Paper making is one of the four great inventions of ancient China. Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty in 105 A.D. with bark, rags, hemp head, money net and other raw materials, made the then very famous "Cai Hou paper". From the Eastern Han Dynasty to about 1800 years after the Ming Dynasty, China's paper has been in the handmade stage, to the Qing Dynasty in 1891, the creation of the Lunzhang paper mill in Shanghai, which began the machine paper industry. At present, in the international arena, paper is second only to telecommunications and iron and steel of the third largest industry, is one of the important symbols of the level of national economic development. Paper is indispensable in the development of various industries and people's lives, to the needs of the cause and the convenience of people can not be ignored. However, in its manufacturing process, to the earth we rely on, colorful nature has brought disaster - serious environmental pollution.
The purpose of the investigation: In order to better implement the strategy of sustainable development, to understand the crisis that we rely on the earth is now facing, and to protect the environment around us from the little by little to protect our home.
Three, the investigation time: April 6, 2008 to June 6, 2008.
Four, the investigation method: from online browsing, flipping through books. To the paper mill field investigation of production procedures and raw materials.
Fifth, online information
(1) the current situation of traditional papermaking
Investment in the huge Golden East Company since June 1997 to build the factory, 1999 far into the orderly development, and in May 2002 founded the company's own publication "Space Shuttle". At the beginning of the publication, in order to focus on the promotion and excavation of China's traditional papermaking culture as a mission, in the company's vice president Mr. Huang Liangdian and trade union chairman Mr. Sun Bingjian's strong support, set up a cultural reporting team, in-depth interviews in remote villages of Anhui, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Fujian and other places to personally touch the pulse of the traditional Chinese papermaking, and keep abreast of the current situation of papermaking in China.
In June 2004, we in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, Jing County, West Township, Xiaoling Village area, witnessed what is known as "China's national treasure," the entire production process of Xuan paper, from the collection of raw materials, to the fermentation of the pulp, to the unveiling of the paper, dehydration, drying, and other size of the cumbersome process of seventy-two, and is y proud of the Chinese people's industriousness and wisdom! And proud.
In the following year, we used our spare time to go to Zhejiang, Shaanxi and other places, in a simple and close to the closed small material of the ancient village, truly appreciate the traditional culture in the Chinese people's exuberant vitality at the same time, but also y for the current situation of papermaking worry.
Chinese papermaking, in the course of more than a thousand years of change, has continued to incorporate local characteristics and gradually formed its own paper craft.
Traditional papermaking is based on local conditions, using the cheapest and most easily accessible local plant materials, with ancient workshops hidden along the banks of the Qingyi River in Sichuan, the Jing River basin in Anhui and the Feng River in Xi'an. In Sichuan Jiejiang County, bamboo forests grow everywhere, so paper farmers put young bamboo "cut its hemp, remove its green, impregnated with ash, boiled on fire, washed with water, pounded to the mortar, copied to the curtains, brushing to the wall" A short twenty-four words summarize the whole process of the traditional handmade paper, paper made of this process, known as "Shu paper" in Sichuan, much appreciated by modern paper manufacturers.
The paper produced in Jing County, Xuancheng is called "Xuan paper". Historically, for the tribute, and for the examination paper, because of the terrain of the ancient Jingxian "seven mountains, a water, a field, a road and the manor," said the mountains, shrubs rich resources, so the smart Xuancheng people use the sandalwood bark, straw and other things to make paper, all for the top grade. Specific practices for the mountain off the sandalwood bark, straw on the hillside, by the wind and sun, natural bleaching, and then pounded into pulp, plus a large number of mountains of the monkey tree resin into the pulp water, out of the paper quality of the texture of the white and fine, soft and uniform, light and not slippery, the Song Dynasty poet Wang Ling in the "re-sent Kwon Ziman" poem, wrote "money do not buy gold, and more to buy the JDJ paper, JDJ paper white As spring clouds," the value of Xuan paper at the time.
