46, ISO Technical Committee 46 - Information and Documentation, is responsible for the development and promotion of international standards related to documentation and library work. It has developed and promulgated nearly 100 international standards for information and documentation, including the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and the International Serial Number (ISSN).
ISO values for digital cameras: ISO sensitivity is an internationally standardized measure of the speed standard for film sensitivity used in traditional cameras, which reflects the speed at which film sensitizes to light (actually the speed of the photochemical reaction between the element silver and light). Conventional cameras can choose low, medium, or high speed film with different ISO sensitivities for shooting according to the specific conditions of the shooting site.
Computer ISO files: ISO files, which generally have the iso extension, are image files formed by copying all the information on a CD-ROM.
[edit]International Organization for Standardization
English abbreviation for the International Organization for Standardization. Its full name is International Organization for Standards, and ISO is derived from the Greek word "ISOS", which means "EQUAL". The name ISO is derived from the Greek word "ISOS", which means "EQUAL" - the meaning of equality.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standardization bodies (ISO member bodies). The development of international standards is usually done by ISO technical committees. Each member body has the right to participate in the work of a technical committee if it is interested in the projects identified by that committee. International organizations (official or unofficial) associated with ISO may also participate in the work, and ISO maintains close cooperation with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in the standardization of electrical technology.
The origin of ISO
International standardization activities first began in the field of electronics with the establishment of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1906, the world's first international standardization body. Other technical areas of work were originally established in 1926, the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations, referred to as ISA), focusing on mechanical engineering. In 1946, representatives from 25 countries held a meeting in London, decided to establish a new international organization, the purpose of which is to promote international cooperation and the unification of industrial standards. As a result, the new organization, ISO, was formally established on February 23, 1947, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO issued its first standard in 1951 - the Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Length Measurement.
Many people note that the International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization) full name and abbreviation of the difference between, why not "IOS" it? In fact, "ISO" is not an acronym, but a word, which comes from the Greek word meaning "equal", and now there are a series of words with it as a prefix, such as "isometric "(meaning "equal in size") and "isonomy" (meaning "legal equality"). The connotation from "equal" to "standard" made "ISO" the name of the organization.
Today, ISO is an International Organization for Standardization, consisting of 91 member countries and 173 academic committees. Its membership consists of national standardization bodies from 117 countries and regions around the world, and the national body representing China in ISO is the China State Bureau of Technical Supervision (CSBTS). ISO has close ties with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). China's national organization to participate in the IEC is also the State Bureau of Technical Supervision (SBTS). ISO and IEC as a whole are tasked with the development of international standards by global consensus. ISO and IEC are non-governmental organizations, and the standards they develop are essentially voluntary, which means that they must be excellent standards, and that they will bring benefits to industry and services, so they consciously use them. ISO and IEC are not United Nations agencies, but they maintain technical liaison with many specialized agencies of the United Nations. ISO and IEC have about 1,000 specialized technical committees and subcommittees, and member countries participate in the activities of these technical committees and subcommittees on a country-by-country basis. ISO and IEC also have about 3,000 working groups, and each year ISO and IEC formulate and revise 1,000 international standards. ISO and IEC also have about 3000 working groups, and ISO and IEC formulate and revise 1000 international standards every year.
The content of the standards covers a wide range, from basic fasteners, bearings and various raw materials to semi-finished and finished products, and its technical field covers information technology, transportation, agriculture, health care and the environment. Each work organization has its own work plan, which lists the standard items that need to be developed (test methods, terminology, specifications, performance requirements, etc.).
The main function of ISO is to provide a mechanism for reaching agreement on the development of international standards. Its main institutions and operating rules are in a document called ISO/IEC technical work guidelines to be stipulated, its technical bodies in the ISO is 800 technical committees and sub-committees, they each have a chairman and a secretariat, the secretariat is by the member states respectively, and currently bear the work of the Secretary of the member groups have 30, the secretariat and the central secretariat of the ISO in Geneva to maintain direct contact with the secretariat. The secretariats are in direct contact with the ISO Central Secretariat in Geneva. Through these working bodies, ISO has issued 9200 international standards, such as ISO metric thread, ISO A4 paper size, ISO container series (at present 95% of the world's shipping containers are in line with ISO standards), ISO film speed code, ISO's Open Systems Interconnection (OS2) series (widely used in the field of information technology) and the famous ISO9000 quality management series of standards. ISO 9000 series of quality management standards.
In addition, ISO has liaison relationships with 450 international and regional organizations in the area of standards, particularly with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). There are 28 international standards bodies*** outside the ISO/IEC system. Each of these bodies develops a number of international standards in a particular field, usually under the control of the United Nations. A typical example is the World Health Organization (WHO).ISO/IEC develops 85% of the international standards, and the remaining 15% are developed by these 28 other international standards bodies.
