Category: Computer/Network>> Computer Knowledge
Problem Description:
Who knows the advantages and disadvantages of Linux operating system and Windows
Analysis:
1. The operation of Linux is more complicated, while that of Windows is relatively simple.
Linux is faster and more secure than Windows
But there are many The software can only run in Windows
Software compatible with Linux is under development.
Linux is suitable for networking.
2. What is Linux? < /p>
Simply put, Linux is a set of Unix-like operating systems that are free to use and freely disseminated. It is mainly used on computers based on
Intel x86 series CPUs. This system was designed and implemented by thousands of programmers
around the world. Its purpose is to create Unix-compatible products that are not restricted by the copyright of any commercial software and can be freely used around the world. The emergence of Linux first began with a computer amateur named Linus Torvalds
, who was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. His purpose was to design an operating system to replace Minix (an operating system teaching program written by a computer professor named Andrew Tannebaum). This operating system can be used on personal computers with 386, 486 or Pentium processors
and has all the functions of the Unix operating system, so the design of the Linux prototype began.
Linux is known for its efficiency and flexibility. It can realize all Unix features on PC computers, and has multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities. Linux is available for free under the GNU Public License and is an operating system that complies with POSIX standards. The Linux operating system software package not only includes the complete Linux operating system, but also includes application software such as text editors and high-level language compilers. It also includes the X-Windows graphical user interface with
multiple window managers, just like we use Windows NT, allowing us to use windows, icons and menus to control the system. Perform operations.
What is the difference between Linux and other operating systems:
Linux can coexist on the same machine with other operating systems such as MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows.
They are all operating systems and have some features, but they have their own characteristics and differences.
The operating systems currently running on PCs mainly include Microsoft's MS-DOS, Windows, Windows
NT, IBM's OS/2, etc. Early PC users generally used MS-DOS because this operating system did not have high requirements for the hardware configuration of the machine. However, with the rapid development of computer hardware technology, the price of hardware equipment is getting higher and higher
p>
The lower, people can relatively easily improve the hardware configuration of the computer, so they start to use operating systems with graphical interfaces such as Windows and Windows NT. Linux is an operating system that has recently attracted people's attention
and is gradually being accepted by PC users. So, what is the main difference between Linux and other operating systems?
It will be discussed below from two aspects.
First, let’s take a look at the differences between Linux and MS-DOS.
It is very common to run Linux and MS-DOS on the same system. In terms of processor functions, MS-DOS does not fully realize the functions of x86 processors, and Linux Runs entirely in processor protected mode and exploits all features of the processor. Linux can
directly access all available memory in the computer, providing a complete Unix interface. MS-DOS only supports some Unix interfaces.
Linux and MS-DOS are two completely different entities in terms of usage costs. Compared with other commercial operating systems
, MS-DOS is relatively cheap and has a large share among PC users. Any other PC operating system is very It is difficult to reach the popularity of MS-DOS because the cost of other operating systems is a big burden for most PC users. Linux is free. Users can obtain its version from the Internet or other channels, and can use it at will without considering the cost. In terms of the functions of the operating system
, MS-DOS is a single-task operating system. Once the user runs an MS-DOS application
program, it monopolizes the system's resources, it is no longer possible for users to run other applications at the same time. Linux
is a multitasking operating system, and users can run multiple applications at the same time. Let's take another look at the differences between Linux and
OS/2, Windows, and Windows NT.
From the perspective of development background, the difference between Linux and other operating systems is that Linux is developed from a relatively mature
operating system, while other operating systems, such as Windows NT, etc., are all self-contained systems without corresponding operating systems that rely on each other. This distinction allows Linux users to greatly benefit from the contributions of the Unix community.
Because Unix is ??one of the most commonly used and mature operating systems in the world. It is a multi-tasking system for microcomputers and supercomputers developed in the mid-1970s. Although the interface is sometimes confusing, It lacks
relatively centralized standards, but it has grown to become one of the most widely used operating systems. Both
Unix authors and Unix users believe that only Unix is ??a true operating system.
3. First of all, you need to understand that Linux is not windows. It is not a software maintained by a commercial company.
There is only a package. Linux is something that can be packaged and configured freely. Any person or company can make a Linux according to their own ideas, such as adding some functions and Chinese support. Although the core parts of these
Linux are the same, the various software and default configurations they carry are different. The difference
The difference
is to use a kind of Linux distribution (we call different Linux different distributions). Maybe the hardware is easy to configure,
or various software For installation, it may be faster to use another one, and it may be better to use another one that supports Chinese. In short
There is no free lunch. What you take for granted under Windows may require you to stay up late to get it under Linux
.
So you must be very careful when choosing distribution from the beginning, otherwise you will just get a Linux distribution and think that everything is the same just because you happen to be with a certain magazine.
Then you will start the installation and wait for the hard disk data. It will be too late when it is ruined,
or when the network is crying and unable to deserve it.
No joke, I know that under Windows
installing the driver is just a few mouse clicks, but under Linux, it is not surprising to spend a whole night in order to drive a network card
-- of course. I think it's worth it.