Jiangle, Fujian, and Zeya, Zhejiang, are also known for their paper mountains. From our cultural reporting team members in the local situation, the two should be the same lineage, both bamboo with lime, impregnated into the water, and then use the water pestle, stone mortar and other equipment pounded into pulp, because there is no bleaching, so the paper is yellow, and can only be used for burning, to send a modern day condolences only.
(2) on the heritage of papermaking and thinking
While the traditional papermaking, with high ornamental and research value, but also can not disguise her decadence and decline, it is difficult to meet the needs of the modern society, that the small scale, low yield, labor-intensive, high-pollution shortcomings are also becoming more and more prominent.
In the beautiful mountains of Yazhe mountainous area, people use the "four pestle" water can make paper, we saw in the pulp pool, a yellowish stream of pungent odor of waste water directly to the mountain streams, it is understood that this water flow into the field crops will die, flow into the river pools of fish and shrimp simply can not survive. Sichuan clip river also because people cut a large number of uncontrolled bamboo forest pulp paper, resulting in exposed rocky mountains, dust flying around, the original quiet green hills are already full of holes, in the village of a huge Xuan paper workshop Huang pot before a boss told us that one ton of handmade paper to make more than one hundred and twenty tons of water, wastewater is also untreated, and discharged directly into the mountains and fields between.
Because we inherited the Chinese papermaking culture, we dedicate to the use of modern papermaking technology for the benefit of mankind, a spirit.
VI. Findings
Paper is the main constituent material of paper-based cultural relics, the types of paper can be divided into handmade paper and mechanical paper. Handmade paper has hemp paper, leather paper, rattan paper, bamboo paper, cotton paper, and Xuan paper, burlap paper, Lianshi paper, etc. At the end of the 19th century, machine paper gradually replaced handmade paper, commonly used newsprint, printing paper, typing paper, glossy paper, graphic paper, vellum and so on.
I. Paper raw materials
1. bast fiber: is the main raw material for paper making in ancient times, due to the cellulose content, generally more than 60% ~ 83% between. Plus fiber length of 120 ~ 180 mm, fiber length than the width of about 950 to 1230 times. Because the bast fiber is very long, making paper is very tough.
2. Stem fibers: such as bamboo, rice straw. Its cellulose content in 24% to 60% between the length than the width of about 100 to 200 times. Paper in different periods, the choice of what materials and processes, the composition of the paper, performance is different.
3. seed wool fibers: such as cotton, cotton cellulose content is the most pure, the most, generally up to 90% or more. Fiber length than the width of about 1250 times. Because the fiber is particularly long and thin, good crosslinking force, strong texture, delicate and soft tissue, made out of paper more wear-resistant, durable.
II. Classification of paper
1. hemp paper. Hemp paper is to hemp fiber (daylily and hemp) made of paper. Common white hemp paper, jute paper, hemp sand paper, dry beach slope paper.
2. Rattan paper. Rattan paper has been made as early as the Jin Dynasty, to the Tang Dynasty has been in Zhejiang, Jiangxi Province, a large number of production, the paper is made from the fibers of the rattan bark. At that time there are white rattan paper, green rattan paper, yellow rattan paper.
3. Xuan paper . Xuan paper is made of sandalwood bark, straw as raw materials for handmade paper, produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province and named. This paper is flexible, white and smooth, detailed and uniform, color and lustre of the time, known as "slippery as spring ice as dense as silkworms," the beauty of the name. Xuan paper is a leather and cotton paper category, because of the variety of specifications, not one by one in detail, common are: ribbed paper, cotton even paper, jade plate Xuan, single Xuan, ten knives head, folder even paper, etc., for our country since the Tang and Song of the ancient painting and calligraphy of the paper used.
4. Cotton paper . Cotton paper, also known as leather paper, is made of kozo bark as raw material, the texture is fine and soft, rich brevity. Torn from the longitudinal side of the paper, the breaks appear silk-cotton, hence the name. Cotton paper varieties vary from place to place, the common ones are Henan cotton paper, Guizhou cotton paper, Shanghai cotton paper, Qian'an cotton paper, cocoon paper, Tibetan scripture paper, Goryeo paper, pamphlet paper, Mino paper, Kaifa paper, Taishilian paper and so on more than 20 kinds.