Some common ISO symbols
ISO basics
1. Do you know what "ISO" means?
A: ISO refers to the International Organization for Standardization, a worldwide federation of international standardization groups (ISO member groups). The development of international standards is usually accomplished by ISO's technical committees, and member groups are entitled to participate in the work of their technical committees if they are interested in the projects established by them.
2. Do you know the difference between "ISO9001" and "GB/T19001" and where they come from?
A: ISO9001 refers to the international quality management system, the introduction of the process, the international standard will be converted into a national standard, the conversion method has the equivalent of the adoption and the equivalent of the adoption of two kinds of, in our country is the use of the adoption of the same way to adopt the standard, that is to say, without making any changes in the reference to this standard. In order to facilitate the identification of international standards in the reference to the international standard we added "10000", so the reference to the quality management system after the standard is correctly written: ISO9001: 2000 idt GB/T19001: 2000. idt means equivalent to the adoption of the meaning of GB/T on behalf of the meaning of the national recommended standards.
3, you know GB/T19000 family of standards including those standards?
It includes:
a) GB/T19000, quality management system basics and provides for quality management system terminology;
b) GB/T19001, provides for quality management system requirements, used to confirm that the organization has the ability to provide products to meet customer requirements and the requirements of applicable laws and regulations, the purpose of which is to enhance customer satisfaction;
c) GB/T19004, the effectiveness of the quality management system and efficiency of both performance improvement guidelines;
d) GB/T19011, provides guidelines for auditing quality and environmental management systems.
4, you have heard of "PDCA"?
A: PDCA was founded by the famous American quality management master Mr. Deming, so it is also known as "Deming ring", which proposes to do every activity from planning (Plan) → implementation (Do) → check (Check) → improvement (Action) of a link.
To achieve continuous improvement of management performance, the purpose of continuous improvement.
5, you understand the quality management system in the "eight management principles"?
A: Principle 1: customer focus; Principle 2: leadership; Principle 3: full participation; Principle 4: process approach; Principle 5: management of the system approach; Principle 6: continuous improvement; Principle 7: fact-based decision-making approach; Principle 8: mutually beneficial relationship with the supply side.
[edit]Digital Camera ISO Values
ISO is indeed an acronym for International Organization for Standardization. ISO does not mean sensitivity, but rather a quantitative specification of sensitivity.
ISO sensitivity is an internationally standardized measure of the speed of film sensitivity used in conventional cameras, which reflects the speed at which film is sensitized to light (actually, the speed of the photochemical reaction between the element silver and light). Traditional cameras can choose low, medium, or high speed film with different ISO sensitivities for shooting according to the specific conditions of the shooting site.
In the case of digital cameras, film is not actually used, but rather the intensity of the incident light is sensed by the light sensor, CCD or CMOS, and the associated electronics. In order to standardize the unit of measurement with the film used in traditional cameras, the concept of ISO sensitivity was introduced. Similarly, the ISO sensitivity of a digital camera also reflects the speed at which it senses light.
Every time the ISO value is increased by a factor of one, the speed of light sensitivity is also increased by a factor of one. For example, ISO 200 is 1x faster than ISO 100, ISO 400 is 1x faster than ISO 200, 3x faster than ISO 100, and so on.
The level of ISO sensitivity represents the ability to use faster shutter speeds to get the same exposure at the same EV exposure value by choosing a higher ISO sensitivity with the same aperture. Conversely, a smaller aperture can be used to maintain the correct exposure with the same shutter speed. Therefore, when shooting in low light conditions, a higher ISO sensitivity can often be chosen. Of course, for DSLRs there is also the option of using larger aperture lenses to increase luminous flux. For digital cameras with fixed lenses, the only way to adapt to low light conditions is to increase the ISO sensitivity, especially if you can't use auxiliary light.
The film used in conventional cameras is made more sensitive by controlling the difference in the sensitivity of the dyes to light. However, the increase in sensitivity reduces the sharpness of the image and increases the contrast, which means that the dynamic range is reduced. The photoreceptor of a digital camera is an active element, there is a dark current, the normal mode sets the cut-off current, and will not be used to the existence of noise interference, the high sensitivity mode is utilized to the existence of a larger part of the noise, these background noise is reflected in the image is a random stray color. As long as the sensor is not improved and the aperture is not changed, there can be no real improvement in the problem, at most the intuition of the noise is weakened using algorithms, which is why high iso cameras tend to have larger lenses and larger sensor sizes.
Therefore, when the lighting conditions are bad, you should first consider the use of auxiliary light (flash and reflector), and then consider the use of a tripod and stabilization when you can't use auxiliary light, and then finally consider ways to increase the ISO sensitivity.
For frequent shooting of stage and other low light, and do not allow the use of flash or not easy to use the tripod place, you can try to choose the lens caliber larger focal length shorter, ccd size of the larger digital cameras, SLR digital cameras can choose to use a larger caliber of the lens to shoot (of course, the large aperture will also reduce the depth of field).
