Brief introduction of water pollution status and monitoring methods in China

(1) On-line monitoring instrument for pollution source dust (dust) is used to monitor the emission (concentration or total amount) of pollution source dust and process dust online, including measuring related parameters: flow rate, O2, moisture content, temperature, etc. It is an indispensable monitoring instrument for monitoring the total emission of pollution sources. (2) The on-line monitor for SO2 and NOx in flue gas is used to monitor the content of SO2 and NOx in flue gas online, and the total amount can be monitored by flow measurement. (3) Ground automatic monitoring system for ambient air This system is used to monitor ambient air quality and daily air quality. The main monitoring items are: SO2, nitrogen oxides, CO, O3, PM 10, etc. (4) Automatic acid rain sampler automatically collects precipitation samples to determine the pH value of precipitation. (5) PM 10 sampler is used to collect particles with aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 10μm in ambient air. (6) Use fixed and portable motor vehicle exhaust gas monitors to measure the contents of CH and CO in the exhaust gas emitted by motor vehicles. 2. Monitoring instruments for pollution sources and environmental water quality: (1) On-line monitoring instruments for pollution sources The total amount of pollutants discharged requires synchronous and continuous monitoring of concentration and flow. On-line flow measurement and proportional sampling are the basic technical means of total monitoring, and key pollution sources also need on-line monitoring instruments. (2) Flowmeter is a standardized online continuous monitoring instrument for the discharge of open channel sewage outlet. (3) As an online automatic sampling device, the automatic sampler has two ways: flow ratio and time ratio. (4) Online monitoring instruments are used for online measurement and analysis of industrial pollution sources or sewage outlets. The main monitoring items are: COD, TOC, UV, NH4+-N, NO3-N, cyanide, volatile phenol, mineral oil, pH, etc. , should have the function of automatic calibration and automatic flushing pipeline. (5) Environmental water quality automatic monitoring instrument is used for online automatic monitoring of surface water environmental quality indicators. The automatic water quality monitoring project is divided into five conventional water quality parameters and other projects. The conventional five parameters of water quality include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity and turbidity, while other items include permanganate index, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). (6) Total organic carbon (TOC) tester Total organic carbon (TOC) is an index reflecting the organic content of water, which can be used to monitor pollution sources or surface water. 3. Portable on-site emergency monitor Portable on-site emergency monitor is used to monitor sudden environmental pollution accidents, and its main features are small size, portability and rapid monitoring. (1) Portable Spectrophotometer Portable Spectrophotometer is used for on-site monitoring, and the detection components generally include cyanide, ammonia nitrogen, phenols, aniline, arsenic, mercury and barium. (2) Small toxic and harmful gas monitor is a small portable instrument used for on-site monitoring of toxic and harmful gases. The main monitoring items include CO, Cl2, H2S, SO2 and combustible gas monitoring. (3) The simple rapid detection tube is a simple device for rapid quantitative or semi-quantitative detection of harmful components in water or air. The main monitoring items include CO, Cl2, H2S, SO2, combustible gas, ammonia nitrogen, phenol, hexavalent chromium, fluorine, sulfide and COD. 4. Electromagnetic Radiation and Radioactivity Monitor (1) Omni-directional broadband field intensity meter is used to measure the comprehensive electromagnetic field intensity within a certain frequency range. (2) Spectrometer is used to measure the field strength and spectral distribution of electromagnetic radiation with different frequencies. (3) The power frequency field intensity meter is used to measure the strength of 50HZ power frequency electromagnetic field. (4) Large-area grid ionization chamber alpha spectrometer is used to measure the concentration of alpha radionuclide in environmental medium. (5) The whole body counter is used to monitor the whole body pollution of professional workers or the public. (6) Environmental radiation dosimeter is used to monitor the level of environmental penetrating radiation. Four, focus on environmental monitoring instruments and environmental standard samples 1, environmental remote sensing monitoring system. It is used to monitor large-scale environmental pollution and ecological environment. For example, monitoring oil spills in rivers and oceans; Monitor the sewage discharge of each sewage outlet; Remote monitoring of smoke and dust emission from pollution sources and the area and degree of red tide. Realize environmental prediction and monitoring. 2. Automatic continuous monitoring system for organic pollutants. 3. Photochemical smoke monitoring system. 4. Organic environmental standard samples (① mixed standard samples of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, ② mixed standard samples of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons, ③ mixed standard samples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ④ mixed standard samples of aniline, ⑤ mixed standard samples of phthalate esters, ⑦ mixed standard samples of organophosphorus pesticides, ⑧ mixed standard samples of organochlorine pesticides, ⑧ mixed standard samples of organic pesticides containing N and P, ⑨ mixed standard samples of semi-volatile organic compounds and ⑩ mixed standard samples of volatile organic compounds). 5.PM2.5 sampler. Policies and measures for developing environmental monitoring instruments. The development of environmental monitoring instruments and equipment is an important guarantee to realize the modernization of monitoring technology and provide accurate information for environmental protection and sustainable economic development. The state encourages the research, development and production of monitoring instruments and equipment needed by the state. 2. Strengthen the macro guidance on the development and production of environmental monitoring instruments, strengthen the investigation and study on the development trend of environmental monitoring technology and monitoring instruments, formulate the development plan and technical policy of environmental monitoring instruments in a timely manner, clarify the demand and direction of environmental monitoring, and guide and standardize the development of environmental monitoring instruments. 