5. Bamboo paper . Bamboo paper is made from lime-treated young bamboo, also known as "yellow paper" because of its slightly yellow color, and there are more than 10 kinds of paper, including burlap paper, moutai paper, Kawasaki Lianhua paper, Yuanshu paper, terry stick paper, and Lianshi Lianhua paper.
6. Other paper. In addition to the above several kinds of paper in addition to the common kraft paper, magnetic green paper, tiger skin Xuan, wax paper, hair paper, gold paper and so on.
Three. Paper method
Paper method is divided into two kinds, but at present because of the development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of the machine, handmade paper method gradually withdrew from the stage of history. The machine method of papermaking is the main one.
(A) handmade paper method
China is the earliest country to invent paper. In the nineteenth century before the production of paper, commonly known as handmade paper. Handmade paper and bamboo paper and leather paper. Throughout the ages, many valuable ancient books, documents, books and paintings are made of leather paper. These papers have been preserved for hundreds of years, or even thousands of years is still very good, what is the reason? This has a close relationship with the production process of handmade paper. The art of papermaking is constantly being developed, corrected and improved with the development of the times and the progress of society.
Mr. Pan Jixing, after field research and analysis, with the strong support of the paper mill workers, took a simulation experiment, from the most primitive eight-step process of the manufacture of Han paper:
Wetting → chopping → washing → pounding and pounding → slotting → copying → sunshine → unveiling of the paper.
The transition from the original eight-step process of Han paper manufacturing:
Moistened hemp material→chopped→milled→washed→ash water→ash milled→ash wo→steamed→washed→fine milled→washed→pounded→punched→pressed→transpressed→dried→unveiled.
But in summary, the handmade paper production process can be roughly divided into four stages of cooking, bleaching, pulping, copying
paper for discussion.
1. Cooking: paper raw materials by mechanical pretreatment (wetting, chopping, washing), in the pulping process, with milk of lime [Ca (OH) 2], grass ash water as a cooking agent soaked, the purpose of the pigment in the raw materials in the decontamination, remove dirt, wax, loosening of raw materials in the residue of gums and other fillers, so that the made of paper does not residual hazardous chemical compounds, and contains calcium (Ca2+) Magnesium (Mg2+) and other substances, so that the paper is neutral or alkaline, preventing the formation of free acid, preventing further deterioration of paper, so that the paper prolongs the life of a very good role.
2. Bleaching: Ancient papermaking bleaching process using "daylight bleaching", the method according to the Qing people Mo Xing three "papermaking," "Exposure has been restored to the stains, stains have been restored to the exposure, such as the three, the yellow turned white carry on. The stains must also be tung ash, yellow wattle ash, not is not white". Pulp first through the sun, the use of air in the ozone oxidation, so that the value of the natural pigments contained in the fiber or coloring substances into other genes, and then the use of tung seed ash, yellow thorn wood ash and aqueous solution of grass ash, dissolved oxidized substances, to play the role of bleaching. After this bleaching treatment of the pulp made of paper, long time does not change color, not easy to age and become brittle.
3. Pulping: Susanna Hu wrote in "Paper": "cast in the mortar, a thousand hammers and pestles pounding more and more, and the more the quality of the melting, kozo bone and bamboo tendons as liquid flow". This means that the beating of the pulp should be sufficient, only through the full hammer pounding to create a uniformly interwoven fibers to paper.
4. Paper: plant fibers made of pulp by the above treatment, in order to make the fibers in the water discrete floating, in addition to full mixing, usually add some such as marshmallow, poplar vine, wild grapes, sycamore and other suspending agents, in order to make the fiber distribution, increase the strength.
From the above simple process can be seen: handmade paper processing is slow, meticulous production process, residual harmful chemicals in the paper is very little, the fiber is not easy to be damaged, so the paper is strong, wear-resistant. Currently we see the Jin, Song Dynasty paintings and calligraphy and ancient books, has been more than 1,000 years of history, some of the paper is still white as jade, intact, these papers are produced by traditional handmade methods.