So, faced with so many Linux distributions, which one should you choose?
The more famous Linux distributions include:
RedHat: the latest version 6.2, 7.0beta. Since RedHat is already on the market and has received a lot of
commercial support, it has good hardware and software compatibility. In fact, it is already an industry standard for Linux
. Imagine if you are the boss of a manufacturer such as Oracle. You need to develop a version for
Linux, and different Linux dists need to be developed and maintained separately. Consider the cost.
Naturally Will only look for one Linux.
Slackware(7.1). Linux, which existed a long time ago, has many old and loyal users, but now it is becoming increasingly unavailable
.
SuSe Linux, made by Germans, is very popular in Europe and has some driver advantages.
In addition, there are Debian, CorelLinux and other dists, which I will not introduce one by one.
You will also see various "Chinese Linux" touted in domestic media. Their main advantage is
Chinese processing. But as mentioned in the previous article, if you want to use Chinese, Windows 2000 is best. In fact
I think what a senior in the 7-character class said to me is very good: "(For us) watching on the computer
to
Chinese itself is a weird thing." If you come here with the purpose of learning computers, then
you cannot avoid reading English documents. Even Microsoft's documentation, the latest documentation on programming, is all in English. Of course, if you want to go to BBS, read Chinese web pages, etc., you can do it with English dist
4. The difference between Linux and Windows
Like Linux, the Windows series is completely multi-faceted. Mission operating system. They support the same user interface
, networking, and security. However, the real difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux is actually a version of Unix
, and the contribution from Unix is ??very huge. What makes Unix so important? Not only is Unix the most popular operating system for multi-user machines, it is also the foundation for free software. On the Internet, a large number of free software are written for Unix systems. Since there are many Unix vendors, there are many implementation methods for Unix. There is no single organization responsible for Unix distribution. Now,
There is a huge force pushing the Unix community towards standardization in the form of an open system. The Windo
ws series, on the other hand, is a dedicated system, with the interface and design controlled by the company that develops the operating system. In this sense, this kind of company is very profitable, because it has established strict standards for programming and user interface design, which is completely different from those of the open system community. Some organizations are trying to complete the task of standardizing Unix programming interfaces
. In particular, Linux is fully compatible with the POSIX.1 standard.
Security issues require long-term attention for IT administrators. Executives need a framework to conduct a reasonable assessment of operating system security, including: basic security, network security and protocols, application protocols, release and operations , Confidence, Trusted Computing, Open Standards.
In this article, we will compare the security of Microsoft Windows and Linux according to these seven categories
The final qualitative conclusion is: So far, Linux provides better security performance than Windows, with only one exception (confidence).
No matter what criteria are used to evaluate Windows and Linux, there are certain problems: each operating system
has more than one version. Microsoft's operating systems include Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000
, Windows 2003 Server and Windows
CE, while Linux distributions are based on the kernel (based on 2.2, 2.4, 2.6) There are also big differences between different software packages.
The operating systems we use in this article are current technologies rather than "old" solutions.
Users need to remember: There are philosophical differences in the design of Linux and Windows. Windows operating system
tends to integrate more functions into the operating system and combine programs with the kernel; Linux is different from Windows in that its kernel space is separate from the user space. Space has clear boundaries. Depending on the design architecture, both
can make the operating system more secure.
Basic changes in the security of Linux and Windows
For users, the continuous updates of Linux and Windows have triggered competition between the two. Users can have
their favorite system while also keeping an eye on competitive developments. Microsoft seems to be more proactive - this is due to the industry's "cynicism" "incentives" and the continuous development of Linux. Microsoft will make improvements to Window
s security in the next few months, when Microsoft will release Windows XP Service Pack 2 for Windows XP. This
service pack enhances the security of Windows, turns off many services that were originally open by default, and also provides new
patch management tools, such as: Useless messages, warning services and messenger services are
turned off. In most cases, turning off these features is beneficial to enhance system security, but it is difficult to make a compromise between security and software functionality and flexibility.
The most significant manifestation is that Microsoft is paying more attention to improving usability while enhancing system security. For example: In 200
many vulnerability attack programs against Microsoft used executable files as email attachments (such as My
Doom). Service Pack 2 includes an attachment execution service that provides a unified environment for Outlook/Exchange, Windows
Messenger and Internet Explorer. This reduces the risk of users being infected by viruses or worms when running executable files. In addition, disabling the executability of data pages also limits the potential threat of buffer overflows. However, Microsoft did not modify the problematic architecture and secure transmission of Windows in WindowsXP Service Pack
2, but instead handed over this burden to users.
Microsoft's focus is clearly on supporting application security.
Many aspects enhanced in WindowsXP Service Pack 2 are targeted at Outlook/Exchange and Internet
Explorer. For example: There is an intelligent MIME type check in Internet Explorer.
It will check the content type of the target and the user can learn whether there are potentially harmful programs in the content.
But can this software distinguish a virus from a colleague's spreadsheet?