Night photography often uses a smaller aperture and longer exposure time, and if you choose a higher ISO sensitivity, it will inevitably produce noise and coloration. You can use a tripod and a self-timer, use a shutter release if possible, and choose a lower ISO sensitivity to avoid noise and coloration.
Therefore, when buying a digital camera, you need to consider choosing a camera with a maximum ISO and a larger ccd size, which is more conducive to shooting in low light conditions. Use auxiliary light sources and longer exposure times when shooting.
[edit]Iso image files on your computer
ISO (Isolation) files, which generally have the extension iso, are image files that copy all the information on a CD-ROM.
Under windows, you generally need specialized tools and software to manipulate ISO files. For example, WinISO, WinImage, Daemon Tools , Alcohol 120% or virtual CD-ROM drive, etc.
If you just want to read the contents of the ISO file, you can use WinRAR. winRAR 3.0 and above support iso file format. Just open the ISO file with WinRAR, select what you need, and extract it.
In most linux you can mount directly using the mount command.
Conveniences and benefits given by using ISO files
There are many features that cannot be achieved by a normal CD-ROM drive using an ISO file, such as running without a CD-ROM, even if you don't use a CD-ROM drive, executing multiple CD-ROMs of software at the same time, fast processing power, easy to carry around, and so on. Virtual CD-ROM drive has the following characteristics and uses:
(1) High-speed CD-ROM: ISO files run directly on the hard disk, the speed of up to 200X; virtual CD-ROM drive optical drive response speed is very fast, playback of video files smooth and non-stop. General hard disk transfer speed of 10-15MB / S or so, converted into an optical drive transfer speed (150K / S) is equal to 100X. Nowadays, most of the motherboard integrated Ultra DMA hard disk controller, its transfer speed can be as high as 33M / S (220X)
(2) the best companion of the laptop: ISO files can be a solution to the laptop does not have an optical drive, the speed is too slow, The ISO file can solve the problems of laptop without optical drive, too slow, not easy to carry, optical drive power consumption, etc.; CD-ROM image can be copied from other computers or the network.
(3) The best choice for MO: ISO files can be stored in the MO disk, carry the MO disk becomes a "CD-ROM MO", MO CD-ROM drive in one, two in one.
(4) Copy CD: ISO files are very easy to manage; not hundreds of files in the CD-ROM copied to the hard disk, this method does not necessarily work correctly, because a lot of CD-ROM software will be required to run in the CD-ROM drive, and delete the management is also a problem; virtual CD-ROM drive is a complete solution to these problems.
(5) Run multiple CD-ROMs: The virtual CD-ROM drive can run several different ISO files at the same time. For example, we can watch Encyclopedia Britannica on one CD-ROM drive, install Kingsoft 2000 on another CD-ROM drive, and listen to CDs on a real CD-ROM drive. You can't do that on a single CD-ROM drive in any way.
(6) Compression of ISO: The files are generally compressed by professional compression and instant decompression algorithms. For some uncompressed files, the compression rate can be up to 50% or more; automatic instant decompression is performed at runtime, and the image playback effect will not be distorted.
(7) CD-ROM tower: ISO files can completely replace the expensive CD-ROM tower, you can directly access an unlimited number of CD-ROMs at the same time, do not have to wait for the replacement of the disk, fast, easy to use, does not take up space and there is no hardware maintenance problems.
Three different ways to use ISO files under different operating systems
Operating an ISO file under Linux
Under Linux, executing a command in the following format as root will read the contents of the file xxx.iso from the /path directory.
In practice, you should modify /path and xxx.iso according to the actual situation.
mount -t iso9660 -o loop xxx.iso /path
If you want to make an ISO file, put the CD-ROM into your CD-ROM drive, and then execute the following copy commands to copy the contents of the CD-ROM into an ISO file. In practice, you should modify xxx.iso according to the actual situation.
cp /dev/cdrom xxx.iso
Manipulating ISO files under Windows
Under Windows, you generally need special utilities and software to manipulate ISO files. For example, WinISO, WinImage, Daemon Tools and so on.
If you just want to read the contents of an ISO file, you can use WinRAR. iso9660 file format is supported by WinRAR version 3.0 and above. Just open the ISO file with WinRAR, WinISO, or WinImage, select what you need, and extract it.
ISO file for Linux OS installation disk
The iso installation file for Red Flag Linux 4.1 Desktop Edition is seen after mounting it to the /mnt/iso directory in a Linux environment. If this iso file is burned to a CD-ROM, then the contents of the CD-ROM seen will look like this as well.
There are two directories worth noting. One is images, in this directory contains some 1.44MB floppy diskette image files, which bootdisk.img can be used to create the installation of the boot diskette; the other is dosutils, which contains a number of DOS tools, such as rawrite.exe, with this software you can write the floppy diskette image files to a floppy diskette