(II) Machine-made paper method
Machine-made paper goes through the following processes roughly, first preparing the raw materials, and then making the pulp. Due to the different methods used in the manufacture of pulp, there are mechanical and chemical methods.
1. Mechanical method: that is, the mechanical method to dissociate the fibers into mechanical pulp. This wood pulp, lignin can not be removed, and its fibers are short and thick, and contains more non-cellulose, so the paper made of loose easy to break the brittle, in the sun and the air is easy to oxidize and turn yellow, which is one of the factors of poor durability.
2. Chemical method, that is, with the appropriate chemicals, in the cooking process of raw materials, to remove lignin and other non-cellulose, so that the fiber dissociation into a pulp. According to the different chemicals used, chemical method can be divided into sulfite method, alkali method and chlorination method.
(1) sulfite method: is a mixture of calcium bisulfite [Ca (HS04)2] and sulfite (HS03)2, with this mixture of cooking fibers, made of sulfite chemical pulp, this pulp contains a certain amount of hemicellulose and cooking liquid and lignosulfonic acid acid production of acidic residue in the pulp, therefore, the durability of the paper has been greatly affected.
(2) alkali method: is the use of caustic soda as cooking liquid with the raw materials at high temperature cooking method. Due to the alkalinity is too large, the fiber damage is large, so that the paper strength is reduced, coupled with the high cost, is now rarely used.
(3) chlorination: is the raw material with sodium hydroxide cooking, chlorination, lye post-treatment, to remove lignin, and then bleaching, sometimes with alkali in the process, sometimes with bleach, sometimes with chlorine to deal with, will make the cellulose was damaged to varying degrees.
From the pulp manufacturing method can be seen: the quality of the pulp and the durability of the paper has a direct relationship.
Paper raw material consumption
Raw materials is not only the biggest bottleneck restricting the development of China's paper industry, but also an important factor affecting the quality of China's environment. As a result of China's strong demand for waste paper imports in recent years, has made the price of waste paper on the international market continues to rise, the paper industry due to the rapid growth of import prices of waste paper and y affected. At present, China's paper raw materials, waste paper accounted for as much as 44% of the domestic market demand for paper raw materials, but long-term dependence on imports.
It is understood that China has 14 million tons of waste paper each year is not recycled. According to experts, the recovery of 1 ton of waste paper can produce 0.8 tons of good paper, but also can save more than half of the paper energy, reduce water pollution by 35%.
Currently, China's consumption of wood pulp is relatively low, there are also 11.3 million tons, not that Chinese paper companies do not like wood pulp. Rather, we do not have so much wood pulp, not so much wood, not so big wood pulp mill. At present, China's paper industry is imperative to study how to accelerate the development of wood pulp and paper issues and the establishment of effective recycling channels. China's waste paper recovery is far from meeting the demand is mainly waste paper recovery channels are not open, especially the generation of professional waste paper industry authorities of the large channel "closed". Newsprint as an example, Beijing now has hundreds of newspapers issued, the daily issue of tons of at least dozens of tons, of which 70% -80% of the waste paper can be recycled and reuse, and the actual number of recycling is far from this standard, a large number of waste paper was wasted.
And such a situation, enough to lead to China's environmental factors are extremely serious. Let's look at another set of data.
Pulp and paper industry sewage discharge accounts for about 10% of the total amount of national sewage discharge -12%, ranking third in the pollution; discharge of sewage in the chemical oxygen consumption accounted for about 40% of the total amount of national emissions -45%, ranking first in the emissions, the paper industry has become China's pollution of the environment is one of the main industries. Paper industry is a large output, water, serious pollution of light industry; water pollution in a variety of industries, the list of waste gas, solid waste gas and noise pollution, but also very serious.