Another new feature of WindowsXP Service Pack 2 is the ability to uninstall redundant browser plug-ins, which requires end users to check and determine which plug-ins need to be uninstalled. Outlook/Exchange can preview email
messages so users can delete emails before opening them. Another application security enhancement, the firewall is started before the network protocol stack. For software developers, changes in permissions during remote procedure calls
make it difficult for code with poor security to work properly.
WindowsXP Service Pack 2 also provides many gorgeous new features for Windows users, but the question
still exists: Will these features burden administrators or even end users? Does it increase the security of Windows operating system code while making the system more complex?
Differences between Linux and Windows
Although there are some similarities, there are some fundamental differences in the way Windows and Linux work.
These differences can only be appreciated after you are familiar with both, but they are the core of Linux thinking
The application target of Linux is the network rather than printing
When Windows first appeared, the world was still a paper world. One of the great achievements of Windows
is that the results of your work can be easily viewed and printed. Such a beginning influenced the later development of Windows
.
Likewise, Linux is influenced by its origins. Linux is designed as a network operating system. Its
design is inspired by the Unix operating system, so its command design is relatively simple, or
concise. Because plain text works so well across networks, Linux configuration files and data are text
based.
To those familiar with graphical environments, Linux servers may seem primitive at first. But Linux development
pays more attention to its inner functions rather than superficial things. Even in a plain text environment, Linux also has very advanced network, scripting and security capabilities. Some of the seemingly odd steps required to perform some tasks are puzzling until you realize that Linux is expected to be on the network with other Linux systems. Perform these tasks collaboratively. Linux's automatic execution capability is also very strong. You only need to design batch processing files to allow the system to automatically complete very detailed tasks. This capability of Linux comes from its
text-based nature.
Optional GUI
Linux has a graphical component. Linux supports high-end graphics adapters and monitors, and is fully capable of graphics-related tasks.
Now, many digital effects artists perform their design work on Linux workstations, which previously required the use of IRIX systems. However, the graphical environment is not integrated into Linux, but runs as a separate layer on top of the system. This means you can run the GUI only, or run the GUI only when you
need it. If your system's main task is to provide Web applications, you can stop the graphical interface and use the memory and CPU resources used by it for your services. If you need to do some work in the GUI environment
you can open it again and close it when the work is completed.
Linux has graphical management tools, as well as daily office tools, such as email, web browsers
and document processing tools. However, in Linux, graphical management tools are usually extensions of console (command line) tools. In other words, all the work that can be done with graphical tools can also be done with console commands.
Likewise, using graphical tools does not prevent you from manually modifying configuration files. In fact,
the practical significance may not be particularly obvious, but if any work done in the graphical management tool
can be done through the command line, this means Those jobs can also be done by a script. Scripted commands can become automated tasks. Linux supports both methods and does not require you
to use text only or GUI only. You can choose the best method based on your needs.
The configuration file in Linux is a human-readable text file, which is similar to the INI file in Windows in the past.
But it is different in idea from the Windows registry mechanism. Essential difference. Each application
has its own configuration file, which is usually not co-located with other configuration files. However, most
configuration files are stored in a single place under a directory tree (/etc), so they appear to be logically
together. The way the text file is configured makes it possible to back up, check and edit the configuration file
without using special system tools.
File name extension
Linux does not use file name extension to identify the type of file. Instead, Linux identifies a file's type based on its header content.
You can still use filename extensions to improve human readability, but this will have no effect on Linux systems. However, some applications, such as web servers, may use naming conventions
to identify file types, but this is only a requirement of the specific application and not the Linux system itself
.
Linux uses file access permissions to determine whether a file is an executable file. Any file can be given
executable permissions so that the creators or administrators of programs and scripts can recognize them as executable files.
This is good for security. Executable files saved to the system cannot be automatically executed, thus preventing many script viruses.
Rebooting is a last resort
If you have been using Windows for a long time, you may have become accustomed to it for various reasons (from software installations
to correct the service failure) and reboot the system. This habit of yours in Linux thinking needs to change. Linu
x essentially follows "Newton's law of motion". Once it starts running, it will remain running until affected by external factors, such as hardware failure. In fact, the design of Linux systems is such that applications do not crash the kernel, so frequent reboots are not necessary (as opposed to the design of Windows systems).
Therefore, except for the Linux kernel, the installation, startup, stop and reconfiguration of other software do not require rebooting the system
.
If you do reboot your Linux system, it is likely that the problem will not be resolved and may make the problem
worse. Learning and mastering Linux services and runlevels is key to successful problem solving. The hardest thing about learning Linux
is overcoming the habit of rebooting your system.
In addition, you can complete many tasks in Linux remotely. As long as there are some basic network services running
you can get into that system.
And if there's a problem with a specific service in your system, you
can let other services continue to run while you troubleshoot. This kind of management is very important when you are running multiple services on a system at the same time.
Commands are case-sensitive
All Linux commands and options are case-sensitive. For example, -R does different things
than -r. Console commands are almost always lowercase. We'll cover the command in more detail in "Part 2. Console Crash Course"
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Okay,,