3. Strengthen the standardization of environmental monitoring instruments. Environmental monitoring instruments are the material basis of environmental monitoring. In order to ensure the scientificity, accuracy and comparability of environmental monitoring data, the formulation of environmental monitoring instrument standards should be strengthened. Incorporate environmental monitoring instrument standards into the environmental protection standard system, and make unified planning and coordination with the formulation of environmental monitoring specifications and environmental analysis and testing methods. Formulate unified standards to guide the technological progress of environmental monitoring instruments. 4. Strengthen the supervision and management of environmental monitoring instruments, establish a number of technical intermediaries with good technical foundation and authority, test the technical level and quality of environmental monitoring instruments, and announce them to the public. Special environmental monitoring instruments used for law enforcement monitoring in environmental monitoring shall be subject to the "access" system. 5. Strengthen the technological innovation of environmental monitoring instruments, increase the scientific research investment of monitoring technologies urgently needed for environmental protection, and incorporate the development of environmental monitoring technologies into key areas of environmental scientific research. Promote the industrialization and technical upgrading of environmental monitoring instruments with the help of various national support policies. 6 promote the combination of scientific research and production of monitoring instruments, encourage environmental monitoring instrument manufacturers, universities and scientific research institutions to carry out technical cooperation in various ways, and accelerate the transformation of environmental monitoring technology. 7. Take the road of introduction, digestion, absorption and localization. At present, China's production technology is backward, and foreign countries have advanced monitoring instruments with complete sets of technologies. We will encourage the introduction of key technologies from abroad, joint venture production, and then gradually realize localization. 8, the use of market regulation means, promote the reorganization of environmental monitoring instrument production enterprises, and gradually change the monitoring instrument production technology is weak, scattered investment, low-level duplication, low market competitiveness, to achieve moderate scale intensive production, forming a number of monitoring instrument production backbone enterprises. 9, according to the environmental monitoring capacity building plan, formulate corresponding environmental monitoring laws and regulations, and gradually establish regional environmental quality and pollution source monitoring automation network system in some large and medium-sized cities. By organizing and implementing the demonstration project of environmental monitoring automation network construction, the formation of environmental monitoring automation network system will be promoted. Expand the market demand for environmental monitoring instruments and equipment. Attachment: Classification of environmental monitoring instruments Attachment: The classification of environmental monitoring instruments is divided into the following categories according to the application fields: 1. Special instruments for monitoring air quality and waste gas from pollution sources: TSP sampler (large and medium flow rate) PM 10 sampler (large and medium flow rate) * PM2.5 sampler * * coarse (PM2.5- 10) fine (PM < 2.5) particulate matter dual-channel sampler air particulate matter grading sampler dust sampler acid rain automatic sampler * gas sampler gas monitor (SO2, nitrogen oxides) ) Ambient air ground automatic monitoring system * Flue gas sampler online automatic monitoring system * Flue gas SO2 online automatic monitoring system * Flue gas nitrogen oxide online automatic monitoring system * Flue gas parameter O2, humidity, pressure, flow and other areas (such as airports, traffic trunk lines, industrial areas) online automatic monitoring system and key pollution sources (such as power plant chimneys, smelters and building materials factories) * * Automobile exhaust monitor * Photochemical smoke monitoring system ** 2, Special instruments for environmental water quality and sewage monitoring: water sampler, sewage sampler, COD tester, BOD5 tester, oil concentration tester, dissolved oxygen tester, colorimeter, turbidimeter, salinity tester, total organic carbon (TOC) tester * total nitrogen tester, total phosphorus tester, ammonia tester, cyanide tester, free chlorine tester, automatic monitoring system for environmental water quality * sewage flow measurement and online continuous monitoring system * automatic continuous monitoring system for organic pollutants. Emergency monitoring instruments for environmental pollution accidents: portable gas chromatograph (with PID detector, which can monitor most organic pollutants on site), on-board X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (which can be used for metal pollution investigation in soil and solid waste sites), on-board GC_MS portable spectrophotometer * toxic and harmful gas monitor (Cl2, CO, combustible gas, CH4, benzene series, etc. ) * Simple and rapid detection tubes (CO, CH4, Cl2, H2S, gasoline leakage, etc.) for alarm devices. ) * Fast BOD measuring instrument Portable dissolved oxygen measuring instrument Flow monitoring vehicle 4. Other elements monitoring instrument noise monitoring instrument automatic noise monitoring system vibration monitoring instrument field strength instrument * omnidirectional broadband field strength instrument * broadband electromagnetic field strength instrument * power frequency field strength instrument * large area grid ionization chamber alpha spectrometer * whole body counter * environmental radiation dose rate instrument * ecological environment remote sensing and telemetry system environmental protection management facilities, monitoring instrument operation status monitor 5. General analytical instruments and equipment in the laboratory (1) optical instruments: visible spectrophotometer, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, fluorescence spectrophotometer, flame spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, plasma emission spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (2) electrochemical instruments: pH meter, ion meter, potentiometric oscillopolarography, anodic stripping instrument, coulometric potentiometric titrator, conductivity instrument (3) chromatographic instrument separation.