The main reasons for such serious pollution are:
1, pulp structure of grass pulp, reed pulp and other non-wood pulp accounted for a high proportion. Because wood pulp has a mature pollution recovery technology, alkali recovery up to 98, so less pollution to the environment. But for grass pulp paper, the world has not yet found an effective and economical way to prevent and control pollution, environmental pollution is greater. The pulp structure of the paper industry in developed countries for wood pulp 62.6, waste paper pulp 34, non-wood pulp (grass pulp, reed pulp, etc.) 3.4. But in our country, grass pulp, reed pulp and other non-wood pulp accounted for as high as 22.
2, the paper industry is less centralized, the small mills tend to be more, serious pollution. These high energy and water consumption to grass pulp paper-based small paper mills is an important source of pollution in the paper industry.
3, the paper industry's wastewater without ineffective treatment and discharged into the river, wastewater in the organic matter fermentation, oxidation, etc.. Make fish, shellfish, etc.. Aquatic organisms die of lack of oxygen; some small fibers suspended in the water, but also easily caused by fish deaths; wastewater in the tree chips, wood chips, grass chips, rotting grass, rotting pulp, etc. sunk to the bottom of the water, silting up the riverbed, fermentation, and constantly produce a poisonous stench; wastewater, there are a number of substances that are not easy to ferment, decomposition of substances suspended in the water, absorbing sunlight to reduce sunlight penetration into the river, hindering photosynthesis in aquatic plants; in addition, there are some carcinogenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic substances, which can be used in the paper industry, but also in the paper industry. With some carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic toxic substances. In short, the paper wastewater to make the river water turbid black, foul smell, water plants do not grow fish and shrimp extinction, mosquitoes and flies, moths everywhere, endangering the health of residents along the river, resulting in dysentery, enteritis, hemorrhoids and other acute illnesses prevalent, at the same time, but also unfavorable to the irrigation of farmland and water for residents.
4, the paper industry discharges some solid wastes such as rotting pulp, pulp residue, bark, broken pieces of wood, grass roots, coal ash residue, etc., fermentation and deterioration, put out odor, when it rains, but also outflow of toxic stinking water, pollution of groundwater and groundwater sources. The exhaust gas and soot produced by burning coal in the boiler during the production process and the noise of the machinery also affect the health of the staff and nearby residents.
Sixth, the investigation recommended:
1, most of the pollution in the paper industry from the pulping process. Pulping wastewater also contains many useful substances such as caustic soda and fiber. Some substances if directly discharged into the river, will occur physical, chemical, biological changes and pollution of the environment. These substances can be discarded as a harm and used as a treasure. Therefore, the development of small paper mills to medium and large paper mills is also one of the preventive measures. For example, the cooking process in the pulping process, handful of pulp, the black residue discharged, black residue management is the recovery of heat and alkali management of the device called alkali recovery device. The black residual liquid will be evaporated off the water, and then sent to the alkali recovery furnace combustion, generating heat energy, which can be used to generate steam, power generation and hot water, back to the production process utilization. After combustion of the remaining material to add water and lime, it can be alkali, these alkali and back to the cooking process of the pulping process, but also as a by-product sales.
2, papermaking process of wastewater, you can first recover the fiber, the rest of the water after filtration and then return to the front of the process of recycling, repeated use of several times before discharging. In this way, you can save resources, but also to reduce the paper mill wastewater by recovering useful substances and comprehensive utilization, if the land has the conditions, you can use the land treatment method to purify the wastewater roaming in the slopes of the more gentle grass or woodland on the use of soil purification. In addition to the use of natural depressions, ponds cultivation of aquatic plants to purify wastewater, aquatic plants to water peanuts and water hyacinth effect is best. The water is used for irrigation of farmland, and most of the solid waste gas can be utilized comprehensively.
Through this survey, we found that the paper industry is an important enterprise in China, but the country for the environment of this page is not enough attention. Not only from the industrial structure and technology, even raw materials have a certain gap. We believe that the country should pay enough attention to this issue. Improvement of the environment, can not go back to the old road of pollution and then governance.
But from our ordinary people, more should get more from it. In our daily lives, we should save paper and do what we can for the earth's environment. Starting from the side, from a little bit to do, for the protection of our mother earth to dedicate our part.